Ese ubuzima bwose bwakomotse ku mukurambere umwe?

Icyo abahanga benshi babivugaho. Abahanga benshi bavuga ko ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima bya kera bishyigikira iyo nyigisho ivuga ko ubuzima bwakomotse ku mukurambere umwe. Nanone bavuga ko ubuzima bugomba kuba bwarakomotse ku mukurambere umwe kubera ko ibinyabuzima byose bigira ADN.

Bibiliya yo ibivugaho iki? Inkuru yo mu Ntangiriro ivuga ko ibimera, ibiba mu Nyanja, inyamaswa zo ku isi n’ibiguruka, byose byaremwe “nk’uko amoko yabyo ari” (Intangiriro 1:12, 20-25). Ibyo byumvikanisha ko mu bwoko bumwe hashobora kubamo amatsinda atandukanye, ariko ko nanone hariho imipaka ituma amoko ativanga. Dukurikije ibyo Bibiliya ivuga, mu bisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima byabayeho kera, twagombye kubonamo amoko mashya y’ibinyabuzima byabayeho mu buryo butunguranye, bitagiye byihinduriza ngo bivemo ibindi.

None se ibimenyetso bigaragaza iki? Ese ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko ibivugwa muri Bibiliya ari byo by’ukuri, cyangwa bigaragaza ko ibyo Darwin avuga ari byo by’ukuri? None se ibintu byavumbuwe mu myaka 150 ishize byo bigaragaza iki?

IGITI CYA DARWIN CYARATEMWE

Mu myaka ya vuba aha, abahanga bashoboye kugereranya ADN y’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye bigizwe n’ingirabuzimafatizo imwe na ADN z’ibimera n’inyamaswa. Batekerezaga ko kubigereranya byari gushyigikira cya giti cya Darwin. Ariko si ko byagenze.

Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje iki? Mu mwaka wa 1999, umuhanga mu binyabuzima witwa Malcolm S. Gordon yaranditse ati: “Uko bigaragara, ubuzima bufite inkomoko nyinshi. Biragaragara ko ibinyabuzima byose biriho bitagize inkomoko imwe.” Ese hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko imiryango yose y’ibinyabuzima yari ishamikiye ku gihimba kimwe nk’uko Darwin yabivuze? Gordon akomeza agira ati: “Igitekerezo cya kera cy’uko abantu bemeraga ko ibinyabuzima bifite inkomoko imwe, usanga ntaho gihuriye n’amatsinda y’ibinyabuzima tuzi ariho muri iki gihe. Ntaho gihuriye n’imiryango migari y’ibinyabuzima kandi nta n’aho gihuriye n’amatsinda ari mu muryango umwe.”²⁹a

Ubushakashatsi bwa vuba aha bukomeje kuvuguruza inyigisho ya Darwin ivuga ko ibinyabuzima byose byakomotse ku mukurambere umwe. Urugero, mu mwaka 2009, hari ingingo yasohotse mu kinyamakuru cyasubiyemo amagambo yavuzwe n’umuhanga mu bijyanye n’ubwihindurize witwa Eric Bapteste agira ati: “Nta kimenyetso na kimwe dufite kigaragaza ko ibinyabuzima byose byakomotse ku mukurambere umwe.”³⁰ Nanone cyasubiyemo amagambo y’umuhanga wemera ubwihindurize witwa Michael Rose kigira kiti: “Inyigisho ivuga ko ibinyabuzima bifite umukurambere umwe iragenda ihambwa mu kinyabupfura kandi ibyo twese turabizi. Icyo tutaremeranyaho neza ni uko tugomba guhindura amahame yose dushingiraho twigisha ibinyabuzima.”³¹b

NONE SE TWAVUGA IKI KU BISIGAZWA BY’IBINYABUZIMA BYABAYEHO KERA?

Hari abahanga benshi bavuga ko ibyo bisigazwa bishyigikira igitekerezo kivuga ko ubuzima bwakomotse ku mukurambere umwe. Urugero, bavuga ko ibyo bisigazwa bigaragaza ko amafi yahindutse ubwoko bw’imitubu, ibikururanda na byo bigahinduka inyamabere. Ariko se mu by’ukuri ni iki ibyo bisigazwa bigaragaza?

