Mbese, Imyizerere Yawe Ihereranye n’Umuzuko Ihamye mu Rugero Rungana Iki?
“Ni jye kuzuka n’ubugingo; unyizera, naho yaba yarapfuye, azabaho.”—YOHANA 11:25.
1, 2. Kuki umuntu usenga Yehova agomba kwiringira adashidikanya ko umuzuko uzabaho?
IBYIRINGIRO byawe by’umuzuko bihamye mu rugero rungana iki? Mbese, biragukomeza ku buryo udatinya gupfa kandi bikaguhumuriza mu gihe upfushije abo wakundaga (Matayo 10:28; 1 Abatesalonike 4:13)? Mbese, umeze nka benshi mu bagaragu b’Imana bo mu gihe cya kera, bihanganiye gukubitwa ibiboko, gukobwa, kubabazwa urubozo no gushyirwa mu mazu y’imbohe, bakomejwe no kuba barizeraga umuzuko?—Abaheburayo 11:35-38.
2 Koko rero, umuntu usenga Yehova ataryarya, ntiyagombye kugira ugushidikanya uko ari ko kose ku bihereranye n’uko hazabaho umuzuko, kandi icyizere afite cyagombye kugira ingaruka ku mibereho ye. Ni ibintu bihebuje gutekereza ukuntu mu gihe cyagenwe n’Imana, inyanja, urupfu na Hadesi bizagarura abapfuye bo muri byo, maze abo bazaba bazutse bakazagira ibyiringiro byo kubaho iteka ku isi izahinduka paradizo.—Ibyahishuwe 20:13; 21:4, 5.
Gushidikanya ku Bihereranye n’Ubuzima bwo mu Gihe Kizaza
3, 4. Ni iyihe myizerere benshi bagifite na n’ubu ihereranye n’uko ubuzima bukomeza kubaho nyuma yo gupfa?
3 Kristendomu yigishije kuva kera ko habaho ubundi buzima nyuma yo gupfa. Hari ingingo yo mu kinyamakuru cyitwa U.S. Catholic yagiraga iti “mu gihe cy’imyaka myinshi, Abakristo bagiye bagerageza gukora uko bashoboye kose kugira ngo bemere kandi bahangane n’imimerere irangwa no gushoberwa hamwe n’imibabaro bahura na byo muri ubu buzima, bategerezanya amatsiko menshi ubundi buzima burangwa n’amahoro no kunyurwa, gutunganirwa hamwe n’ibyishimo.” N’ubwo mu bihugu byinshi byiganjemo Kristendomu abantu bateye idini umugongo kandi bakaba barishidikanyaho mu buryo runaka, hari benshi bagikomeza kumva ko hagomba kuba hariho uburyo runaka umuntu akomeza kubaho nyuma yo gupfa. Ariko kandi, hari byinshi bashidikanyaho.
4 Ingingo yo mu kinyamakuru cyitwa Time yagize iti “na n’ubu abantu bizera [ko umuntu akomeza kubaho nyuma yo gupfa]: uretse ko batiyumvisha icyo ibyo byaba bisobanura by’ukuri, kandi bakaba bumva abapasitoro babo batabivugaho cyane.” Kuki abanyamadini batakivuga cyane ku bihereranye n’uko umuntu akomeza kubaho nyuma yo gupfa, nk’uko bari basanzwe babivuga? Umuhanga mu byerekeye idini witwa Jeffrey Burton Russell yagize ati “ndakeka ko [abayobozi b’amadini] birinda kugira icyo bavuga kuri iyo ngingo, bitewe n’uko bumva ko hari inzitizi runaka bagomba guhangana na zo zaterwa n’ugushidikanya kw’abantu muri rusange.”
