Igice cya 2

Idini ryabayeho rite?

1, 2. Ni iki cyagaragaye ku birebana n’abantu bo mu bihe bya kera no kuba hariho amadini atandukanye?

AMATEKA y’idini yatangiranye n’amateka y’ikiremwamuntu. Ibyo ni byo abahanga mu byataburuwe mu matongo no mu by’imibereho y’abantu batubwira. Ndetse hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko n’abantu ba “kera” cyane bari bataratera imbere, bari bafite uburyo bwo gusenga. Hari igitabo kivuga kiti “abahanga bakoze ubushakashatsi, babonye ko nta na rimwe higeze kubaho abantu, aho ari ho hose no mu gihe icyo ari cyo cyose, batari bafite igitekerezo cy’idini.”—The New Encyclopædia Britannica.

² Uretse kuba idini ryaratangiye kera cyane, nanone hariho amadini menshi atandukanye. Abahigi bo mu mashyamba ya Borneo bacaga abantu imitwe, Abesikimo bo mu karere gakonja cyane ko mu mpera y’isi ya ruguru, abantu bahora bimuka bo mu butayu bwa Sahara n’abantu batuye mu migi ikomeye yo mu isi, ni ukuvuga abantu bo mu moko yose no mu mahanga yose, baba bafite imana imwe cyangwa nyinshi n’uburyo bwabo bwo gusenga. Koko rero, ukuntu hariho amadini y’uburyo bwinshi biratangaje rwose!

3. Ni ibihe bibazo bigomba gusuzumwa ku birebana n’amadini yo mu isi?

³ Ibyo bituma twibaza ibibazo bimwe na bimwe. Ayo madini yose yakomotse he? None se ko afite ibintu byinshi atandukaniyeho n’ibyo ahuriyeho, yaba afite inkomoko imwe cyangwa se buri dini ryatangiye ukwaryo? Dushobora no kwibaza tuti ‘ubundi se kuki idini ryabayeho? Kandi se ryabayeho rite?’ Ibisubizo by’ibyo bibazo ni ingirakamaro ku bantu bose bashishikajwe no kumenya ukuri ku byerekeye idini n’imyizerere y’amadini.

Ikibazo kirebana n’aho idini ryakomotse

4. Ni iki tuzi ku birebana n’abashinze amadini?

⁴ Ku birebana n’ikibazo cyo kumenya aho idini ryakomotse, abantu bo mu madini anyuranye bahita batekereza amazina y’abantu banyuranye, urugero nka Muhamadi, Buda, Confucius na Yesu. Mu madini hafi ya yose dushobora kubonamo umuntu w’ingenzi uvugwaho ko ari we watangije ‘ukwemera nyakuri.’ Bamwe muri bo bagiye bazana impinduramatwara mu madini yari asanzweho. Abandi bari abahanga mu bya filozofiya bigishaga amahame mbwirizamuco. Abandi bo bari abantu b’intwari bitaga kuri bagenzi babo. Benshi muri bo basize inyandiko cyangwa amagambo byaje gushingirwaho bikaba urufatiro rw’idini rishya. Nyuma y’igihe, abantu bafashe ibyo bavuze n’ibyo bakoze barabikabiriza, babyongeramo umunyu, bihinduka inkuru z’amayobera. Bamwe muri abo bayobozi bageraga naho bafatwa nk’imana.

5, 6. Amadini menshi yatangiye ate?

⁵ Nubwo abo bantu bafatwa nk’aho ari bo bashinze amadini akomeye tuzi, tugomba kuzirikana ko mu by’ukuri atari bo batangije idini. Incuro nyinshi, usanga inyigisho zabo zarakomotse mu bitekerezo by’amadini yari asanzweho, nubwo benshi mu bashinze ayo madini bavugaga ko Imana ari yo yabahishuriye izo nyigisho. Cyangwa se bafataga inyigisho z’amadini yari asanzwe bakazihindura burundu cyangwa bakazivugurura bitewe n’uko mu rugero runaka zabaga zitakibanyuze.

⁶ Urugero, nk’uko amateka abitubwira, Buda yari igikomangoma kandi yababazwaga cyane n’imimerere ibabaje kandi iteye agahinda yabonaga mu baturage bayoborwaga n’idini ry’Abahindu. Idini ry’Ababuda ryavutse biturutse ku bushakashatsi Buda yakoze ashakira umuti ibibazo byari byugarije ubuzima bw’abantu. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, Muhamadi na we yabuzwaga amahwemo n’ibikorwa byo gusenga ibigirwamana n’ubwiyandarike yabonaga mu madini yo mu gihe cye. Nyuma yaho yaje kuvuga ko Imana yamubonekeye. Ibyo yamuhishuriye byashyizwe muri Korowani, biba urufatiro rw’idini rishya rya Isilamu. Abaporotesitanti na bo bakomotse ku Bagatolika bitewe n’Ivugurura ryatangiye mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 16, igihe Martin Luther yamaganaga Kiliziya Gatolika yagurishaga indulugensiya.

7. Ni ikihe kibazo kirebana n’idini kigikeneye igisubizo?

⁷ Bityo rero, hari amakuru menshi yerekeranye n’inkomoko y’amadini ariho muri iki gihe, uko yagiye atera imbere, abayashinze, inyandiko zayo zera n’ibindi. Ariko se bite ku birebana n’amadini yabayeho mbere yayo? Naho se ayabayeho kera cyane mbere y’ayo? Iyo dusubiye inyuma mu mateka ya kera, duhita duhura n’iki kibazo: idini ryatangiye rite? Uko bigaragara, kugira ngo tubone igisubizo cy’icyo kibazo tugomba gukora ubushakashatsi tukarenga imipaka ya buri dini.

