Izina ry’Imana, Yehova, mu rusengero rwo mu Misiri

NI RYARI izina ry’Imana Yehova cyangwa Yahvé, ryagaragaye bwa mbere mu zindi nyandiko zitari Bibiliya? Hari abahanga basubiza icyo kibazo bavuga ko ari mu kinyejana cya 14 Mbere ya Yesu. Kuki basubiza batyo?

Ahagana mu mwaka wa 1370 Mbere ya Yesu, Abanyamisiri bari barigaruriye ibihugu byinshi. Farawo Amenhotep (cyangwa Aménophis) wa III wategekaga Misiri icyo gihe, yubatse urusengero rw’agahebuzo ahitwa i Soleb muri Nubie, muri iki gihe hakaba ari muri Sudani. Igihe abahanga mu bucukumbuzi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo bavumburaga urwo rusengero, babonye inyandiko ya kera yakoreshwaga mu Misiri ibonekamo inyuguti enye z’Igiheburayo, ari zo YHWH cyangwa Yehova. Iyo nyandiko yabonekagamo iryo zina, yarushaga imyaka igera kuri 500 Ibuye ry’i Mowabu. Iryo buye rya kera cyane, ni ryo ryari rizwiho kuba rimaze igihe kirekire cyane ryanditseho izina ry’Imana. Ariko se bishoboka bite ko izina ry’Imana ivugwa muri Bibiliya, ryaboneka mu rusengero rwo mu Misiri?

“Shasu, igihugu cya Yahu”

Farawo Aménhotep wa III yeguriye imana yitwa Amun-Ra urusengero yari yarubatse. Urwo rusengero rwari rufite metero zigera ku 120 z’uburebure, rwabaga ku nkombe z’iburengerazuba bw’Uruzi rwa Nili. Hasi ku nkingi za kimwe mu byumba by’urwo rusengero, hari hatatse inyandiko ya kera yakoreshwaga n’Abanyamisiri igaragaza amazina y’uterere Aménhotep yavugaga ko yari yarigaruriye. Buri karere kagaragazwaga n’igishushanyo cy’imfungwa baboheye amaboko inyuma, kiriho ingabo yanditseho izina ry’akarere cyangwa iry’ubwoko yakomokagamo. Amazina y’uturere twari dutuwemo n’Abashasu cyangwa Abashosu, na yo yagaragaraga muri izo nyandiko. Abashasu bari bantu ki?

Abashasu ryari izina rusange Abanyamisiri bari barahaye amoko y’Abarabu basuzugurwaga cyane, babaga hakurya y’iburasirazuba bwa Misiri. Uturere Abashasu bari batuyemo twageraga mu majyepfo ya Palesitina, aya Transjordanie na Sinayi. Hari abashakashatsi bavuga ko uturere Abashasu babagamo, twageraga kure cyane mu majyaruguru ya Libani na Siriya. Urutonde rw’uturere wa mwami yari yarigaruriye ruri i Soleb, rugaragaraho izina ry’akarere abantu bagiye basoma mu buryo butandukanye ngo “Yahwe wo mu gihugu cya Shosu,” “Shasu, igihugu cya Yahu,” cyangwa “igihugu cya Shasu-yhw.” Umuhanga mu by’amateka ya kera ya Misiri witwa Jean Leclant, yavuze ko izina ryanditswe kuri rwa rutonde rw’i Soleb, “rihuje n’inyuguti enye z’Igiheburayo zigize izina ry’imana ivugwa muri Bibiliya, ari zo YHWH.”

Abahanga benshi bemera ko izina Yahu cyangwa Yahwe rikoreshwa aho ndetse n’ahandi, ryerekeza ku gace cyangwa akarere runaka. Intiti yitwa Shmuel Ahituv yavuze ko iryo zina, ryerekeza “ku karere abagaragu ba Yahu Imana ya Isirayeli bazereragamo.”a Niba ibyo iyo ntiti yavuze ari ukuri, iryo zina ry’ako gace ryaba ari rimwe mu ngero z’uturere twa kera tw’iburasirazuba, aho izina ry’akarere ryabaga rihuje n’izina ry’imana yako. Urundi rugero ni urwa Assur, iryo akaba ari izina ry’igihugu cya Ashuri n’iry’imana yacyo.

Umuhanga mu bya Bibiliya no mu bucukumbuzi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo witwa Roland de Vaux, yagize icyo avuga kuri iryo zina ryanditswe mu rusengero rw’i Nubie, agira ati “guhera nko mu kinyagihumbi cya kabiri rwagati Mbere ya Yesu, hari agace cyangwa umuntu byitirirwaga izina rijya gusa cyangwa risa neza n’iry’Imana ya Isirayeli, kubera ko abakurambere b’Abisirayeli bari barabaye muri ako karere.”

Izina ricyubashywe

Agace ka Soleb si ko gace konyine ko muri Nubie, gafite inyandiko za kera zakoreshwaga mu Misiri zigaragaramo izina Yahwe. Nanone, kopi z’amazina y’uturere turi ku rutonde ruri i Soleb, ziboneka mu nsengero z’umwami Ramsès II ziri ahitwa Amarah West na Aksha. Ibimenyetso bakoreshaga mu nyandiko ya kera y’Abanyamisiri bandika amagambo ngo “Yahwe wo mu gihugu cya Shosu,” bisa n’ibyakoreshwaga bandika amazina y’utundi turere twa Shosu abantu bakeka ko ari Seyiri na Labani. Bibiliya ishyira isano hagati y’utwo turere n’amajyepfo ya Palesitina, Edomu na Sinayi (Itangiriro 36:8; Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 1:1). Utwo twari uturere abantu bari bazi Yehova kandi bakamusenga bagendagamo, haba mbere yuko Abisirayeli bajya muri Egiputa na nyuma yaho.—Itangiriro 36:17, 18; Kubara 13:26.

Mu buryo bunyuranye n’amazina y’izindi mana aboneka ku nyandiko za kera, izina ry’Imana ivugwa muri Bibiliya ari ryo Yehova, riracyakoreshwa cyane kandi riracyubashywe. Urugero, mu bihugu birenga 230, Abahamya ba Yehova barenga miriyoni zirindwi bitangiye gufasha abandi kumenya iryo zina, ari ryo Yehova, no kwegera iyo Mana ifite izina ryihariye.—Yeremiya 16:21; Yakobo 4:8.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe yo ku ipaji ya 21]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)

Bishoboka bite ko izina ry’Imana ivugwa muri Bibiliya ari ryo Yehova, ryaboneka mu rusengero rwa gipagani rw’Abanyamisiri?

[Ikarita yo ku ipaji ya 21]

MISIRI

Urusengero rw’i Soleb

SUDANI

Uruzi rwa Nili

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 21]

Inkingi y’urusengero yongeye kubakwa

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 22]

Ahari amatongo y’urusengero rwa Amun-Ra, i Soleb muri Sudani

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Ed Scott/Pixtal/age fotostock

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 21 yavuye]

Background: Asian and Middle Eastern Division/The New York Public Library/Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations