Founga ke Malu Ange Ai ʻa e Meʻakaí
ʻOKU fakatuʻutāmaki ʻa e kaí? ʻE taki nai koe ʻe ha ngaahi fika ʻe niʻihi ke ke fakaʻosiʻaki ʻoku pehē. Fakatatau ki he Kautaha Moʻui ʻa Māmaní (WHO), ko e toko 130 miliona nai ʻi he Vahefonua WHO ʻo ʻIulopé ʻoku uesia kinautolu ʻe ha mahaki tupu ʻi he meʻakaí ʻi he taʻu taki taha. ʻI he Puleʻanga Fakatahataha Pilitāniá ʻataʻatā pē, ʻoku laka hake ʻi he ngaahi keisi ʻe 100,000 ʻo e puke ʻi he kona ʻa e meʻakaí—ʻo tupu ai ʻa e mate ʻe 200 nai—naʻe līpooti ʻi he 1998. ʻI he ʻIunaite Seteté ʻoku fakafuofua ko e puke ʻe 76 miliona nai ko e tupu ia mei he mahaki tupu ʻi he meʻakaí ʻi he taʻu taki taha pea ʻi he ngaahi keisi ko iá, ko e toko 325,000 ai ʻoku kau ai ʻa e tokoto falemahaki pea iku ʻo mate ʻa e toko 5,000.
ʻI māmani lahi, ko e fakafuofua fakaʻāulilikí ʻoku faingataʻa ange ke maʻu. Kae kehe, ʻoku līpooti ʻe he WHO ʻi he 1998 ʻoku fakafuofua ki he kakai ʻe 2.2 miliona naʻa nau mate ʻi he ngaahi mahaki fakalelé—ko e 1.8 miliona ai ko e fānau. ʻOku fakahā ʻe he līpōtí: “Ko ha konga lahi ʻo e ngaahi keisí ni ʻe lava ke pehē ko e tupu ia ʻi he ʻuli ʻa e meʻakaí mo e vai inú.”
Ko e ngaahi fika ko iá ʻe ongo fakalilifu nai. Ka ʻoku totonu ke fakatupunga koe ʻe he ngaahi fiká ke ke ilifia ʻo fekauʻaki pea mo e tuʻunga malu ʻo hoʻo meʻakaí tonu? Mahalo pē ʻikai. Fakakaukau angé ki ha fakatātā ʻe taha. ʻI ʻAositelēlia, ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi keisi ʻe 4.2 miliona ʻi he taʻu kotoa pē ʻo e mahaki tupu ʻi he meʻakaí—pe 11,500 nai ʻi he ʻaho kotoa! ʻE ongo lahi fakaʻulia nai eni. Kae vakai angé ki aí mei ha tafaʻaki kehe. ʻOku kai ʻa e kau ʻAositelēliá ʻi he houa kai ʻe 20 piliona nai ʻi he taʻu; ʻi he ngaahi houa kai ko iá ʻoku siʻi hifo ʻi he vahe nima noa ʻe taha ʻo e peseti ʻe tahá ʻa e hoko ai ha puke. ʻI hono fakalea ʻe tahá, ko e fakatuʻutāmaki ʻoku kau ki he houa kai taki taha ʻoku fuʻu siʻisiʻi ʻaupito.
Neongo ia, ko e fakatuʻutāmakí ʻoku hoko moʻoni ia pea fakatupunga fakakaukau. Ko e hā ʻokú ne ʻai ʻa e meʻakaí ke ne ʻomai ʻa e mahakí, pea ko e hā ʻe lava ke fai ke fakasiʻisiʻi ai ʻa e fakatuʻutāmakí?
Ngaahi Tupuʻanga ʻo e Mahaki Tupu ʻi he Meʻakaí
Ko ha lahi fakaofo ʻo e ngaahi mahakí ʻe lava ke fetuku holo ia ʻi he meʻakaí—laka hake he 200 ʻo kinautolu, ko e lau ia ʻa e nusipepa Emerging Infectious Diseases. Ka ko e ngaahi meʻa ʻoku tukuakiʻi ki hono fakatupunga ʻa e ngaahi mahaki kotoa ko iá ʻoku ʻikai ke fuʻu lahi fēfē. Fakatatau kia Dr. Iain Swadling, ko e ʻōfisa fakahinohino meʻakai maʻá e International Food Information Service (Potungāue Fakahinohino Meʻakai Fakavahaʻapuleʻangá), ko e peseti nai ʻe 90 ʻo e ngaahi keisi kotoa pē fekauʻaki mo e mahaki tupu ʻi he meʻakaí ʻoku fakatupunga ia ʻe he faʻahinga kehekehe “siʻi hifo nai ʻi he tōseni ʻe uá” ʻo e fanga kiʻi meʻamoʻui valevalé. ʻOku anga-fēfē ʻa e hū ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakatupu-mahaki kehekehé—ʻa e vailasí, pekitīliá, palasaití, koná mo e alā meʻa peheé—ki he meʻakaí?
