Ko e Hā Hono Hala ʻo e Pelepaʻangá?

“Ko e kau ʻAositelēlia nai ʻe toko 290,000 ko e kau pelepaʻanga palopalemaʻia pea ʻoku tupu mei ai ʻa e mole fakataʻu ʻo laka hake ʻi he $3 piliona (U.S.). ʻOku fakatupu ʻauha eni ʻo ʻikai ngata pē ʻi he kau pelepaʻanga palopalemaʻia ko ení, kae toe pehē foki ki he kakai ʻoku fakafuofua ko e toko 1.5 miliona ʻoku uesia fakahangatonu kinautolu ko e tupu mei he mate ʻa e pisinisí, vete malí, taonakitá mo e mole ʻa e taimi ʻi he ngāué.”—J. Howard, palēmia ʻo ʻAositelēlia, 1999.

KO John, naʻe lave ki ai ʻi he kupu ki muʻá, naʻá ne hoko ko ha tokotaha pelepaʻanga palopalemaʻia.a Naʻá ne hiki ki ʻAositelēlia, ʻa ia naʻá ne mali ai mo Linda, ko ha toe tokotaha pelepaʻanga ia. Naʻe tupu ʻo kovi ange ʻa e maʻunimā ʻo John. ʻOkú ne pehē: “Naʻá ku fakalaka mei he fakatau mai ʻo e ngaahi tikite lulú ki he peti ʻi he ngaahi lova hōsí mo e pelepaʻanga ʻi he ngaahi kasinó. Naʻá ku iku ai ʻo pelepaʻanga ʻi he meimei ʻaho kotoa pē. Naʻá ku pelepaʻanga ʻaki ʻo ʻosi ʻi he taimi ʻe niʻihi ʻa ʻeku sieke vahé kotoa pea ʻikai ha meʻa ʻe toe ke totongiʻaki ʻa e mōkisí pe fafangaʻaki ʻa e fāmilí. Naʻa mo e taimi naʻá ku ikuna ai ha paʻanga lahí, naʻá ku hokohoko atu pē ʻa e pelepaʻangá. Ko e fakalotofiefia ʻo e ikuná ʻa e meʻa naʻá ne fakataueleʻi aú.”

Ko e faʻahinga tāutaha hangē ko John ʻoku ʻikai ke ngalikehe. ʻOku hā ngali kuo maʻu ʻa e sōsaietí kotoa ʻe he pūkea ki he pelepaʻangá. Ko e makasini USA Today naʻe pehē ai ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e 1976 mo e 1997, naʻe ʻi ai ha tupu fakaofo peseti ʻe 3,200 ʻi he lahi ʻo e meʻa naʻe fakamoleki ʻi he pelepaʻanga fakalao ʻi he ʻIunaite Seteté.

“Naʻe faʻa vakai ki he pelepaʻangá ko ha lākahala fakaeʻulungaanga mo fakasōsiale. ʻI he ʻahó ni ko ha vaʻinga ia ʻoku ala tali fakasōsiale,” ko e lau ia ʻa e nusipepa Kānata The Globe and Mail. ʻI hono fakahaaʻi ʻa e ʻuhinga ʻe taha ki he liliu ko eni ʻi he fakakaukau ʻa e kakaí, ʻoku pehē ʻe he pepá: “Ko e liliu ʻa e fakakaukaú ki he pelepaʻangá ko e ola hangatonu ia ʻo e meʻa naʻe hoko nai ko e feingangāue tuʻuaki kumi paʻanga lōloa taha ia ʻi he hisitōlia ʻo Kānatá.” Ko e hā ʻa e ola kuo fai ʻe he ngaahi feinga ke pouaki ʻa e pelepaʻangá ki he ngaahi sōsaieti ʻe niʻihi?