Ibitekerezo byinshi

8. Abantu bamaze ibinyejana byinshi babona bate ibyerekeye idini?

⁸ Ugereranyije, nta gihe kinini gishize abantu batangiye gusuzuma inkomoko y’amadini n’ukuntu yagiye atera imbere. Mu gihe cy’ibinyejana byinshi, abantu bemeraga imigenzo y’idini bavukiyemo bakayikuriramo. Benshi muri bo bumvaga banyuzwe n’ibisobanuro bahawe na ba sekuruza, bakumva ko idini ryabo ari ukuri. Akenshi nta mpamvu yabaga ihari yo kugira ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose umuntu ashidikanyaho, nta nubwo byabaga ari ngombwa kwibaza uko ibintu byatangiye, igihe byatangiriye n’impamvu byatangiye. Koko rero, abantu bamaze ibinyejana byinshi batazi ko habaho andi madini kubera ko nta buryo buhagije bwariho bwo gukora ingendo no gushyikirana n’abandi.

9. Guhera mu kinyejana cya 19, ni iki abantu bakoze bagerageza kumenya uko idini ryatangiye n’impamvu ryatangiye?

⁹ Icyakora mu kinyejana cya 19, ibintu byatangiye guhinduka. Inyigisho y’ubwihindurize yagendaga ishinga imizi mu banyabwenge. Iyo nyigisho hamwe n’ubushakashatsi mu bya siyansi byatumye abantu benshi batangira gushidikanya kuri gahunda zariho, hakubiyemo n’iz’idini. Abahanga bamwe bamaze kubona ko batashoboraga kubona ibisubizo mu madini yariho, batangiye gukora ubushakashatsi mu bisigazwa by’amatongo y’abantu babayeho kera, cyangwa mu bantu bo mu turere twitaruye tw’isi bakibaho mu buryo gakondo. Muri ubwo bushakashatsi bagerageje gukoresha uburyo bukoreshwa mu kwiga imitekerereze y’abantu, imibanire yabo, imibereho yabo n’ibindi, biringiye ko bari kubona ikintu cyari kubafasha kumenya uko idini ryatangiye n’impamvu ryatangiye.

10. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku nkomoko y’idini bwageze ku ki?

¹⁰ Bageze ku ki? Mu buryo butunguranye, ku isi hahise havuka ibitekerezo byinshi, bisa naho byanganyaga umubare n’abashakashatsi, buri mushakashatsi akagira ibitekerezo bivuguruza ibya mugenzi we, kandi akihatira guhinyuza abandi agaragaza ko ibitekerezo bye ari byo bifite ireme kandi ko ari byo by’umwimerere. Bamwe muri abo bashakashatsi bageze ku myanzuro y’ingenzi, ubushakashatsi bw’abandi bwo buribagirana burundu. Gusuzuma icyo ubwo bushakashatsi bwagezeho bizagira icyo bitwigisha kandi bizadufasha kurushaho gusobanukirwa imyifatire yo mu rwego rw’idini abantu duhura na bo bagaragaza.

11. Sobanura igitekerezo cy’uko ibintu kamere bibamo ubugingo.

¹¹ Igitekerezo cy’uko ibintu kamere bibamo ubugingo, cyazanywe n’umuhanga mu mibereho y’abantu w’Umwongereza witwaga Edward Tylor (1832-1917). Yavuze ko ibintu biba ku bantu, urugero nko kurota, kwerekwa no kuba umurambo utagira ubuzima, byatumye abantu bo mu bihe bya kera batekereza ko ubugingo (mu kilatini, anima) butura mu mubiri. Bibwiraga ko ubugingo bukomeza kubaho nyuma y’urupfu, bukava mu mubiri bukajya gutura mu biti, mu rutare, mu migezi no mu bindi bintu, bitewe n’uko bakundaga kurota ibyerekeye abantu babo bapfuye. Amaherezo baje kujya basenga abapfuye hamwe n’ibintu bavugaga ko ubugingo butuyemo, bakabifata nk’imana. Tylor avuga ko ari muri ubwo buryo idini ryavutse.

12. Sobanura igitekerezo cy’uko ibintu byose bibamo imbaraga zibikoresha.

¹² Undi muhanga mu by’imibereho y’abantu w’Umwongereza witwaga R. R. Marett (1866-1943), yanonosoye igitekerezo cy’uko ibintu kamere bibamo ubugingo, maze azana igitekerezo cy’uko ibintu byose bibamo imbaraga zibikoresha. Marett amaze gukora ubushakashatsi ku myizerere y’abaturage bo mu karere ka Melaneziya mu birwa byo mu nyanja ya Pasifika, n’abasangwabutaka bo muri Afurika no muri Amerika, yageze ku mwanzuro w’uko abantu bo mu bihe bya kera batatekerezaga ko buri muntu agira ubugingo, ahubwo ko bemeraga ko hariho imbaraga, cyangwa imbaraga ndengakamere zikoresha buri kintu cyose. Iyo myizerere yatumaga abantu bagira ubwoba burangwa no kubaha. Ibyo ni byo byabaye urufatiro rw’idini ry’abo bantu bo mu bihe bya kera. Marett yabonaga ko idini ryatangiye ahanini bitewe n’ibyiyumvo umuntu yaterwaga n’ibyo atabashaga kumenya. Yakundaga kuvuga ko idini ryari “mu mbyino kuruta uko ryari mu bitekerezo.”

13. Ni ikihe gitekerezo James Frazer yatanze ku birebana n’uko idini ryavutse?

¹³ Mu mwaka wa 1890, umugabo wo muri Ekose witwaga James Frazer (1854-1941) wari umuhanga mu byerekeye imigenzo n’imiziririzo ya kera, yasohoye igitabo cyavugaga ko idini ryakomotse ku bumaji (The Golden Bough). Frazer yavuze ko umuntu yabanje kugerageza kugenzura ubuzima bwe bwite n’ibimukikije yigana ibyo yabonaga byabaga mu bintu kamere. Urugero, yatekerezaga ko yashoboraga kugusha imvura aminjagira amazi hasi kandi avuza ingoma cyane yigana urusaku rw’inkuba, cyangwa ko yashoboraga kugirira nabi umwanzi we afashe igishushanyo cye akakijomba ibikwasi. Ibyo byatumye atangira guhimba imigenzo n’imitongero, no gukora ibikoresho by’ubumaji mu bice byinshi bigize imibereho. Abonye ko bitamugiriye akamaro yari yiteze, yatangiye kugusha neza imbaraga ndengakamere no kuzinginga aho kugerageza kuzitegeka. Imigenzo n’imitongero byahindutse ibitambo n’amasengesho, idini riba rivutse rityo. Nk’uko Frazer yabivuze, idini ni “uguhongera cyangwa kwiyunga n’imbaraga zisumba umuntu.”

