Mbese Tatian yari umuhakanyi, cyangwa ahubwo yaharaniraga ukwizera?

ARI hafi kurangiza urugendo rwe rwa gatatu rw’ubumisiyonari, intumwa Pawulo yakoranye inama n’abasaza b’itorero ryo muri Efeso. Yarababwiye ati “nzi yuko nimara kuvaho, amasega aryana azabinjiramo ntababarire umukumbi. Kandi muri mwe ubwanyu hazaduka abantu bavugira ibigoramye, kugira ngo bakururire abigishwa inyuma yabo.”​—Ibyakozwe 20:29, 30.

Mu buryo buhuje n’amagambo ya Pawulo, ikinyejana cya kabiri I.C. cyabaye igihe cy’ihinduka n’ubuhakanyi bwari bwarahanuwe. Idini ry’Abagunositiki ryari rifite ibitekerezo bya filozofiya ryari ritangiye gusakara, kandi ryononnye ukwizera kwa bamwe mu bizera. Abagunositiki bizeraga ko ibintu by’umwuka ari byo byiza kandi ko ibintu by’umubiri byose ari bibi. Kubera ko batekerezaga ko ibintu by’umubiri byose ari bibi, ntibemeraga ibyo gushyingiranwa no kubyara; bavugaga ko ngo Satani ari we wabizanye. Bamwe muri bo, bizeraga ko ubwo ibintu bifitanye isano na roho y’umuntu ari byo byonyine byiza, ibyo umuntu yakoresha umubiri we byose nta cyo bitwaye. Iyo mitekerereze yatumye bagira imibereho yarangwaga no gukabya mu bintu; babagaho mu bwigunge cyangwa bagakabya kwishimisha. Abagunositiki bavugaga kandi ko umuntu abona agakiza ari uko gusa abashije kumenya iyobera rya muntu cyangwa agashobora kwimenya, bakaba bataremeraga ukuri ko mu Ijambo ry’Imana.

Ese abiyitaga Abakristo icyo gihe bitwaye bate imbere y’akaga bashoboraga gutezwa n’Abagunositiki? Bamwe mu bantu bize barwanyije iyo nyigisho y’ikinyoma, mu gihe abandi bo batwawe na yo. Urugero, Irénée yatangiye intambara yo kurwanya inyigisho z’abataravugaga rumwe na kiliziya. Yari yarigishijwe n’umugabo witwa Polikarupo wabayeho mu gihe kimwe n’intumwa. Polikarupo yashishikarizaga abantu kwizera cyane inyigisho za Yesu Kristo n’intumwa ze. Nubwo bwose incuti ya Irénée yitwaga Florinus na yo yigishijwe na Polikarupo, yaje kwemera inyigisho za Valentin, warushije abandi guharanira inyigisho z’Abagunositiki. Icyo gihe ibintu byari bikomeye.

Inyandiko za Tatian wari umwanditsi wubahwaga wo mu kinyejana cya kabiri, zidufasha gusobanukirwa uko byari bimeze icyo gihe. Tatian yari muntu ki? Yaje ate kwitwa Umukristo? Kandi se yitwaye ate muri iyo nkubiri y’inyigisho z’Abagunositiki zari zinyuranye n’iza kiliziya? Ibisubizo bye bishishikaje ndetse n’urugero rwe, bitanga amasomo y’ingenzi ku bantu bashakisha ukuri muri iki gihe bose.

Atangira kubona “inyandiko z’Abanyamahanga”

Tatian yavukiye muri Siriya. Kubera ko yakundaga gukora ingendo nyinshi za kure no gusoma cyane, byatumye asobanukirwa neza imico y’Abaroma n’Abagiriki yo mu gihe cye. Tatian yagiye i Roma ajyanyweyo no gutanga ibiganiro mbwirwaruhame. Mu gihe yari akiri i Roma ariko, yaje kwita cyane ku Bukristo. Yatangiye kwifatanya na Justin Martyr; ashobora no kuba yarabaye umwigishwa we.