5. Ni gute abantu benshi muri iki gihe babona inyigisho yerekeye umuriro w’iteka?
5 Mu madini menshi, gukomeza kubaho nyuma yo gupfa, bikubiyemo kujya mu ijuru no kujya mu muriro w’iteka. Kandi niba abayobozi b’amadini bagira ipfunwe ryo kuvuga ibihereranye n’ijuru, bagira ipfunwe ndetse ryinshi kurushaho ryo kuvuga ibihereranye n’umuriro w’iteka. Hari ingingo imwe yo mu kinyamakuru yagiraga iti “muri iki gihe, n’amadini yizera ko habaho igihano cy’iteka cyo gushyirwa mu muriro nyakuri w’iteka . . . ntatsindagiriza ibihereranye n’iyo nyigisho.” Mu by’ukuri, abanyatewolojiya benshi bo muri iki gihe ntibacyizera inyigisho ivuga ko umuriro w’iteka ari ahantu nyakuri ho kubabarizwa, nk’uko byigishwaga mu Bihe Rwagati. Ahubwo, bashaka ko ijambo umuriro w’iteka ryahabwa ibisobanuro birushaho “kugaragaza imico ya kimuntu.” Dukurikije uko amagambo menshi akoreshwa muri iki gihe abigaragaza, abanyabyaha bari mu muriro w’iteka ntibababazwa urubozo nyakubabazwa, ahubwo bababara bitewe n’ “imimerere yabo yo mu buryo bw’umwuka yo kuba baratandukanyijwe n’Imana.”
6. Ni gute abantu bamwe na bamwe babona ko ukwizera kwabo gufite icyo kubuze, iyo bahanganye n’akaga?
6 Kugabanya uburemere bw’inyigisho y’idini kugira ngo itarakaza abantu bo muri iki gihe bitabira ibintu vuba, bishobora gufasha bamwe na bamwe kugira ngo bahigike ibitekerezo bitishimirwa n’abantu muri rusange, ariko kandi, ibyo bituma abayoboke b’amadini babarirwa muri za miriyoni bafite imitima itaryarya bibaza icyo bagomba kwizera. Bityo rero, iyo bahanganye n’urupfu, akenshi basanga ukwizera kwabo gufite icyo kubuze. Bagira imyifatire nk’iy’umugore umwe wapfushije abo mu muryango we benshi bahitanywe n’impanuka ibabaje. Mu gihe bamubazaga niba imyizerere ye ihereranye n’idini yaramuhumurije, yashubije ajijinganya ati “ni ko mbyibwira.” Ariko kandi, n’iyo aza gusubiza adashidikanya ko imyizerere ye ihereranye n’idini yagize icyo imufashaho, ni izihe nyungu zirambye ibyo byari kumuzanira, mu gihe imyizerere ye yari kuba idafite ishingiro? Ibyo ni iby’ingenzi cyane, bitewe n’uko mu by’ukuri ibyo amadini menshi yigisha ku bihereranye n’ubuzima bwo mu gihe kizaza bihabanye cyane n’ibyo Bibiliya yigisha.
Uko Kristendomu Ibona Ibihereranye no Kubaho Nyuma yo Gupfa
7.(a) Ni iyihe myizerere amadini menshi ahuriyeho muri rusange? (b) Ni gute umunyatewolojiya umwe yasobanuye inyigisho ihereranye no kudapfa k’ubugingo?
7 N’ubwo amadini ya Kristendomu afite ibyo atandukaniyeho, hafi ya yose yemeranya ko abantu bafite ubugingo budapfa, bukomeza kubaho mu gihe umubiri uba umaze gupfa. Amenshi muri yo yizera ko ubugingo bw’umuntu bushobora kujya mu ijuru iyo umuntu amaze gupfa. Hari abatinya ko ubugingo bwabo bwajya mu muriro w’iteka cyangwa muri purugatori. Ariko kandi, igitekerezo bagira cy’uko ubugingo budapfa, ni cyo shingiro ry’uburyo babona ibihereranye n’ubuzima bwo mu gihe kizaza. Umunyatewolojiya witwa Oscar Cullmann, yagize icyo abivugaho mu ngingo yanditswe mu gitabo Immortality and Resurrection. Yanditse agira ati “tubajije Umukristo usanzwe muri iki gihe . . . icyo atekereza ko Isezerano Rishya ryigisha ku birebana n’ibiba ku muntu iyo amaze gupfa, uretse abantu bake gusa, bose badusubiza bavuga ko ‘ubugingo budapfa.’ ” Ariko kandi, Cullmann yongeyeho ati “icyo gitekerezo cyemewe mu rugero rwagutse, ni kimwe mu bitekerezo bikomeye kurusha ibindi byose bitumvikana birebana n’Ubukristo.” Cullmann yaje kubona ko mu gihe yabivugaga ubwa mbere, byatumye rubanda rugwa mu kantu. Nyamara kandi, yavugishije ukuri.