14. Sigmund Freud yasobanuye ate inkomoko y’idini?

¹⁴ Umuhanga mu gusesengura imitekerereze y’abantu w’icyamamare wo muri Otirishiya witwaga Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), na we yanditse igitabo agerageza gusobanura inkomoko y’idini (Totem and Taboo). Freud yabisobanuye akurikije umwuga we, avuga ko idini rya kera ryakomotse ku cyo yise igitinyiro cy’ababyeyi b’abagabo. Yatanze igitekerezo cy’uko mu bantu ba kera umugabo ari we wayoboraga umuryango, nk’uko byari bimeze ku mafarashi n’ibimasa byo mu gasozi. Yavuze ko abana b’abahungu bangaga ba se bakanabemera, babigomekagaho bakabica. Freud yavuze ko ‘abo baryoko baryaga umurambo wa’ ba se kugira ngo ububasha bwabo bubakukiremo. Nyuma yaho, umutima wabaciraga urubanza, bagahimba imigenzo n’imiziririzo bagamije kwicuza ibyo bakoze. Dukurikije igitekerezo cya Freud, umubyeyi w’umugabo yahindutse Imana, imigenzo n’imiziririzo biba idini rya mbere, naho kurya umubiri w’umubyeyi w’umugabo wabaga wishwe bihinduka umugenzo w’isangira ukorwa mu madini menshi.

15. Byagendekeye bite ibitekerezo byinshi byavugaga ibirebana n’inkomoko y’idini?

¹⁵ Hari ibindi bitekerezo byinshi byagerageje gusobanura inkomoko y’idini. Icyakora ibyinshi muri byo byaribagiranye, kandi nta na kimwe muri byo cyagaragaje ko ari ukuri cyangwa ngo cyemerwe kurusha ibindi. Kubera iki? Kubera ko nta gihamya ishingiye ku mateka yigeze iboneka yemeza ko ibyo bitekerezo byari ukuri. Byari ibitekerezo gusa byahimbwe n’abashakashatsi, byamaraga igihe gito bikaba bisimbuwe n’ibindi.

Urufatiro rujegajega

16. Kuki ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu gihe cy’imyaka myinshi butashoboye gusobanura uko idini ryatangiye?

¹⁶ Nyuma y’imyaka myinshi hakorwa ubushakashatsi kuri icyo kibazo, abantu benshi bageze ku mwanzuro w’uko bashobora kutazigera babona ikintu cyabafasha kubona igisubizo cy’inkomoko y’idini. Impamvu ya mbere, ni uko amagufwa y’abantu ba kera n’ibisigazwa by’amatongo yabo bitagaragaza uko abo bantu batekerezaga, icyo batinyaga n’impamvu basengaga. Imyanzuro yose abahanga mu byataburuwe mu matongo bageraho bashingiye kuri ibyo bintu, iba ishingiye ku byo bakeka. Impamvu ya kabiri, ni uko imigenzo y’idini y’abantu bavugwaho ko bakibaho nk’abantu ba kera, urugero nk’abasangwabutaka bo muri Ositaraliya, atari yo byanze bikunze twashingiraho tumenya ibyo abantu babayeho mu bihe bya kera bakoraga cyangwa uko batekerezaga. Nta muntu n’umwe uzi neza niba umuco wabo warahindutse uko ibinyejana byagiye bihita, cyangwa ngo amenye uko wahindutse.

17. (a) Ni iki abahanga mu by’amateka y’idini bo muri iki gihe bazi? (b) Ni iki gisa naho kiba gihangayikishije abahanga iyo basesengura idini?

¹⁷ Bitewe n’ibyo bintu byose tudashobora kumenya neza, hari igitabo gitanga umwanzuro ugira uti “abahanga mu by’amateka y’amadini bo muri iki gihe bazi ko kumenya inkomoko y’idini bidashoboka.” Icyakora ku birebana n’imihati abo bahanga bashyizeho, icyo gitabo cyagize kiti “mu gihe cyahise abantu benshi cyane mu begeranyaga ibitekerezo ntibari bahangayikishijwe no gusobanura idini ahubwo barabyihunzaga rwose, kuko bibwiraga ko biramutse bigaragaye ko amadini ya kera yari ashingiye ku bitekerezo abantu bishyiragamo, byatuma amadini akomeye yabayeho hanyuma ata agaciro.”—World Religions—From Ancient History to the Present.

18. (a) Kuki abashakashatsi benshi bananiwe gusobanura inkomoko y’idini? (b) Abakoze ubushakashatsi ku idini bakoresheje uburyo bwa “siyansi” mu by’ukuri bari bagamije iki?

¹⁸ Icyo gitekerezo cya nyuma gishobora kudufasha kumenya impamvu abakora ubushakashatsi ku nkomoko y’idini bakoresheje uburyo bwa “siyansi” batashoboye gutanga ibisobanuro bihamye. Ukuri kutubwira ko umwanzuro uhuje n’ukuri ugerwaho ari uko gusa wahereye ku gitekerezo gihuje n’ukuri. Iyo umuntu ahereye ku gitekerezo gipfuye, ntashobora kugera ku mwanzuro muzima. Kuba abakora ubushakashatsi bakoresheje uburyo bwa “siyansi” barananiwe gutanga ibisobanuro bihuje n’ubwenge, bituma dushidikanya cyane ku byo bashingiyeho ibitekerezo byabo. Bagendeye ku bitekerezo bari basanganywe mu bwenge bwabo, maze mu mihati bashyiragaho bagerageza ‘kwihunza idini,’ bagerageza no kwihunza Imana.