Ko ha Mahaki Tō ʻo e Pelepaʻanga Palopalemaʻiá

Fakatatau ki ha fakafuofua naʻe fai ʻe he Potungāue Akoʻanga Fakafaitoʻo Harvard ki he Ngaahi Maʻunimaá, ʻi he 1996 naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e “kau pelepaʻanga palopalemaʻia mo taʻemapuleʻi ʻe toko 7.5 miliona ko e kakai lalahi ʻAmelika” pea tānaki atu ki ai mo ha “toko 7.9 miliona ʻo e toʻutupu ʻAmelika ko e kau pelepaʻanga palopalemaʻia mo taʻemapuleʻi.” Ko e ngaahi fika ko ení naʻe kau ia ʻi ha līpooti naʻe faʻu ʻe he Komisiona Ako Fakafonua ki he Ola ʻo e Pelepaʻangá (NGISC), ʻa ia naʻe ʻoatu ki he Fale Alea U.S. Naʻe fakahaaʻi ʻi he līpōtí ko e tokolahi ʻo e kakai ʻoku ʻi ai ʻenau ngaahi palopalema ʻi he pelepaʻangá ʻi ʻAmeliká, ʻoku hā moʻoni ʻoku māʻolunga lahi ange ia ʻi he meʻa naʻe lēkōtí.

Koeʻuhi ko e mole ʻa e ngāué, hōloa ʻa e moʻui lelei fakaesinó, ko e totongi ʻo e tokoni fakaepaʻanga ki he taʻemaʻungāué, mo e meʻa ʻoku fakamole ki he ngaahi polokalama ki he kau palopalemaʻia ʻi he pelepaʻangá, ko e pelepaʻanga palopalemaʻiá ʻoku fakafuofua ke fakamoleki ai ʻe he sōsaieti U.S. ʻa e tola ʻe laui piliona ʻi he taʻu kotoa. Neongo ia, ko e fika ko ení, ʻoku ʻikai ʻaupito te ne fai ha meʻa ke ʻai ke maongo ʻa e ngaahi fakamole ʻa e tangatá ʻi he pelepaʻanga palopalemaʻiá—ko e fakamole ki he ngaahi fāmilí, ngaahi kaumeʻá, mo e ngaahi kaungā ngāué, ko e tupu mei he kaihaʻa, kākā ʻi ha paʻanga, taonakita, fakamālohi ʻi he fāmilí, mo e pāʻusiʻi ʻa e fānaú. Naʻe maʻu ʻi ha fakatotolo ʻi ʻAositelēlia ʻoku aʻu ki he kakai ʻe toko hongofulu ʻe lava ke uesia fakahangatonu ʻe he tokotaha pelepaʻanga palopalemaʻia kotoa pē. Ko ha līpooti mei he Kosilio Fakatotolo Fakafonua ʻi he ʻIunaite Seteté ʻoku pehē ai ʻoku aʻu ki he “peseti ʻe 50 ʻo e ngaahi hoa malí mo e peseti ʻe 10 ʻo e fānaú ʻoku nau hokosia ʻa e ngaohikovia fakaesino mei he tokotaha pelepaʻanga taʻemapuleʻí.”

Ko ha Maʻunimā ʻOku Pipihi

ʻI he hangē ko e ngaahi mahaki ʻe niʻihi, ko e pelepaʻanga palopalemaʻiá ʻoku hā ngali lava ke mafola ia mei he mātuʻá ki he fānaú. “Ko e fānau ʻa e kau nōfoʻi ki he pelepaʻangá ʻoku ngalingali lahi ange ke nau kau ʻi he ngaahi tōʻonga faihia hangē ko e ifí, inú, mo hono ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi faitoʻo kona tapú, pea maʻu ha tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki fakautuutu ʻi heʻenau fakahoko tonu ʻa e pelepaʻanga palopalemaʻiá pe taʻemapuleʻí,” ko e fakamatala ia ʻa e līpooti NGISC. ʻOku toe fakatokanga ʻi he līpōtí ko e “kau pelepaʻanga ʻi he toʻutupú ʻoku ngalingali lahi ange ke nau fakatupu ʻa e pelepaʻanga palopalemaʻia mo taʻemapuleʻí ʻo laka ia ʻi he kakai lalahí.”