8. Ni ibihe byiringiro Yehova yashyize imbere y’umugabo n’umugore ba mbere?
8 Nta bwo Yehova Imana yaremye abantu kugira ngo bazajye mu ijuru bamaze gupfa. Nta n’ubwo rwose byari mu mugambi we wa mbere ko bagombaga gupfa. Adamu na Eva baremwe batunganye, kandi bahawe uburyo bwo kuzuza isi urubyaro rukiranuka (Itangiriro 1:28; Gutegeka 32:4). Ababyeyi bacu ba mbere babwiwe ko bari gupfa mu gihe gusa bari kuba batumviye Imana (Itangiriro 2:17). Iyo baza gukomeza kumvira Se wo mu ijuru, bari gukomeza kubaho iteka ku isi.
9. (a) Ukuri guhereranye n’ubugingo bw’umuntu ni ukuhe? (b) Bigendekera bite ubugingo iyo bupfuye?
9 Ikibabaje ariko, ni uko Adamu na Eva bananiwe kumvira Imana (Itangiriro 3:6, 7). Ingaruka zibabaje zatewe n’ibyo, zavuzwe n’intumwa Pawulo ubwo yagiraga iti ‘ibyaha byazanywe mu isi n’umuntu umwe, urupfu ruzanwa n’ibyaha, ni ko urupfu rugera ku bantu bose, kuko bose bakoze ibyaha’ (Abaroma 5:12). Aho kubaho iteka ku isi, Adamu na Eva barapfuye. None se, byabagendekeye bite? Mbese, bari bafite ubugingo budapfa bwari gushyirwa mu muriro w’iteka, bitewe n’icyaha cyabo? Ibinyuranye n’ibyo, Bibiliya itubwira ko mbere na mbere igihe Adamu yaremwaga, ‘yahindutse ubugingo buzima’ (Itangiriro 2:7). Umuntu ntiyahawe ubugingo; yahindutse ubugingo, ni ukuvuga umuntu muzima (1 Abakorinto 15:45). Ni yo mpamvu atari Adamu wenyine wabaye “ubugingo buzima,” ahubwo nk’uko byerekanywe mu rurimi rw’Igiheburayo igitabo cy’Itangiriro cyanditswemo, n’inyamaswa zo mu rwego rwo hasi na zo zari “ubugingo buzima” (Itangiriro 1:24, NW )! Igihe Adamu na Eva bapfaga, bahindutse ubugingo bupfuye. Amaherezo, byabagendekeye nk’uko Yehova yari yarabwiye Adamu, agira ati “gututubikana ko mu maso hawe ni ko kuzaguhesha umutsima, urinde ugeza ubwo uzasubira mu butaka, kuko ari mo wakuwe: uri umukungugu, mu mukungugu ni mo uzasubira.”—Itangiriro 3:19.
10, 11. Ni iki igitabo New Catholic Encyclopedia cyemeza ku birebana n’inyigisho ya Bibiliya yerekeye ubugingo, kandi se, ni gute ibyo bigereranywa n’ibyo Bibiliya ivuga?
10 Mu buryo bw’ibanze, igitabo New Catholic Encyclopedia cyemeranya n’ibyo. Mu ngingo yacyo ifite umutwe uvuga ngo “Ubugingo (Muri Bibiliya),” kigira kiti “nta bwo IK [“Isezerano rya Kera,” cyangwa Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo] bitandukanya umubiri n’ubugingo.” Cyongeraho kivuga ko muri Bibiliya, ijambo “ubugingo” “ritigera na rimwe risobanura ubugingo butandukanye n’umubiri cyangwa n’umuntu ubwe.” Koko rero, ijambo ubugingo akenshi “risobanura ikintu kizima ubwacyo, cyaba inyamaswa cyangwa abantu.” Uko kuri kurasusurutsa, ariko mu buryo buhuje n’ubwenge, umuntu yakwibaza impamvu abayoboke b’amadini muri rusange batigeze babwirwa ibihereranye n’uko kuri.
11 Mbega imihangayiko myinshi n’ubwoba abayoboke b’amadini baba baririnze, iyo baza kumenya ukuri kwa Bibiliya koroheje kuvuga ko “ubugingo bukora icyaha [ari] bwo buzapfa,” atari ukubabazwa mu muriro w’iteka (Ezekiyeli 18:4)! N’ubwo ibyo bitandukanye cyane n’ibyo Kristendomu yigisha, bihuje rwose n’ibyo umunyabwenge Salomo yanditse ahumekewe, agira ati “abazima bazi ko bazapfa: ariko abapfuye bo nta cyo bakizi, kandi nta ngororano bakizeye [mu buzima bwa none]; kuko batacyibukwa. Umurimo wawe wose werekejeho amaboko yawe, uwukorane umwete; kuko ikuzimu [mu mva rusange y’abantu] aho uzajya nta mirimo, nta n’imigambi uzahabona, haba no kumenya cyangwa ubwenge.”—Umubwiriza 9:5, 10.