19. Ni iki cyatumye abashakashatsi mu bya siyansi bagira icyo bageraho? Tanga urugero.

¹⁹ Ibyo twabigereranya n’ukuntu abahanga mu by’inyenyeri babayeho mbere y’ikinyejana cya 16 bakoreshaga uburyo bwinshi bagerageza gusobanura ingendo z’imibumbe. Hari haratanzwe ibitekerezo byinshi, ariko nta na kimwe cyatangaga ibisubizo binyuze. Kubera iki? Ni ukubera ko ibyo bitekerezo byose byari bishingiye ku gitekerezo cy’uko isi ari yo yari izingiro ry’isanzure ry’ikirere, indi mibumbe yose n’inyenyeri bikayizenguruka. Bagize icyo bageraho by’ukuri ari uko abahanga mu bya siyansi, na Kiliziya Gatolika, bemeye ko isi atari yo zingiro ry’isanzure ry’ikirere, ko ahubwo izenguruka izuba, akaba ari na ryo zingiro ry’imibumbe irigaragiye. Kuba ibitekerezo byinshi byariho bitarashoboraga gusobanura neza uko ibintu byari biteye, byatumye abantu babonaga ibintu mu buryo bwagutse batagerageza gushaka ibitekerezo bishya, ahubwo bongera gusuzuma icyo ubushakashatsi bwabo bwashingiragaho. Ibyo ni byo byatumye bagira icyo bageraho.

20. (a) Ni irihe kosa ryari mu gitekerezo cyashingiweho n’abakoze ubushakashatsi ku nkomoko y’idini bifashishije “siyansi”? (b) Ni ikihe kintu cy’ibanze abantu bakenera cyavuzwe na Voltaire?

²⁰ Iryo hame rishobora gukurikizwa no mu birebana n’ubushakashatsi ku nkomoko y’idini. Abantu benshi bari basigaye bemera ko nta Mana ibaho kubera ko hari hamaze kwaduka igitekerezo cy’uko nta Mana ibaho, n’inyigisho y’ubwihindurize ikaba yaragendaga yemerwa ahantu henshi. Bashingiye kuri icyo gitekerezo, bumva ko ibisobanuro by’inkomoko y’idini bigomba gushakirwa mu muntu ubwe, ni ukuvuga mu bitekerezo bye, mu byo akenera, mu byo atinya no mu “burwayi bwo mu mutwe.” Voltaire yaravuze ati “Imana iramutse itabaho, byaba ngombwa ko ihimbwa.” Ni yo mpamvu bavuga ko umuntu ari we wahimbye Imana.—Reba agasanduku kari ku ipaji ya 28.

21. Iyo turebye ukuntu ibitekerezo byinshi ku birebana n’inkomoko y’idini bitashoboye gusubiza ibibazo byose, ni uwuhe mwanzuro uhuje n’ubwenge dushobora kugeraho?

²¹ Ko ibitekerezo byinshi byananiwe gutanga ibisubizo binyuze, ubwo igihe ntikigeze ngo abantu basuzume igitekerezo bashingiraho ubwo bushakashatsi? Aho gukomeza gushakira muri iyo nzira abandi baburiyemo, ntibihuje n’ubwenge gushakira ibisubizo ahandi? Niba dushaka kubona ibintu mu buryo bwagutse, tuzemera ko ibyo bishyize mu gaciro kandi ko bihuje na siyansi. Kandi dufite urugero rwadufasha kubona ko ibyo ari byo bihuje n’ubwenge.

Ubushakashatsi bwatangiye kera

22. Kuba Abanyatene bari bafite ibitekerezo byinshi ku birebana n’imana zabo byagize izihe ngaruka ku misengere yabo?

²² Mu kinyejana cya mbere, umugi wa Atene wo mu Bugiriki, wari ihuriro ryo kwiga. Ariko kandi, mu Banyatene harimo abahanga mu bya filozofiya bari bafite ibitekerezo byinshi bitandukanye, urugero nk’Abepikureyo n’Abasitoyiko, bose bari bafite uburyo butandukanye bumvamo imana. Bashingiye kuri ibyo bitekerezo bitandukanye, basengaga imana nyinshi kandi bahimbye uburyo bwinshi bwo kuzisenga. Ibyo byatumye uwo mugi wuzuramo ibigirwamana byakozwe n’abantu n’insengero zabyo.—Ibyakozwe 17:16.

23. Ni ikihe gitekerezo ku byerekeye Imana intumwa Pawulo yagejeje ku Banyatene cyari gitandukanye cyane n’ibitekerezo bari bafite?

²³ Ahagana mu mwaka wa 50, intumwa y’Umukristo yitwa Pawulo yagiye mu mugi wa Atene, ageza ku Banyatene igitekerezo gihabanye rwose n’ibyo bari bafite. Yarababwiye ati “Imana yaremye isi n’ibiyirimo byose, kuko ari yo Mwami w’ijuru n’isi, ntiba mu nsengero zubatswe n’amaboko, kandi nta n’ubwo ikorerwa n’amaboko y’abantu nk’aho hari icyo ikeneye, kuko ari yo iha abantu bose ubuzima no guhumeka n’ibintu byose.”—Ibyakozwe 17:24, 25.