Ko Dr. Howard J. Shaffer, ʻa e talēkita ʻo e Potungāue Akoʻanga Fakafaitoʻo Harvard ki he Ngaahi Ako ki he Maʻunimaá, ʻokú ne pehē: “ʻOku ʻi ai ha fakamoʻoni lahi ʻoku malanga hake ʻoku pehē ai ko e pelepaʻanga taʻefakalao ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e toʻutupú ʻoku fakautuutu ia ʻi ha tuʻunga māʻolunga ange ʻi he faingamālie ke pelepaʻanga fakalaó.” Ki he malava ko ia ki he kau pelepaʻanga taʻemapuleʻí ke ngāuekoviʻaki ʻa e tekinolosia ʻo e ʻInitanetí, ʻokú ne pehē: “Hangē pē ko hono liliu ʻe he ifi ʻo e fanga kiʻi kongokonga kōkeiní ʻa e anga ʻo hono maʻu ʻa e kōkeiní, ʻoku ou tui ʻe liliu ʻe he ngaahi ʻilekitulōniká ʻa e founga ʻo hono fai ʻo e pelepaʻangá.”

Ko e pisinisi pelepaʻangá ʻoku faʻa fakaʻaliʻali ia ʻokú ne ʻomai ʻa e vaʻinga taʻehanomaumau. Ka ki he toʻutupú, ʻe lava ke hoko ʻa e pelepaʻangá ʻo fakatupu maʻunimā ʻo hangē ko ha faitoʻo kona tapu taʻefakalao pē pea ʻe lava ke iku ia ki he tōʻonga faihia. Ko ha savea ʻi he Puleʻanga Fakatahataha Pilitāniá naʻe ʻilo ai ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e toʻutupu ʻoku pelepaʻangá, “ko e peseti ʻe 46 ʻoku nau kaihaʻa mei honau fāmilí” ke poupouʻiʻaki ʻenau tōʻongá.

Neongo ʻa e ngaahi moʻoniʻi meʻa ko eni naʻe lave ki aí, ko ha kautaha pelepaʻanga faitākiekina ʻe taha ʻokú ne fakatonuhiaʻi ʻa hono pouaki ʻo e pelepaʻangá ʻaki ʻene pehē: “Ko e fuʻu tokolahi kāfakafa ʻo e kau ʻAmelika ʻoku nau fiefia ʻi hono fai ʻo e pelepaʻangá ʻoku ʻikai ʻaupito te nau hokosia ʻe kinautolu ha faʻahinga palopalema.” Neongo kapau ʻokú ke ongoʻi ʻoku ʻikai ke uesia kovi ʻe he pelepaʻangá ho tuʻunga lelei fakapaʻangá pe ko e moʻui lelei fakaesinó, ko e hā ʻa e ola ʻoku fai ʻe he pelepaʻangá ki hoʻo moʻui lelei fakalaumālié? ʻOku ʻi ai ha ngaahi ʻuhinga lelei ʻoku totonu ai ke ke fakaʻehiʻehi mei he pelepaʻangá? ʻE lāulea ʻa e kupu hoko maí ki he ongo fehuʻi ko ení.

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Puha/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 4, 5]

ʻOku Ou Palopalemaʻia ʻi he Pelepaʻangá?

Fakatatau ki he Kautaha Saikaitulika ʻAmeliká, ko e tuʻunga hoko mai ʻi he peesi 5 ʻe lava ke ne tataki ʻa e fakamatalaʻi ʻo e fakaʻilonga ʻo e pelepaʻanga taʻemapuleʻí (ʻoku ui he taimi ʻe niʻihi ko e nōfoʻi ki he pelepaʻangá). Ko e lahi taha ʻo e kau maʻu mafaí ʻoku nau loto-tatau kapau ʻokú ke fakahāhā ʻa e niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi tōʻonga hoko haké, ko ha tokotaha pelepaʻanga palopalemaʻia koe, pea kapau ʻokú ke hokosia ha taha ʻo e ngaahi tōʻongá ni, ʻokú ke ʻi ha tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki ʻo e hoko ko ha tokotaha pelepaʻanga palopalemaʻia.