Mu byo yanditse asobanura uko yaje guhindukirira Ubukristo bw’icyo gihe, Tatian yagize ati “nashakishije ukuntu nabona ukuri.” Mu gihe yasobanuraga uko yabonye Ibyanditswe, yagize ati “nagize ntya mbona inyandiko z’Abanyamahanga, za kera cyane ku buryo nta wazigereranya n’ibitekerezo by’Abagiriki, kandi zari zirimo ibitekerezo bigaragara ko biva ku Mana ku buryo zitari kugereranywa n’amakosa yagaragaraga mu nyandiko z’Abagiriki. Numvise ngomba kwizera izo nyandiko kuko zari zanditse mu mvugo yoroshye, abanditsi bazo bakaba baravugishaga ukuri; zavugaga mbere y’igihe ibintu byari kuzabaho mu gihe kizaza; amahame azikubiyemo yari ayo mu rwego rwo hejuru cyane, kandi izo nyandiko zagaragazaga ko isi n’ijuru bitegekwa n’Umutegetsi umwe.”

Tatian ntiyigeze atindiganya gutumirira abantu bo mu gihe cye kugenzura Ubukristo bw’icyo gihe, kugira ngo birebere ukuntu butari bugoranye, bwari busobanutse neza kandi butagize aho buhuriye n’icuraburindi rya gipagani. Izo nyandiko ze zitwigisha iki?

Inyandiko za Tatian zigaragaza iki?

Inyandiko za Tatian zigaragaza ko yari umuntu waharaniraga uburenganzira bw’abandi, umwanditsi wavuganiraga ukwizera kwe ashize amanga. Yarwanyaga bikomeye inyigisho za filozofiya ya gipagani. Mu gitabo cye yise Address to the Greeks (Ibyandikiwe Abagiriki), Tatian yatsindagirije uburyo inyigisho za gipagani ari imfabusa ndetse n’ukuntu Ubukristo bw’icyo gihe ari bwo bwari bushyize mu gaciro. Yakoreshaga amagambo asesereza iyo yabaga anenga imyifatire y’Abagiriki. Urugero, nk’igihe yavugaga ibyerekeye umuhanga mu bya filozofiya witwa Hélaclite yagize ati “icyakora urupfu rwaje kugaragaza ubupfapfa bw’uwo muntu. Nubwo yari yarize iby’ubuganga ndetse na filozofiya, igihe yarwaraga urushwima yisize amase umubiri wose, maze ayo mase amaze kuma akanyaga uruhu rw’umubiri we wose rurashwanyuka, apfa atyo.”

Tatian yubahaga cyane imyizerere ivuga ko hariho Imana imwe, akaba ari na yo Muremyi w’ibintu byose (Abaheburayo 3:4). Muri cya gitabo cye twabonye haruguru, yavuzemo ko Imana ari “Umwuka” kandi yongeraho ati “Imana ni yo yonyine itagira intangiriro, kandi ni Yo ntangiriro y’ibintu byose” (Yohana 4:24; 1 Timoteyo 1:17). Tatian yahakanye imikoreshereze y’ibishushanyo mu gusenga, arandika ati “nashobora nte kuvugisha ibintu bibajwe ndetse n’amabuye mbyita Imana?” (1 Abakorinto 10:14). Yizeraga ko Jambo ari we Data yabanje kurema, hanyuma akamukoresha mu kurema ibindi bintu byose byo mu isi no mu ijuru (Yohana 1:1-3; Abakolosayi 1:13-17). Ku byerekeye umuzuko uzaba mu gihe cyateganyijwe, Tatian yagize ati “twiringiye ko hazabaho umuzuko w’abapfuye nyuma y’imperuka.” Ku kibazo cy’impamvu dupfa, Tatian yanditse agira ati “ntitwaremewe gupfa ariko dupfa kubera amakosa yacu. Uburenganzira bwacu bwo kwihitiramo ni bwo bwatumye turimbuka; twe abari bafite umudendezo twahindutse abacakara; twahinduwe abacakara n’icyaha.”