24. Ni iki Pawulo yabwiye Abanyatene ku byerekeye ugusenga k’ukuri?

²⁴ Mu yandi magambo, Pawulo yabwiraga Abanyatene ko Imana y’ukuri “yaremye isi n’ibiyirimo byose,” itakomotse mu bitekerezo by’abantu, kandi ko idakorerwa mu buryo abantu bihimbiye. Idini ry’ukuri ntabwo ari imihati umuntu ashyiraho yibwirije agamije guhaza ibyo akeneye mu byiyumvo cyangwa gucubya ubwoba afite. Ahubwo, kubera ko Imana y’ukuri ari Umuremyi, ikaba ari yo yahaye umuntu ubushobozi bwo gutekereza no kwiyumvisha ibintu, bihuje n’ubwenge gutekereza ko ari yo yahaye umuntu inzira agomba kunyuramo kugira ngo agirane na yo imishyikirano myiza. Nk’uko Pawulo yabivuze, ibyo ni byo Imana yakoze. “Yaremye amahanga yose y’abantu iyakuye ku muntu umwe, kugira ngo ature ku isi hose, . . . kugira ngo bashake Imana, ndetse bakabakabe bayishaka, kandi mu by’ukuri bayibone, kuko ubundi itari kure y’umuntu wese muri twe.”—Ibyakozwe 17:26, 27.

25. Sobanura igitekerezo cy’ingenzi Pawulo yavuze ku birebana n’inkomoko y’abantu.

²⁵ Zirikana igitekerezo cy’ingenzi Pawulo yabagejejeho: Imana “yaremye amahanga yose y’abantu iyakuye ku muntu umwe.” Nubwo muri iki gihe hari amahanga menshi y’abantu batuye hirya no hino ku isi, abahanga mu bya siyansi bazi ko mu by’ukuri abantu bose bakomoka ku muntu umwe. Icyo gitekerezo gifite akamaro cyane kubera ko iyo tuvuze ko abantu bose bakomotse ku muntu umwe, bisobanura ibirenze kuba bafitanye isano ku mubiri n’imiterere y’ingirabuzimafatizo zabo. Bafitanye isano no mu bindi bice by’imibereho yabo.

26. Ni iki kizwi ku birebana n’indimi gishyigikira igitekerezo cya Pawulo?

²⁶ Urugero, zirikana ibyo igitabo kimwe cyavuze ku birebana n’indimi z’abantu. Cyaravuze kiti “abakoze ubushakashatsi ku ndimi zo mu isi kandi bakazigereranya, baravuze bati ‘indimi zose zishobora gushyirwa mu miryango no mu matsinda, kandi birigaragaza ko imiryango yose y’indimi yakomotse hamwe’” (Story of the World’s Worship). Mu yandi magambo, indimi zo mu isi ntizakomotse ahantu hatandukanye, ngo buri rurimi rutangire ukwarwo, nk’uko abigisha ubwihindurize bashaka ko tubyemera. Batekereza ko abantu babaga mu buvumo bwo muri Afurika, mu Burayi no muri Aziya, bashobora kuba baratangiye bahuma, cyangwa banwigira, amaherezo bakaza kugera ku ndimi zabo. Ariko si uko byagenze. Hari gihamya igaragaza ko indimi “zakomotse hamwe.”

27. Kuki bihuje n’ubwenge gutekereza ko ibitekerezo abantu bafite ku birebana n’Imana n’idini byakomotse ahantu hamwe?

²⁷ None se niba ari uko bimeze ku rurimi rwihariwe n’abantu gusa, ntibihuje n’ubwenge gutekereza ko ibitekerezo abantu bafite ku birebana n’Imana n’idini na byo byakomotse ahantu hamwe? N’ubundi kandi, idini rifitanye isano no gutekereza, kandi gutekereza na byo bifitanye isano n’ubushobozi umuntu afite bwo kuvuga. Ibyo ntibishatse kuvuga ko amadini yose yakomotse ku idini rimwe, ariko iyo usesenguye ibitekerezo by’idini usanga bifite inkomoko imwe. Ese ibyo bifite gihamya? Kandi se niba koko amadini y’abantu afite inkomoko imwe, iyo nkomoko ni iyihe? Twayibona dute?

Aratandukanye ariko afite ibyo ahuriyeho

28. Twabwirwa n’iki niba amadini yo mu isi afite inkomoko imwe?

²⁸ Dushobora kubona igisubizo cy’icyo kibazo dukoresheje uburyo abahanga mu iyigandimi bakoresheje kugira ngo babone inkomoko y’indimi. Umuntu ukora ubushakashatsi ku nkomoko y’indimi, ashobora gukurikira indimi zitandukanye akagera ku nkomoko yazo binyuze mu kuzigereranya akareba ibyo zihuriyeho. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, tugereranyije amadini, dushobora gusuzuma inyigisho zayo, inkuru zayo, imigenzo n’imihango yayo, inzego zayo n’ibindi, tukareba niba adafite ikintu kimwe ahuriyeho; twakibona, tukareba aho kitwerekeza.

29. Ibintu byinshi amadini atandukaniyeho bishobora kuba byaratewe n’iki?

²⁹ Iyo udasesenguye neza, ubona amadini menshi ari ku isi muri iki gihe asa n’aho atandukanye cyane. Ariko iyo tuyambuye ibintu bagiye bayongeraho nyuma, cyangwa tukayavanaho ibintu atandukaniyeho byagiye biterwa n’ikirere, ururimi, imimerere y’igihugu akomokamo hamwe n’ibindi bintu, dutangazwa n’ukuntu dusanga hafi ya yose afite ibintu byinshi ahuriyeho.