Femoʻuekina ʻOkú ke moʻua ʻi he pelepaʻangá—ʻo loto ke toe fai ʻa e ngaahi pelepaʻanga he kuohilí, palani ʻa e pelepaʻanga hokó, pe fakakaukau ki he ngaahi founga ke maʻu mai ai ha paʻanga ke pelepaʻanga ʻaki.

Kātaki ʻOkú ke fiemaʻu ke pelepaʻanga ʻaki ha paʻanga lahi ange koeʻuhi ke lavaʻi ʻa e fiefia ʻokú ke holi ki aí.

Holomui ʻOkú ke taʻemanonga pe ʻitangofua ʻi he feinga ke fakasiʻisiʻi pe tuku ʻa e pelepaʻangá.

Hola ʻOkú ke pelepaʻangá he ko ha founga ia ke hola ai mei he ngaahi palopalemá pe tukuange atu ai ʻa e ngaahi ongoʻi ʻoku ʻikai te ke lava ha meʻá, halaiá, loto-moʻuá, pe loto-mafasiá.

Tuli Hili e mole ʻa e paʻangá he pelepaʻangá, ʻokú ke faʻa toe foki ʻi ha ʻaho ʻe taha koeʻuhi ke huhuʻi e meʻa naʻe molé. Ko e tōʻonga ko ení ʻoku ʻiloa ia ko e tuli ki heʻete ngaahi molé.

Loi ʻOkú ke loi ki he ngaahi mēmipa ʻo e fāmilí, kau faleʻi palopalemá, pe ko e niʻihi kehé ke fufū ʻa e lahi ʻo hoʻo kau ki he pelepaʻangá.

Mole ʻa e mapuleʻí Kuó ke fai ha ngaahi feinga hokohoko taʻelavameʻa ke tuku, mapuleʻi, pe fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e pelepaʻangá.

Ngaahi ngāue taʻefakalao Kuó ke fai ha ngaahi ngāue taʻefakalao, hangē ko e kākā, kaihaʻa, pe kākā ʻi ha paʻanga, koeʻuhi ke fakapaʻanga ʻaki hoʻo pelepaʻangá.

Fakaeʻa ki ha fakatuʻutāmaki ʻa e vahaʻangatae mahuʻingá Kuó ke fakaeʻa ki he fakatuʻutāmakí pe fakamoleki ha vahaʻangatae mahuʻinga, ko ha faingamālie ako pe pōtoʻi ngāue, pe ko ha ngāue koeʻuhi ko e pelepaʻangá.

Fakahaofi Kuó ke fakafalala ki he niʻihi kehé ke nau ʻomai ʻa e paʻanga tokoni ki ha tuʻunga faingatāmaki fakapaʻanga ko e fakatupunga ʻe he pelepaʻangá.

[Maʻuʻanga]

Maʻuʻanga fakamatalá: National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, Gemini Research, and The Lewin Group.