12. Ni hehe Kristendomu yavanye inyigisho yayo yerekeranye no kudapfa k’ubugingo?
12 Kuki Kristendomu yigisha ibintu bitandukanye cyane n’ibyo Bibiliya ivuga? Igitabo New Catholic Encyclopedia, mu ngingo yacyo ifite umutwe uvuga ngo “Ubugingo, Umuntu, Kudapfa Kwabyo,” kivuga ko Abapadiri ba Kiliziya bo mu gihe cya mbere bashyigikiye imyizerere ihereranye no kudapfa k’ubugingo batabivanye muri Bibiliya, ahubwo babivanye ku “basizi no ku banyafilozofiya no ku migenzo ishingiye ku mitekerereze ya Kigiriki muri rusange . . . Nyuma y’aho, abahanga mu bihereranye na Bibiliya bahisemo gukurikiza Platon, cyangwa amahame yashyizweho n’Aristote.” Icyo gitabo kivuga ko “amaherezo imitekerereze ya Platon n’imitekerereze mishya ihuje n’iye—ikubiyemo n’imyizerere yo kudapfa k’ubugingo—yaje kwinjizwa “mu nyigisho z’ibanze za Gikristo.”
13, 14. Kuki bidahuje n’ubwenge kwiringira ko abanyafilozofiya b’Abagiriki b’abapagani bagira ubumenyi runaka batanga?
13 Mbese, abiyita Abakristo bagombaga guhindukirira abanyafilozofiya b’Abagiriki b’abapagani kugira ngo bagire icyo bamenya ku byerekeye inyigisho y’ibanze, urugero nk’inyigisho ihereranye n’ibyiringiro byo kongera kubaho nyuma yo gupfa? Oya rwose. Igihe Pawulo yandikiraga Abakristo babaga i Korinto, mu Bugiriki, yagize ati “mbese ntimuzi ko ubwenge bw’iyi si ari ubupfu ku Mana? Kuko byanditswe ngo ‘itegesha abanyabwenge uburiganya bwabo.’ Kandi ngo ‘Uwiteka azi ibyo abanyabwenge batekereza ko bitagira umumaro’ ” (1 Abakorinto 3:19, 20). Abagiriki bo mu gihe cya kera basengaga ibigirwamana. None se, ni gute bashoboraga kuba isoko y’ukuri? Pawulo yabajije Abakorinto ati “mbese urusengero rw’Imana rwahuza rute n’ibishushanyo bisengwa, ko turi urusengero rw’Imana ihoraho? Nk’uko Imana yabivuze iti ‘nzatura muri bo, ngendere muri bo; nzaba Imana yabo, na bo bazaba ubwoko bwanjye.’ ”—2 Abakorinto 6:16.
14 Mbere na mbere, ukuri kwera kwahishuwe binyuriye ku ishyanga ry’Isirayeli (Abaroma 3:1, 2). Nyuma y’umwaka wa 33 I.C., kwatanzwe binyuriye ku itorero ry’Abakristo basizwe ryo mu kinyejana cya mbere. Pawulo yerekeje ku Bakristo bo mu kinyejana cya mbere, agira ati “Imana yabiduhishurishije [ni ukuvuga ibintu yateguriye abayikunda] [u]mwuka wayo.” (1 Abakorinto 2:10; reba nanone Ibyahishuwe 1:1, 2.) Inyigisho ya Kristendomu ihereranye no kudapfa k’ubugingo, yaturutse kuri filozofiya ya Kigiriki. Nta bwo yahishuwe binyuriye ku byo Imana yeretse Abisirayeli, cyangwa binyuriye ku itorero ry’Abakristo basizwe ryo mu kinyejana cya mbere.
Ibyiringiro Nyakuri ku Bapfuye
15. Dukurikije uko Yesu yabivuze, ni ibihe byiringiro nyakuri ku bapfuye?
15 Niba nta bugingo budapfa bubaho, ni ibihe byiringiro nyakuri ku bapfuye? Birumvikana ko ari ibyiringiro by’umuzuko, iyo ikaba ari inyigisho y’ibanze ya Bibiliya, rikaba n’isezerano ry’Imana rihebuje rwose. Yesu yagaragaje ko ibyiringiro by’umuzuko ari ibyiringiro bidashidikanywaho, igihe yabwiraga incuti ye Marita ati “ni jye kuzuka n’ubugingo; unyizera, naho yaba yarapfuye, azabaho” (Yohana 11:25). Kwizera Yesu bivuga kwizera umuzuko; si ukwizera ko habaho ubugingo budapfa.
16. Kuki bihuje n’ubwenge kwizera ko hazabaho umuzuko?
16 Mbere y’aho, Yesu yari yavuze ibihereranye n’umuzuko, igihe yabwiraga Abayahudi bamwe ati “ntimutangazwe n’ibyo, kuko igihe kizaza, ubwo abari mu bituro bose bazumva ijwi rye, bakavamo” (Yohana 5:28, 29). Ibyo Yesu yavuze aha ngaha, bitandukanye cyane n’igitekerezo cy’uko ubugingo budapfa, ko bukomeza kubaho umubiri umaze gupfa, maze bugahita bujya mu ijuru. Yerekezaga ku gihe kizaza ubwo abantu ‘bazava’ mu mva bazaba baramazemo ibinyejana byinshi ndetse n’imyaka ibarirwa mu bihumbi. Ni ubugingo bwapfuye buzaba bwongeye kuba buzima. Mbese, ibyo ni ibintu bidashoboka? Si ibintu bidashoboka ku Mana, yo “izura abapfuye, ikīta ibitariho nk’aho ari ibiriho” (Abaroma 4:17). Abemeragato bashobora kunnyega igitekerezo cy’uko abantu bazazuka, ariko gihuje neza n’ukuri k’uko “Imana [ari] urukundo” kandi ko ‘igororera abayishaka.’—1 Yohana 4:16; Abaheburayo 11:6.
17. Ni iki Imana izasohoza binyuriye ku muzuko?
17 None se, ni gute Imana yagororera abantu bagaragaje ko ‘bakiranuka, kugeza ku gupfa,’ ibaye itabazuye (Ibyahishuwe 2:10)? Nanone kandi, binyuriye ku muzuko, Imana izasohoza ibyo intumwa Yohana yanditse yerekezaho, igira iti “ibyo Umwana w’Imana yerekaniwe ni ibi, ni ukugira ngo amareho imirimo ya Satani” (1 Yohana 3:8). Mu ngobyi ya Edeni, Satani yabaye umwicanyi wishe ubwoko bwa kimuntu bwose uko bwakabaye, igihe yayoboraga ababyeyi bacu ba mbere mu cyaha no mu rupfu (Itangiriro 3:1-6; Yohana 8:44). Yesu yatangiye kumaraho imirimo ya Satani, igihe yatangaga ubuzima bwe butunganye kugira ngo bube incungu ihwanye [n’iyari ikenewe], yugururira abantu inzira yo kuvanwa mu bubata bw’icyaha barazwe, bitewe n’uko Adamu yanze kumvira abigiranye ubushake (Abaroma 5:18). Igihe hazabaho umuzuko w’abantu bapfa bitewe n’icyo cyaha cy’Adamu, na byo bizaba ari uburyo bwo kumaraho imirimo ya Diyabule.
Umubiri n’Ubugingo
18. Ni gute abanyafilozofiya b’Abagiriki bamwe na bamwe babyifashemo igihe Pawulo yavugaga ko Yesu yari yarazutse, kandi kuki?
18 Igihe intumwa Pawulo yari mu Atenayi, yabwirije imbaga y’abantu ubutumwa bwiza, hakubiyemo n’abanyafilozofiya b’Abagiriki bamwe na bamwe. Bateze amatwi ibyo yavugaga bihereranye n’Imana imwe y’ukuri yonyine n’uburyo yabatumiriraga kwihana. Ariko se, byaje kugenda bite? Pawulo yashoje ikiganiro cye agira ati “[Imana] yashyizeho umunsi wo gucira ho urubanza rw’ukuri rw’abari mu isi bose, i[ka]zarucisha umuntu yatoranije: kandi ibyo yabihamirije abantu bose, ubwo yamuzuye.” Ayo magambo yateje umuvurungano. “Bumvise ibyo kuzuka, bamwe barabinegura” (Ibyakozwe 17:22-32). Umunyatewolojiya witwa Oscar Cullmann yagize ati “ku Bagiriki bizeraga ko ubugingo budapfa, bishobora kuba byarabakomereye kwemera inyigisho y’umuzuko yabwirizwaga n’Abakristo kurusha uko byari bimeze ku bandi. . . . Inyigisho y’abanyafilozofiya bakomeye, ari bo Socrate na Platon, ntishobora na rimwe kuba yahuza n’iyo mu Isezerano Rishya.”