Umuhanga mu birebana n’inyigisho y’ubwihindurize witwa David M. Raup yaravuze ati: “Aho kugira ngo abahanga bo muri iki gihe n’abo mu gihe cya Darwin babone ibimenyetso byemeza ko ubuzima bwagiye bubaho gahorogahoro, ahubwo babonye ko ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima bwagiye bubaho mu buryo butunguranye kandi mu gihe cyose bwabayeho, bwagiye buhindukaho utuntu tw’ubusabusa cyangwa ntibuhinduke na gato, ubundi bukazimira.”³²

Mu by’ukuri, ibyinshi mu bisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima bya kera, bigaragaza ko ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima bwagumye uko bwari buri mu gihe k’imyaka myinshi cyane bwabayeho. Nta kimenyetso kigaragaza ko hari ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima bwigeze bwihinduriza ngo buhindukemo ubundi. Ibinyabuzima byagiye bibaho nta sano bifitanye n’ibyo batekereza ko byabibanjirije. N’ibintu bigize ibyo binyabuzima na byo byabayeho mu buryo butunguranye. Urugero, uducurama dukoresha ijwi ryatwo ngo tumenye ikerekezo tujyamo, twabayeho dutya mu buryo butunguranye kandi nta mukurambere watwo wabona.

Iyo ugenzuye ibyo bisigazwa, usanga imiryango migari y’ibisimba isaga kimwe cya kabiri, yarabayeho mu gihe gito cyane. Kubera ko abahanga bakora ubushakashatsi kuri ibyo bisigazwa babonye ko amoko menshi y’ibinyabuzima bishya yabayeho mu buryo butunguranye kandi mu gihe gito, icyo gihe bakita “iturika rya Cambrian.” None se icyo gihe cya Cambrian cyabayeho ryari?

Reka tuvuge ko imibare abashakashatsi bakoze ari ukuri. Icyo gihe amateka y’isi yagaragazwa n’umurongo w’ibihe ureshya n’uburebure bw’ikibuga cy’umupira w’amaguru (1). Kugira ngo ugere mu gihe abahanga bita igihe cya Cambrian (2), wagenda 7/8 by’icyo kibuga. Mu gace gato k’icyo gihe ni ho ubona imiryango migari y’ibisimba igaragara mu bisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima byabayeho kera. Ni mu buhe buryo igaragara mu buryo butunguranye? Mu gihe ukomeje kugenda kuri uwo murongo w’ibihe, uba utaratera n’intambwe imwe ukabona ugeze kuri ibyo binyabuzima byose.

Ukuntu ibyo binyabuzima by’ubwoko butandukanye biboneka mu buryo butunguranye, bituma bamwe mu bakora ubushakashatsi ku nyigisho y’ubwihindurize bashidikanya ku nyigisho ya Darwin. Urugero, mu mwaka wa 2008, umuhanga mu binyabuzima wemera ubwihindurize witwa Stuart Newman yatanze ikiganiro asobanura ko hakenewe indi nyigisho nshya y’ubwihindurize yasobanura uko ibinyabuzima by’ubwoko butandukanye byose byabayeho mu buryo butunguranye. Yaravuze ati: “Ntekereza ko inyigisho ya Darwin y’ubwihindurize yaba ishyizwe ku ruhande, igafatwa nk’izindi nyigisho ziri aho zigeze kubaho kandi ntifatwe nk’inyigisho y’ingenzi cyane isobanura uko ibinyabuzima bito byagiye byihinduriza bikavamo ibinyabuzima binini.”³³

IBIMENYETSO BIRAKEMANGWA

Bite se ku bisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima bya kera abahanga bifashisha bagaragaza ko amafi yahindutse imitubu na ho ibikururanda bigahinduka inyamabere? Ese byaba bitanga gihamya ifatika igaragaza ko ubwihindurize bwabayeho koko? Iyo ubisuzumye witonze wibaza ibibazo byinshi.

Icya mbere: Iyo ugereranyije ubunini bw’ibinyabuzima biri hagati y’ibikururanda n’inyamabere, usanga hari igihe ibitabo byigishirizwamo inyigisho y’ubwihindurize biyobya. Aho kugira ngo usange ibyo binyabuzima bingana, hari ibyo usanga ari binini cyane ibindi ugasanga ari bito cyane.

Ikibazo cya kabiri ari na cyo gikomeye cyane, ni uko usanga nta kimenyetso kigaragaza ko ibyo binyabuzima bifitanye isano. Usanga ibinyabuzima bashyira muri icyo kiciro bitandukanyijwe n’imyaka abahanga babarira muri za miriyoni. Ku birebana n’igihe gitandukanya ibisigazwa byinshi by’ibinyabuzima byabayeho kera, umuhanga witwa Henry Gee yaravuze ati: “Icyo gihe ni kirekire cyane ku buryo tudashobora kwemeza ko ibyo binyabuzima byakomotse ku mukurambere umwe.”³⁴c

Umuhanga witwa Malcolm S. Gordon yagize icyo avuga ku binyabuzima biri hagati y’amafi n’imitubu, avuga ko “ibyo bisigazwa bigaragaza agace gato cyane ariko kadafite byinshi gahuriyeho n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye byo muri ayo matsinda byariho muri icyo gihe.” Yakomeje agira ati: “Nta buryo dufite bwo kumenya niba hari uruhare ibyo binyabuzima byagize ku binyabuzima byakurikiyeho cyangwa niba hari isano bifitanye.”³⁵d

NI IKI MU BY’UKURI FILIMI IGARAGAZA?