[Puha/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 7]

Ko e Pōpoaki Moʻoni ʻi he Tuʻuaki Lulú

“Ko hono pouaki ʻo e lulú . . . ʻe vakai nai ki ai ko e ako mahuʻinga, ʻo akoʻi ai ko e pelepaʻangá ko ha ngāue anga-ʻofa ia pe naʻa mo lelei,” ko e lau ia ʻa e kau fakatotolo ʻi he ʻUnivēsiti Duke, ʻi he ʻIunaite Seteté, ʻi ha līpooti naʻe ʻoatu ki he Komisiona Ako Fakafonua ki he Ola ʻo e Pelepaʻangá. Ko e hā ʻa e ola ʻoku fai moʻoni ʻe he tuʻuaki lulú ki he koló? ʻOku pehē ʻe he līpōtí: “ʻOku ngalingali ʻoku ʻikai ko hano fakalahiʻi ia ke leaʻaki ko e pōpoaki ʻo e tuʻuaki lulú ko ha pōpoaki fakameleʻi ia—ʻi he pehē ko e lavameʻá ʻoku fakatuʻunga ia ʻi hono filiʻi ʻa e fika totonú. Ko e palani ‘ako’ fakameleʻi ko ení ʻi hono fanongonongo ʻe he ngaahi fakafofonga lulú ʻoku nau maʻu nai ʻa e ola naʻe ʻikai fiemaʻú ʻi he faifai pē ʻo fakasiʻisiʻi ai ʻa e paʻanga hū mai fakapuleʻangá, ʻaki hono fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e tupu fakaʻekonōmiká. Tautefito, kapau ko hono pouaki ʻo e lulú ʻokú ne fakaʻauha ʻa e manako ke ngāué, fakahū paʻangá, mo e fakamoleki ha paʻanga ki he akó mo e founga akoʻí, ko e olá ʻe faifai pē ʻo ne fakavaivaiʻi ʻa e tupu ʻo e ngāue ʻi he ngāueʻangá. ʻI ha tuʻunga pē, ko e peti ʻi ha maná ʻoku ʻikai ko e founga ia ki he lavameʻa ʻoku tau faʻa akoʻi ki heʻetau fānaú.”

[Puha/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 8]

ʻApi Kotoa Pē ko ha Kasino

ʻI ha falakiseni ʻo e fakamole ki hono langa ʻo e ngaahi feituʻu pelepaʻanga foʻoú, ʻoku langa he taimí ni ʻe he ngaahi kautaha pelepaʻangá ʻa e ngaahi tuʻuʻanga Uepi ʻa ia ʻe lava ke ne liliu ha ʻapi pē fakataha mo ha komipiuta fakafehokotaki ʻInitaneti ko ha kasino moʻoni. ʻI he vaeuaʻanga ʻo e 1990 tupú, ʻoku fakafuofua naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi tuʻuʻanga pelepaʻanga ʻe 25 ʻi he ʻInitanetí. ʻI he 2001 naʻe laka hake ʻi he tuʻuʻanga ʻe 1,200, pea ko e paʻanga hū mai mei he pelepaʻanga he ʻInitanetí kuo liunga ua ʻi he taʻu taki taha. ʻI he 1997, naʻe maʻu ai ʻe he ngaahi tuʻuʻanga pelepaʻangá ʻa e $300 miliona ʻi he ʻInitanetí. ʻI he 1998 naʻa nau toe tānaki mai ai ha $650 miliona. ʻI he 2000, naʻe maʻu ai ʻe he ngaahi tuʻuʻanga pelepaʻanga ʻInitanetí ʻa e $2.2 piliona, pea ʻi he aʻu ki he 2003 ko e fika ko iá ʻoku “ʻamanekina ke tupu ia ki he $6.4 pilioná,” ko e lau ia ʻa e līpooti faiongoongo Reuters.

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 6]

Ko e fakamole ʻa e tangatá ki he pelepaʻanga palopalemaʻiá ʻoku kau ai ʻa e ngaahi fāmili ʻoku ʻikai haʻanau paʻanga ki he meʻakaí

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 7]

ʻI he lotolotonga ʻo e toʻutupú, ʻoku tupulaki ʻa e pelepaʻangá ʻi he tuʻunga fakamanavahē

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 8]

Ko e fānau ʻa e kau nōfoʻi ki he pelepaʻangá ʻoku nau maʻu ha tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki fakautuutu ʻo e hoko tonu ko e kau pelepaʻanga palopalemaʻia