ʻOku lisi ʻe Dr. Swadling ʻa e ngaahi founga anga-maheni lahi taha ʻe nima ʻoku ʻuliʻi ai ʻa e meʻakaí: “Ko hono ngāueʻaki ʻa e meʻakai kei mata kuo uesia; teuteu ʻa e meʻatokoní ʻe he kakai kuo ulufia ʻi ha mahaki pe puke; taʻefeʻunga hono tukú fakataha mo hono teuteu ʻo e meʻatokoní ʻi ha ngaahi houa lahi ki muʻa ʻi hono maʻú; fekolosiʻaki ʻa e siemú lolotonga hono teuteu ʻa e meʻatokoní; ʻikai ke feʻunga hono haka pe fakamafana ʻo e meʻakaí.” Neongo ʻoku hā ngali fakahohaʻa nai ʻa e lisi ko iá, ʻokú ne fakahoko mai ha ongoongo lelei mālohi. Ko e ngaahi tuʻunga lahi taha ʻo e mahaki tupu ʻi he meʻakaí ʻoku ala taʻofi ngofua ia. Ke vakai ki he meʻa ʻe lava ke ke fai ke fakapapauʻi ai ʻa e tuʻunga malu ʻo e meʻakai ʻokú ke maʻú, vakai ki he puha ʻi he peesi 18 mo e 19.
Fai ʻa e Ngaahi Fili Mafamafatataú
ʻI he vakai ki he ngaahi fakatuʻutāmaki kehekehe mo e hohaʻa fekauʻaki mo e meʻakaí, ʻoku fakapapauʻi ai ʻe he kakai ʻe niʻihi ʻi he ʻahó ni ke fakamoleki ʻa e taimí ke fakatau mai, teuteu mo kai ʻa e meʻakai ʻoku foʻou angé. Kapau ʻoku fakamānako kia koe ʻa e fili ko iá, vakaiʻi ʻa e ngaahi falekoloa pe māketi ʻi ho feituʻú ʻoku fakatau atu ai ʻa e ngaahi koloa ʻoku foʻou mo ʻikai toe fai ha meʻa ki aí. ʻOku fakamatala ʻe ha tohi tataki ki he kau fakatau maí: “Ko e kau fakatau tokolahi ʻoku nau feinga ke fetuʻutaki mo e kau faʻu koloá—ʻi he ngaahi māketi fakauiké [ʻa ia ʻoku fakatau ai ʻa e koloa foʻoú] pe ʻi he feituʻu ʻoku ngaohi ai ʻa e meʻakaí—koeʻuhi ke fakatau mai ʻa e koloá ʻi heʻene kei foʻou ʻaupitó mo vakai ki hono ngaohi ʻo e meʻakaí pea mo e feituʻu ʻoku haʻu mei aí.” ʻE tokoni nai ʻa e foungá ni ʻi he taimi ʻoku fakatau mai ai ʻa e koloa kakanoʻi manú.
ʻI he tuʻunga tatau, ʻe lelei taha nai ke fakatau mai ʻa e ngaahi koloa meʻakai fakalotofonuá ʻi hono faʻahitaʻú, koeʻuhi ko e foʻou tahá nai ia. Kae kehe, fakatokangaʻi, kapau te ke piki ki ha tuʻunga pehē, ʻe mole ai ʻa hoʻo maʻu hokohoko ʻa e fuaʻiʻakau mo e vesitapolo kehekehé.
ʻOku totonu ke ke hiki koe ki he meʻakai fakanatulá? Ko ha fili fakafoʻituitui ia. Ko e meʻakai fakanatulá ʻoku mahuʻingaʻia ai ʻa e tokolahi, ʻoku ueʻi taʻetoeveiveiua ʻa e niʻihi ʻe he taʻefalala ki he ngaahi founga foʻou fakatekinolosia ʻoku ngāueʻaki ʻi he ngaohiʻanga meʻakaí. Ka ʻoku ʻikai ke loto-tatau ʻa e tokotaha kotoa pē ʻoku ʻomai ʻe he founga ngoue fakanatulá ʻa e meʻakai ʻoku malu angé.