Ibisobanuro Tatian atanga ku bugingo birimo urujijo. Agira ati “ubugingo ubwabwo ntibuhoraho mwa Bagiriki mwe, ahubwo burapfa. Icyakora hari igihe budashobora gupfa. Iyo ubwo bugingo butazi ukuri, burapfa ndetse bukarimbukana n’umubiri. Ariko kandi, ku munsi w’imperuka y’isi buzukana n’umubiri, bugahanishwa urupfu rw’iteka.” Mu by’ukuri icyo Tatian yashakaga kuvuga nticyumvikana neza. Birashoboka se ko nubwo bwose yemeraga inyigisho zimwe na zimwe za Bibiliya, yaba yaragerageje no kugusha neza abantu bo mu gihe cye bityo akavanga ukuri kw’Ibyanditswe na filozofiya ya gipagani?

Ikindi gitabo cyiza Tatian yanditse cyitwa Diatessaron, cyangwa Igitabo gikubiyemo Amavanjiri yose uko ari ane. Tatian ni we wa mbere wahaye amatorero y’i Siriya Amavanjiri yanditse mu rurimi rwabo. Icyo gitabo gikusanyirijemo Amavanjiri yose cyarubahwaga cyane. Ni cyo kiliziya yo muri Siriya yakoreshaga.

Ese yari umuhakanyi, cyangwa ahubwo yari Umukristo?

Iyo ugenzuye inyandiko za Tatian witonze, ubona ko yari azi neza Ibyanditswe kandi ko yabyubahaga cyane. Igihe yavugaga ku ngaruka Ibyanditswe byamugizeho, yagize ati “simpangayikishijwe no kuba umukire; sinshobora kuba umusirikare; nanga urunuka ubusambanyi; simfite inyota idashira y’ubutunzi yatuma njya kuba umusare; . . . Sinshaka kuba ikirangirire; . . . Abantu bose bamurikirwa n’izuba rimwe kandi bagapfa urupfu rumwe, baba abakire badamaraye cyangwa abakene.” Tatian atanga inama igira iti “mupfe ku by’isi, ntimukagire aho muhurira n’ubusazi buri mu isi. Mubeho mugendera ku mategeko y’Imana, kandi kugira ngo mubashe kuyisobanukirwa, mwiyambure kamere yanyu ya kera.”—Matayo 5:45; 1 Abakorinto 6:18; 1 Timoteyo 6:10.

Reka turebe ariko igitabo Tatian yanditse aho avuga ko Satani ari we watangije umuryango. Tatian yavuze ko iyo abantu bashyingiranywe baba bihinduye abacakara b’isi izarimbuka, bityo bituma arwanya bikomeye ishyingiranwa.—On Perfection According to the Doctrine of the Savior.

Birashoboka ko nyuma y’urupfu rwa Justin Martyr, ahagana mu mwaka wa 166 I.C., Tatian yaba yarashinze cyangwa yarifatanyije n’agatsiko k’idini ry’abantu bibabazaga bitwaga Abankaratite. Abagize iryo dini barangwaga no kwifata bikabije ndetse no gutegeka imibiri yabo. Babagaho mu bwigunge, badasoma ku nzoga, batarongora kandi batanashaka ubutunzi.

Isomo dushobora kuvanamo

Kuki Tatian yatandukiriye cyane Ibyanditswe? Mbese yaba yarahindutse “uwumva gusa akibagirwa” (Yakobo 1:23-25)? Ese Tatian yaba yarananiwe gutera umugongo inyigisho z’ibinyoma bityo bikamuviramo gukurikiza ubwenge bw’abantu (Abakolosayi 2:8; 1 Timoteyo 4:7)? Kubera ko amakosa yashyigikiye yari akabije, umuntu yakeka se ko yaba yari afite uburwayi bwo mu mutwe?

Uko byaba byaragenze kose, ibitabo bya Tatian ndetse n’urugero yatanze bidufasha gusobanukirwa ibitekerezo byari mu madini yo mu gihe cye. Bigaragaza neza uburyo filozofiya z’isi zigira ingaruka mbi ku bantu. Nimucyo twitondere umuburo intumwa Pawulo yatanze wo kuzibukira “amagambo adakwiriye kandi atagira umumaro, n’ingirwabwenge zirwanya iby’Imana.”—1 Timoteyo 6:20.