30. Ni ibihe bintu Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma ihuriyeho n’idini ry’Ababuda?

³⁰ Urugero, abantu benshi ntibatekereza ko hashobora kubaho andi madini abiri atandukanye cyane kurusha Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma y’Iburengerazuba n’idini ry’Ababuda ry’Iburasirazuba. Ariko se, tubona iki iyo dushyize ku ruhande ibintu ayo madini asa naho atandukaniyeho bishobora kuba byaratewe n’ururimi n’umuco? Iyo tuyagenzuye ntaho tubogamiye, twibonera ko hari ibintu byinshi cyane ayo madini yombi ahuriyeho. Ari Kiliziya Gatolika, ari n’idini ry’Ababuda, yombi agira imigenzo n’imihango byinshi cyane. Muri ibyo hakubiyemo gukoresha za buji, imibavu, amazi y’umugisha, ishapure, amashusho y’abatagatifu, indirimbo n’ibitabo by’amasengesho ndetse n’umusaraba. Ayo madini yombi agira inzego z’abihaye Imana b’abagabo n’ab’abagore kandi abayobozi bo muri ayo madini yombi ntibashaka abagore; bagira amakanzu yihariye, iminsi mikuru n’ibyokurya byihariye. Ntitubivuze byose, ariko ibyo bike tuvuze bigaragaza neza ko afite byinshi ahuriyeho. Ikibazo twakwibaza rero ni iki: kuki amadini abiri asa naho atandukanye cyane afite ibintu byinshi cyane ahuriyeho?

31. Ni ibihe bintu andi madini ahuriyeho?

³¹ Nk’uko tumenye byinshi tugereranyije ayo madini yombi, ni na ko twamenya byinshi tugereranyije andi madini. Iyo tuyagereranyije tubona ko hari inyigisho zimwe na zimwe n’imyizerere amadini yo hirya no hino ku isi hafi ya yose ahuriyeho. Abenshi muri twe tuzi inyigisho ivuga ko umuntu afite ubugingo budapfa, ko abantu beza bose bajya mu ijuru naho ababi bakababarizwa ikuzimu ubuziraherezo, purugatori, imana y’ubutatu cyangwa imana nyinshi zibumbiye muri imwe, nyina w’imana cyangwa imanakazi y’umugabekazi w’ijuru. Ariko kuri ibyo byose hiyongeraho inkuru nyinshi n’imigani y’imihimbano usanga mu madini hafi ya yose. Urugero, hari inkuru zivuga ukuntu umuntu yivukije imbabazi z’Imana bitewe n’uko yagerageje kugera ku kudapfa, ukuntu ari ngombwa gutanga ibitambo byo guhongerera ibyaha, ukuntu abantu bashakishije igiti cy’ubuzima cyangwa isoko y’amazi atuma abantu bahora ari bato, inkuru zivuga ukuntu imana n’ibyimanyi by’imana zabanye n’abantu zikabyara abana bafite ububasha ndengakamere, n’ukuntu umwuzure warimbuye abantu hafi ya bose ku isi.a

32, 33. (a) Iyo turebye ukuntu amadini yo mu isi afite ibintu ahuriyeho, tugera ku wuhe mwanzuro? (b) Ni ikihe kibazo kigomba kubonerwa igisubizo?

³² Ibyo byose bitwereka iki? Tubona ko abantu bizeraga izo nkuru n’imigani y’imihimbano babaga mu turere dutandukanye cyane. Umuco wabo n’imigenzo yabo byari bitandukanye cyane. Imibereho yabo ntaho yari ihuriye. Ariko byagera ku madini yabo, ugasanga imyizerere yabo yarahurizaga ku bitekerezo bimwe. Nubwo abo bantu bose bo muri ayo mahanga atari ko bemeraga ibyo bintu byose tumaze kuvuga, hari bimwe bose bemeraga. Ikibazo duhita twibaza ni iki: kuki babyemeraga? Bisa naho hari isoko imwe buri dini ryakuyemo imyizerere yaryo y’ibanze, amadini amwe akavanamo imyizerere myinshi andi akavanamo mike. Uko igihe cyagendaga gihita, ibyo bitekerezo by’ibanze byagiye byongerwaho ibindi kandi bigahindurwa, hakavuka n’izindi nyigisho zivuye kuri ibyo bitekerezo. Ariko muri rusange byabaga bikomoka hamwe.

³³ Bihuje n’ubwenge rero gutekereza ko ibintu by’ibanze amadini menshi yo mu isi ahuriyeho ari gihamya idashidikanywaho y’uko ayo madini atatangiye ukwayo, adafite aho ahuriye. Ahubwo iyo dushubije amaso inyuma tukareba amateka yayo, dusanga ibitekerezo byayo bifite inkomoko imwe. Iyo nkomoko ni iyihe?

Igihe cy’uburumbuke cyabayeho mu ntangiriro

34. Ni iyihe nkuru ivuga uko abantu batangiye kubaho dusanga mu madini menshi?

³⁴ Birashishikaje kumenya ko mu nkuru ziganje mu madini menshi harimo imwe ivuga ko amateka y’abantu yatangiranye n’igihe cy’uburumbuke, ko umuntu atari afite icyaha, akaba yarabagaho mu mahoro yishimye, afitanye imishyikirano myiza n’Imana, atarwara kandi ntapfe. Nubwo ibisobanuro bitangwa muri izo nkuru bishobora kuba bitandukanye, hari igitekerezo rusange dusanga mu nyandiko n’inkuru by’amadini menshi cy’uko higeze kubaho paradizo itunganye.

35. Sobanura imyizerere y’abayoboke b’umuhanuzi wa kera witwaga Zoroastre ku birebana n’igihe cy’uburumbuke cyabayeho mu ntangiriro.

³⁵ Igitabo gitagatifu cy’idini ry’abayoboke b’umuhanuzi witwaga Zoroastre wo mu Buperesi bwa kera (cyitwa Avesta), kivuga ibya “Yima mwiza, ni ukuvuga umwungeri mwiza,” akaba ari we muntu wa mbere upfa waganiriye na Ahura Mazida (umuremyi). Ahura Mazida yaramutegetse ati “gaburira isi yanjye, uyitegeke kandi uyirinde.” Kugira ngo abigereho, yagombaga kubaka inzu yo munsi y’ubutaka (“Vara”), kugira ngo ibiremwa bifite ubuzima byose biyibemo. Muri iyo nzu, “nta kwiyemera kwabagamo, nta bupfayongo cyangwa ubugoryi, nta rugomo, nta bukene cyangwa uburiganya, nta bantu b’amagara make cyangwa bafite ubusembwa, cyangwa abafite amenyo manini cyane cyangwa banini birenze urugero. Nta mwuka mubi wagiriraga nabi abaturage baho. Bari batuye hagati y’ibiti bihumura neza n’inkingi za zahabu; ni bo bantu bari banini, bateye neza kandi beza kuruta abandi bose babaye ku isi; bari barebare kandi ari beza.”