Ko e hā pē ʻa e meʻakai ʻokú ke manako aí, vakaiʻi lelei ʻa e meʻa ʻokú ke fakatau maí. “Fekauʻaki mo e meʻakaí,” ko e mamahi ia ʻa ha mataotao ʻe taha naʻe lave ki ai ʻi he nusipepa Die Zeit fakauiké, “ʻoku vakai ʻataʻatā pē ʻa e tokotaha fakataú ia ki he totongí.” Ko e tokanga ki he totongí ʻoku taau ke fakaongoongoleleiʻi, kae toe vakaiʻi mo e lisi ʻo e ngaahi meʻa ʻoku ngaohiʻakí. ʻOku fakafuofua ko e meimei vaeua ʻo e kakai ʻoku nau fakatau meʻakai ʻi he ngaahi fonua ʻo e Hihifó ʻoku ʻikai te nau fakamoleki ʻa e taimí ke lau ai ʻa e fakahinohino fakameʻatokoni ʻoku paaki ʻi he leipoló. Ko e moʻoni, ʻi he ngaahi fonua ʻe niʻihi ko e leipoló ʻoku ʻikai ke kakato kotoa ia. Ka ʻo kapau ʻokú ke fiemaʻu ʻa e meʻakai ʻoku malú, fai leva ʻa e meʻa te ke malavá ke vakaiʻi ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ʻoku ngaohiʻakí.
Ko e hā pē ʻa e ngaahi fili ʻokú ke fai ʻo fekauʻaki mo e meʻakai ʻokú ke kaí, ʻe fiemaʻu nai ke ke loto-lelei ke ngaofengofua ʻi ha taimi, ʻo feʻunuʻaki ki he ngaahi tuʻunga moʻoni ʻo e feituʻu ʻokú ke nofo aí. Ki he kakai tokolahi ʻi he ʻaho mo e kuonga ko ení, ʻoku taʻemalava ʻaupito—fuʻu mamafa, fuʻu fakamole taimi, fuʻu fakatupu palopalema—ke fakapapauʻi ʻoku nau kai ʻa e meʻakai pē ko ia ʻoku ala fakamoʻoniʻi ʻoku malu ʻi he tafaʻaki kotoa.
ʻOku maongo nai ia kia koe ʻi ha tuʻunga ko ha fakafuofua tamaki ʻo e māmani lolotongá? ʻOku hoko moʻoni ʻaupito ia. Kae kehe, ko e ongoongo leleí ʻoku vavé ni ke hoko ʻa e ngaahi meʻá ʻo lelei ange.
[Puha/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 18, 19]
Meʻa ʻe Lava Ke Ke Faí
◼ Fufulu. Fakapapauʻi ke fufulu ho nimá ʻi ha vai koa mafana ki muʻa ke teuteu ʻa e meʻakai taki taha. Fanofano maʻu pē ʻi he hili ʻa hono ngāueʻaki ʻo e falemālōloó, ko hono tokangaʻi ʻa e ngaahi fiemaʻu fakaehaisini ʻa ha pēpē pe ko ha kiʻi tama (hangē ko hano fetongi ʻo ha taipa pe ko e holoholoʻi ʻa e ihú), pe ko e tokangaʻi ʻo ha faʻahinga monumanu pē, kau ai ʻa e manu lalata ʻi ʻapí. Fufulu ha faʻahinga meʻa-ngaohi-kai pē, ngaahi papa hifí pea mo e ngaahi funga meʻá ʻaki ʻa e vai koa mafana ʻi he hili ʻa e teuteu ʻo e meʻakai taki taha—tautefito ʻi he hili ʻa hono ngaahi ʻo e kakanoʻi manu kei matá, manu kapakaú pe ko ha meʻatahi. “Fufulu ʻa e fuaʻiʻakaú mo e vesitapoló ʻi ha vai māmāfana,” ko e fokotuʻu ia ʻa e makasini ko e Test, ke toʻo mei ai ʻa e fanga kiʻi ʻinisēkité mo e faitoʻo tāmate ʻinisēkite ʻoku kei toe aí. ʻI he ngaahi tuʻunga lahi, ko e toʻo kilí, telé mo hono haká ʻa e ngaahi founga lelei taha ke fufulu ai ʻa e meʻakaí. Fekauʻaki mo e lētisí pe kāpisí, toʻo pea liʻaki ʻa e ngaahi lau taupotu taha ki tuʻá.