Inkuru yasohotse mu kinyamakuru kitwa National Geographic mu mwaka wa 2004 yagereranyije ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima bya kera “na firimi igaragaza uko ubwihindurize bwabayeho ariko muri buri duce 1000 tw’iyo firime, 999 tukaba twaragiye dutakara mu cyumba bayitunganyirijemo.”³⁶ Ngaho tekereza icyo urwo rugero rusobanura.

Tekereza ufite uduce 100 twa firime ndende yahoze ifite uduce 100.000. Ese wamenya inkuru yavugwaga muri iyo firime? Ushobora kuba usanzwe ufite igitekerezo kuri iyo firime. Ariko se byagenda bite uramutse usanze uduce dutanu mu duce 100 wabonye, ari two twonyine dushobora gushyigikira igitekerezo cyawe, ariko utundi 95 twose tukaba tuvuga indi nkuru ihabanye n’icyo gitekerezo cyawe? Ese byaba bishyize mu gaciro kuvuga ko icyo gitekerezo cyawe ari ukuri, ngo ni uko gusa ufite uduce dutanu tugishyigikira? Ese ntibyaba byatewe n’uko watondetse utwo duce dutanu kugira ngo duhuze n’icyo gitekerezo wifuza? None se ntibyaba bihuje n’ubwenge uramutse wemeye ko ibitekerezo biri mu tundi duce 95 bigira ingaruka ku gitekerezo ufite?

None se urwo rugero ruhuriye he n’uko abemera inyigisho y’ubwihindurize babona ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima byabayeho kera? Ibyinshi muri ibyo bisigazwa, twagereranya na twa duce 95 tugize firime, byagaragazaga ko ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima runaka bwahindukagaho utuntu duto cyane. Nyamara abashakashatsi bamaze imyaka myinshi baranze kubyemera. None se ni iki cyatumye batemera ibyo bimenyetso bifatika? Umwanditsi witwa Richard Morris yaravuze ati: “Uko bigaragara abahanga bagendeye ku gitekerezo kemerwaga n’abandi bahanga benshi cy’uko ibintu byagiye byihinduriza buhorobuhoro nubwo babonye ibimenyetso bifatika bivuguruza icyo gitekerezo. Bageragezaga gusobanura ibyo bimenyetso bashingiye ku bitekerezo by’ubwihindurize byemerwaga n’abantu benshi.”³⁷

Bite se ku bemera inyigisho y’ubwihindurize muri iki gihe? Ese na bo ntibaba bagerageza gutondeka ibyo bisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima byabayeho kera bakurikije ibitekerezo byemerwa muri iki gihe n’abemera inyigisho y’ubwihindurize, aho kubitondeka bakurikije ibimenyetso bigaragara mu byinshi mu bisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima byabayeho kera n’ibimenyetso bigaragara muri ADN?e

Ubitekerezaho iki? Ukurikije ibimenyetso twabonye ni uwuhe mwanzuro wagombye gufata? Reka twongere turebe ibintu twasuzumye kugeza ubu.

• Ubuzima bwa mbere bwabayeho ku isi ntibwari bworoheje.

• Amahirwe y’uko ibice bigize ingirabuzimafatizo byaba byariteranyije mu buryo bw’impanuka, ni hafi ya ntayo.

• ADN twagereranya na porogaramu ya mudasobwa igenga ibibera mu ngirabuzimafatizo, irahambaye kandi irimo ubuhanga buruta ubwa porogaramu iyo ari yose n’uburyo bwo kubika amakuru byakozwe n’abantu.

• Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe kuri ADN bugaragaza ko ubuzima butakomotse ku mukurambere umwe. Nanone iyo witegereje ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima byabayeho kera, ubona imiryango migari y’ibisimba yaragiye ibaho mu buryo butunguranye

None se nyuma yo gusuzuma ibi bimenyetso, utekereza ko uko Bibiliya isobanura inkomoko y’ubuzima ari byo bihuje n’ukuri? Icyakora hari abantu benshi bavuga ko siyansi ivuguruza ibintu byinshi Bibiliya yigisha ku birebana n’irema. Ese ibyo bavuga ni ukuri? Ni iki mu by’ukuri Bibiliya ibivugaho?