36. Umusizi w’Umugiriki witwaga Hesiyode yasobanuye ate “igihe cy’uburumbuke”?

³⁶ Hari igisigo cy’Umugiriki wa kera witwaga Hesiyode kivuga ko amateka y’abantu agabanyijemo ibihe bitanu, igihe cya mbere kikaba cyari “igihe cy’uburumbuke,” ubwo abantu babaga mu munezero wuzuye. Yaranditse ati

Nk’uko imigani y’imihimbano y’Abagiriki ibivuga, icyo gihe cy’uburumbuke cyazimiye igihe Epimetewusi yemeraga kurongora umugore mwiza witwaga Pandora, yari ahaweho impano na Zewu, imana ya Olempe. Umunsi umwe Pandora yapfunduye umupfundikizo w’urwabya rwe runini, nuko havamo amakuba, imibabaro n’indwara byibasira abantu, kandi ntibashoboye kubyigobotora.

37. Vuga muri make inkuru ya kera y’Abashinwa ivuga ko amateka yabo yatangiriye muri “paradizo.”

³⁷ Inkuru za kera z’Abashinwa na zo zivuga ko higeze kubaho igihe cy’uburumbuke mu gihe cya Huang-Ti (Umwami w’Abami w’Umuhondo). Avugwaho ko yategetse imyaka ijana mu kinyejana cya 26 M.Y. Bavuga ko ari we wahimbye ibintu byose abantu bajijutse bakoresha, hakubiyemo imyenda n’aho kuba, ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu n’ibintu, intwaro n’ibikoresho by’intambara, uburyo bwo gucunga ubutaka, gukora ibintu mu nganda, korora amagweja, umuzika, ururimi, imibare, kalendari n’ibindi. Bavuga ko ku ngoma ye, “nta bajura n’intambara byabaga mu Bushinwa, kandi ko abantu babanaga amahoro bicisha bugufi. Imvura yagwiraga igihe n’ikirere kimeze neza byatumaga buri mwaka bagira umusaruro utubutse. Ikintu gitangaje ni uko ngo n’inyamaswa zo mu gasozi ziticaga abantu, n’ibisiga ntibyangize. Muri make, amateka y’u Bushinwa yatangiriye muri paradizo.” Kugeza n’uyu munsi, Abashinwa baracyemeza ko bakomotse kuri uwo Mwami w’Abami w’Umuhondo.

38. Iyo turebye ibintu byose inkuru za kera zivuga intangiriro y’amateka y’abantu zihuriyeho, tugera ku wuhe mwanzuro?

³⁸ Inkuru nk’izo zivuga ko amateka y’abantu yatangiranye n’igihe cy’ibyishimo n’ubutungane nanone tuzisanga mu madini y’abandi bantu benshi: Abanyegiputa, Abanyatibeti, Abanyaperu, Abanyamegizike n’abandi. Ese kuba abo bantu bose babayeho mu turere dutandukanye cyane, bafite imico, indimi n’imigenzo bitandukanye cyane, bafite ibitekerezo bimwe ku byerekeye inkomoko yabo ni ibintu byahuriranye gusa? Kandi se kuba bose basobanura inkomoko yabo mu buryo bumwe ni ibintu byabayeho mu buryo bw’impanuka? Iyo dutekereje neza tukareba n’ibyabaye tubona ko ibyo bidashoboka. Ahubwo ikigaragara muri izo nkuru zose, ni uko hagomba kuba hari ibintu zihuriyeho by’ukuri byerekeranye n’inkomoko y’abantu n’idini.

39. Ni iyihe foto tubona iyo dushyize hamwe ibintu inkuru nyinshi zivuga intangiriro y’abantu zihuriyeho?

³⁹ Koko rero, hari ibintu byinshi bihita byigaragaza bihuriweho n’inkuru zose zivuga intangiriro y’abantu. Iyo tubishyize hamwe, dutangira kubona neza ifoto y’uko ibintu byagenze. Iyo foto itwereka ukuntu Imana yabanje kurema umugabo n’umugore ikabashyira muri paradizo. Mu mizo ya mbere bari banyuzwe rwose kandi bishimye cyane, ariko bidatinze barigometse. Uko kwigomeka kwatumye batakaza paradizo itunganye, batangira kugoka no gukora imirimo ivunanye, kandi bababara. Amaherezo abantu babaye babi cyane ku buryo Imana yabahanishije umwuzure ukomeye w’amazi wabarimbuye bose uretse umuryango umwe. Abagize uwo muryango barororotse baba benshi, maze bamwe mu babakomotseho barwanya Imana, bishyira hamwe batangira kubaka umunara munini. Imana yarogoye umushinga wabo inyuranya indimi zabo, kandi ibatatanyiriza mu turere twa kure cyane tw’isi.