◼ Haka ke Moho. Kapau ko e mafana ʻo e meʻakaí ʻoku laka ʻi he tikilī Selosiasi ʻe 70, naʻa mo ha taimi nounou, ʻe tāmateʻi ai ʻa e meimei kotoa ʻo e pekitīliá, siemú mo e palasaití. Ko e manu kapakaú ʻoku totonu ke haka ia ke toe laka hake ai, ʻi he tikilī Selosiasi ʻe 80. Ko e meʻakai fakamafaná ʻoku totonu ke ʻi ha fua mafana ko e tikilī Selosiasi ʻe 75, pe ʻoku totonu ke vela mo hakolokolo. Fakaʻehiʻehi mei hono kai ʻa e manu kapakau ʻoku kei hā kano-toto ʻa hono kakanó, fuaʻimoa ʻoku kei vai ʻa e konga engeengá pe hinehiná, pe ko e ika ʻoku teʻeki ai ke moho mo ʻikai lava ke ke ala vaheʻi ʻaki ha huhú.
◼ Tuku mavahevahe ʻa e meʻakaí. Tuku mavahe ʻa e kakanoʻi manu matá, manu kapakaú pe meʻatahí mei he meʻakai kehé ʻi he taimi kotoa pē—ʻi hono fakatau maí, fakatolongá mo hono teuteú. ʻOua ʻe tuku ʻa e huhuʻá ke fetafeʻaki pe fehafuʻi, pe hafu ʻi he ngaahi meʻakai kehé. Pehē foki, ʻoua ʻaupito ʻe tuku ʻa e meʻakai mohó ʻi ha tisi naʻe ngāueʻaki ki ha kakanoʻi manu mata, ika pe manu kapakau, tuku kehe kapau kuo ʻosi fufulu maʻa ʻa e tisi ko iá ʻaki ha vai koa mafana.
◼ Tuku mo fakamokomoko fakalelei ʻa e meʻakaí. Ko e ʻaisi fakamokomokó ʻe lava ke ne taʻofi ʻa e tupu ʻa e pekitīlia fakatuʻutāmakí, ka ko e fua māfaná ʻoku totonu ke tikilī Selosiasi ʻe 4. Ko e ʻaisi momokó ʻoku totonu ke tikilī Selosiasi ʻe -17. Tuku ki he ʻaisí ʻa e ngaahi koloa meʻakai kovingofuá ʻi loto ʻi he houa ʻe ua. Kapau ʻoku seti ʻa e meʻakaí ki muʻa ʻi he houa kaí, ʻufiʻufi kotoa ʻa e tisí ke taʻofi ʻa e langó.
◼ Tokanga ʻi he taimi kai falekaí. ʻI ha fakafuofua ʻe taha, ko e peseti nai ʻe 60 ki he 80 ʻo e ngaahi keisi ʻo e mahaki tupu ʻi he meʻakaí ʻi he ngaahi fonua fakalakalaka ʻe niʻihi, ko e tupu ia mei he meʻakai ʻoku ngaohi mo fakatau mai mei he ngaahi feituʻu kehé. Fakapapauʻi ko ha falekai pē ʻokú ke ʻahia ʻoku feʻunga ia mo e ngaahi tuʻunga fakaemoʻuilelei ʻoku fiemaʻu ʻi he laó. ʻOta ʻa e kakanoʻi manu ʻoku moho leleí. Fekauʻaki mo e meʻakai ʻoku ʻave ke kaí, fakapapauʻi ke maʻu ia ʻi loto ʻi he houa ʻe ua mei he taimi naʻá ke fakatau mai aí. Kapau kuo mahili mei ai ha taimi lahi ange, fakamafana ʻa e meʻakaí ʻi he fua māfana ko e tikilī Selosiasi ʻe 75.
◼ Liʻaki ʻa e meʻakai ʻoku fakaʻalongauá. Kapau ʻokú ke veiveiua pe ʻoku sai pe tamele ha koloa meʻakai, ʻoku fakapotopoto ange ke liʻaki ia. Ko e moʻoni, ʻoku taʻefakapotopoto ke maumauʻi ʻa e meʻakai leleí. Neongo ia, ko e hoko ʻo puke tupu mei ha meʻakai kovi ʻe toe fakamole ange ia.
[Maʻuʻanga]
—Fakatuʻunga tefito ʻi he Food Safety Tips, tokonaki ʻe he Food Safety Technology Council (Kautaha Tekinolosia ki he Malu ʻa e Meʻakaí) ʻi he ʻIunaite Seteté.