19. Ni gute abanyatewolojiya ba Kristendomu bagerageje guhuza inyigisho ihereranye n’umuzuko n’inyigisho yo kudapfa k’ubugingo?
19 N’ubwo bimeze bityo ariko, mu gihe cy’ubuhakanyi bukomeye bwabayeho nyuma y’urupfu rw’intumwa, abanyatewolojiya bahataniye kuvanga inyigisho ya Gikristo yerekeranye n’umuzuko, n’imyizerere ya Platon ihereranye no kudapfa k’ubugingo. Nyuma y’igihe runaka, bamwe baje guhuriza hamwe bafata umwanzuro mushya, w’uko iyo umuntu apfuye, ubugingo butandukana (“bwitandukanya,” nk’uko bamwe babivuga) n’umubiri. Hanyuma, dukurikije uko igitabo Outlines of the Doctrine of the Resurrection cyanditswe na R. J. Cooke kibivuga, ku Munsi w’Urubanza “buri mubiri uzongera guhuzwa n’ubugingo bwawo bwite, na buri bugingo buhuzwe n’umubiri wabwo bwite.” Ubwo umubiri uzahuzwa n’ubugingo bwawo budapfa mu gihe kizaza, ibyo ni byo bivugwa ko ari wo muzuko.
20, 21. Ni ba nde bakomeje kwigisha ukuri kwerekeye umuzuko, kandi se, ni gute ibyo byabagiriye umumaro?
20 Na n’ubu, iyo ni yo nyigisho y’ibanze yigishwa n’amadini akomeye. N’ubwo iyo nyigisho yasa n’aho yumvikana ku munyatewolojiya, abayoboke benshi b’amadini nta cyo bayiziho. Bapfa kwizera gusa ko nibapfa bazahita bajya mu ijuru. Kubera iyo mpamvu, mu kinyamakuru cyitwa Commonweal cyo ku itariki ya 5 Gicurasi 1995, umwanditsi witwa John Garvey yazamuye ikirego agira ati “ibyo Abakristo benshi bizera [ku kibazo gihereranye n’uko ubuzima bukomeza kubaho nyuma yo gupfa], bigaragara ko bihuje cyane n’inyigisho ya Platon kurusha uko bimeze ku kintu icyo ari cyo cyose cya Gikristo by’ukuri, kandi nta bwo bishingiye na gato kuri Bibiliya.” Koko rero, kuba Platon abayobozi ba kidini bo muri Kristendomu baramuguranye Bibiliya, batumye ibyiringiro by’umuzuko bishingiye kuri Bibiliya by’imikumbi yabo biyoyoka.
21 Ku rundi ruhande, Abahamya ba Yehova bamaganira kure filozofiya ya gipagani, kandi bizirika ku nyigisho ya Bibiliya ihereranye n’umuzuko. Babona ko iyo ari inyigisho yubaka, ishimishije kandi ihumuriza. Mu bice bikurikira, tuzabona ukuntu inyigisho ya Bibiliya ihereranye n’umuzuko ari inyigisho ifite ishingiro, n’ukuntu ari inyigisho ihuje n’ubwenge, haba ku bafite ibyiringiro byo kuzaba ku isi no ku biringira kuzazurirwa ubuzima bw’ijuru. Mu kwitegura kuzasuzuma ibyo bice, turagutera inkunga yo gusoma urwandiko rwa mbere rwandikiwe Abakorinto, igice cya 15, ubigiranye ubwitonzi.
Mbese, Uribuka?
◻ Kuki tugomba kwihingamo icyizere kidashidikanywaho cy’umuzuko?
◻ Ni ibihe byiringiro Yehova yashyize imbere y’Adamu na Eva?
◻ Kuki bidahuje n’ubwenge gushakira ukuri muri filozofiya ya Kigiriki?
◻ Kuki kwiringira umuzuko ari ibintu bihuje n’ukuri?
[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 10]
Igihe ababyeyi bacu ba mbere bakoraga icyaha, batakaje ibyiringiro byo kubaho iteka ku isi
[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 12]
Abahanga mu byerekeye Bibiliya bo mu madini baje kuyoborwa n’imyizerere ya Platon ihereranye no kudapfa k’ubugingo
[Aho ifoto yavuye]
Musei Capitolini, Rom