40. Sobanura isano iri hagati y’inkuru yo muri Bibiliya n’inkuru za rubanda zivuga inkomoko y’amadini y’abantu.

⁴⁰ Ese ni umuntu watekereje iyo foto? Oya. Ahubwo ni yo foto igaragara muri Bibiliya, mu bice 11 bya mbere by’igitabo cy’Intangiriro 1-11. Nubwo icyo tugamije aha atari ukugaragaza ko Bibiliya ivuga ukuri, tuzirikane ko inkuru yo muri Bibiliya ivuga intangiriro y’amateka y’abantu irimo ibintu by’ingenzi biboneka mu nkuru nyinshi.b Iyo nkuru igaragaza ko igihe abantu batangiraga gutatana baturutse muri Mezopotamiya, bajyanye ibyo bibukaga, ibyo bari bazi n’ibitekerezo byabo, babijyana aho bagiye hose. Nyuma yaho babyongeyeho ibindi, barabihindura maze biba urufatiro rw’amadini yose yo mu duce twose tw’isi. Mu yandi magambo, tugarutse kuri bwa buryo bw’igereranya twakoresheje mbere, inkuru yo mu Ntangiriro ni isoko y’umwimerere idatobye, kandi ni yo nkomoko y’ibindi bitekerezo byerekeranye n’intangiriro y’abantu no gusenga dusanga mu madini atandukanye yo mu isi. Abantu bagiye biyongereraho inyigisho zabo n’imigenzo yabo, ariko isano bifitanye ntishidikanywaho.

41. Ni iki wagombye kuzirikana mu gihe uzaba usuzuma ibice bikurikira by’iki gitabo?

⁴¹ Mu bice bikurikira by’iki gitabo, tuzasuzuma mu buryo burambuye uko amadini amwe yatangiye n’uko yagiye atera imbere. Uzasobanukirwa byinshi ku birebana n’ibyo buri dini ritandukaniyeho n’andi hamwe n’ibyo rihuriyeho na yo. Nanone uzamenya umwanya warishyiramo mu mateka y’abantu no mu mateka y’idini, umenye ukuntu inyandiko zayo zera zifitanye isano n’iz’andi madini, wibonere ukuntu abayobozi bayo bayobowe n’ibitekerezo by’andi madini, n’ukuntu ryagiye rigira ingaruka ku myifatire y’abantu n’amateka yabo. Nusuzuma ukuntu abantu bahereye kera bashakisha Imana, ari na ko uzirikana ibyo bintu, bizagufasha kurushaho kubona neza ukuri ku byerekeye idini n’inyigisho z’amadini.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe yo ku ipaji ya 23]

Ubushakashatsi mu bya siyansi hamwe n’inyigisho y’ubwihindurize byatumye abantu benshi bashidikanya ku idini

[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe yo ku ipaji ya 34]

Bisa naho hari isoko imwe buri dini ryakuyemo imyizerere yaryo y’ibanze

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 28]

Kuki abantu bashishikazwa n’idini?

▪ John B. Noss yanditse mu gitabo cye ati “nubwo amadini abivuga mu buryo bunyuranye, yose ahuriza ku gitekerezo cy’uko umuntu atihagije kandi ko adashobora kwihaza. Hari isano y’ingenzi cyane imuhuza n’imbaraga zitari muri we zibeshaho ibintu kamere n’abantu, kandi na we ni zo zimubeshaho. Yaba abisobanukiwe buhoro cyangwa abisobanukiwe neza, azi ko atifitemo imbaraga zishobora kumubeshaho atisunze isi.”​—Man’s Religions.

Hari n’ikindi gitabo kivuga ko “gusuzuma iby’idini bigaragaza ko ikintu cy’ingenzi kirigize, ari icyifuzo cyo kugira ubuzima bufite ireme, kwemera ko ubuzima butabayeho mu buryo bw’impanuka kandi ko bufite intego. Gushakisha intego mu buzima byatumye abantu bizera ko hariho imbaraga zikomeye kuruta umuntu, amaherezo baza kwizera ko hariho umuntu uba hose cyangwa ufite ubwenge busumbye ubw’abantu, ufite umugambi n’ubushake bwo gutuma abantu bakomeza kugira ubuzima bwiza.”​—World Religions​—From Ancient History to the Present.

Bityo, idini rihaza icyifuzo cy’ibanze abantu bagira, nk’uko ibyokurya biduhaza iyo dushonje. Tuzi ko turamutse turiye ibyo tubonye byose mu gihe dushonje dushobora gushira inzara, ariko amaherezo byazangiza ubuzima bwacu. Kugira ngo tugire ubuzima bwiza, tugomba kurya ibyokurya byiza kandi bikungahaye ku ntungamubiri. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, dukeneye ibyokurya byiza byo mu buryo bw’umwuka kugira ngo dukomeze kuba bazima mu buryo bw’umwuka. Ni yo mpamvu Bibiliya itubwira ko “umuntu adatungwa n’ibyokurya gusa, ahubwo ko atungwa n’ijambo ryose riva mu kanwa ka Yehova.”​—Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 8:3.

[Ikarita yo ku ipaji ya 39]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu gitabo)

Igihe abantu batangiraga gutatana baturutse muri Mezopotamiya, bajyanye ibitekerezo byabo by’idini hamwe n’ibyo bibukaga

LIDIYA

SIRIYA

EGIPUTA

BABULONI

ASHURI

U BUMEDI

ELAMU

U BUPERESI

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 21]

Abantu bamwe na bamwe, urugero nka Buda, Confucius na Luther bahinduye amadini yari asanzweho; si bo batangije idini

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 25]

Umuhanga mu gusesengura imitekerereze y’abantu wo muri Otirishiya witwa Sigmund Freud yavuze ko idini ryakomotse ku gitinyiro cy’umubyeyi w’umugabo

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 27]

Igitekerezo cy’uko isi yari izingiro ry’isanzure ry’ikirere cyatumye abantu bagera ku myanzuro itari yo ku birebana n’ingendo z’imibumbe

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 33]

Kuki Ababuda n’Abagatolika b’i Roma bafite ibintu byinshi bahuriyeho?

Imanakazi y’imbabazi y’Ababuda bo mu Bushinwa iteruye umwana

Gatolika Bikira Mariya ateruye umwana Yezu

Umubuda wo muri Tibeti asenga akoresheje uruziga rw’amasengesho n’ishapure

Umugatolika uvuga ishapure

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 36]

Inkuru za kera z’Abashinwa zivuga ko habayeho igihe cy’uburumbuke ku ngoma ya Huang-Ti (Umwami w’Abami w’Umuhondo)