Ko e Hā ʻa e Huhuʻa Mahuʻinga Tahá?

“ʻOku mahuʻinga ʻa e totó ki he moʻuí ʻo hangē pē ko e mahuʻinga ʻo e loló ki he meʻalelé.”​—Arthur Caplan, ko e talēkita ʻo e senitā paioʻēfika ʻi he ʻUnivēsiti ʻo Pennsylvania.

KO E loló ʻa e huhuʻa mahuʻinga tahá? ʻOku fakakaukau pehē nai ʻa e tokolahi ʻi he ngaahi ʻahó ni ʻi he hiki fakavalevale ʻa e totongi ʻo e loló. Ka ʻi hono moʻoní, ko e tokotaha taki taha ʻo kitautolu ʻoku tau ʻalu holo mo ha ngaahi lita siʻi ʻo e huhuʻa ʻoku toe mahuʻinga mamaʻo ange ia. Fakakaukau atu ki ai: ʻI he hangē ko e ngaahi talamu lolo lita ʻe 159 ʻe laui piliona ʻoku toʻo mei he māmaní ʻi he taʻu kotoa ke fakalato ʻaki ʻa e fiemaʻu lolo ʻa e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá, ʻoku fakatafe mei he faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá ia ʻa e ʻiuniti toto ʻe 90 miliona nai ʻi he ʻamanaki ke tokoniʻi ʻaki ʻa e faʻahinga ʻoku nau puké.a ʻOku fakafofongaʻi ʻe he fika fakapuputuʻu-loto ko iá ʻa e voliume toto ʻo e kakai ʻe toko 8,000,000 nai.

Kae hangē pē ko e loló, ʻoku hā ʻoku kei nounou pē ʻa e totó. ʻOku fakatokanga mai ʻa e ngaahi vaʻa fakafaitoʻo ʻi māmani lahí ʻo fekauʻaki mo e nounou ʻa e totó. (Sio ki he puha “Ngaahi Fakafuofua Taumuʻavalea.”) Ko e hā ʻokú ne ʻai ʻa e totó ke mātuʻaki mahuʻingá?

Ko ha ʻŌkani Laulōtaha

Koeʻuhi ko hono tuʻunga fihi fakaofó, ʻoku faʻa fakatatau ai ʻa e totó ki ha ʻōkani ʻo e sinó. “Ko e totó ko e taha ia ʻo e ngaahi ʻōkani lahi—ʻoku fakaofo mo laulōtaha ʻo faingataʻa ke tui ki ai,” ko e fakamatala ia ʻa Dr. Bruce Lenes ki he ʻĀ Hake! ʻOku laulōtaha moʻoni! ʻOku fakamatala ha tohi ako ʻe taha ki he totó ʻo pehē “ko e ʻōkani pē ia ʻe taha ʻi he sinó ko ha huhuʻa.” ʻOku ui ʻe he maʻuʻanga fakamatala tatau ʻa e totó “ko ha founga fetukutuku ʻoku moʻui.” ʻOku ʻuhinga ia ki he hā?

“ʻOku hangē ʻa e halanga totó ko e kanali ʻo Venice, ʻo ne fetukutuku ʻa e ngaahi meʻa lelei kotoa mo e ngaahi meʻa taʻeʻaonga,” ko e lau ia ʻa e faisaienisi ko N. Leigh Anderson. ʻI he fononga takai ʻa e totó ʻi he kotoa ʻo e kilomita ʻe 100,000 ʻo hotau halanga totó, ʻokú ne fetuʻutaki ai mo e meimei tisiū kotoa pē ʻi hotau sinó, ʻo kau ai ʻa e mafú, ongo kofuuá, ʻaté, mo e maʻamaʻá—ʻa e ngaahi ʻōkani mahuʻinga ko ia ʻoku ngāue mo fakafalala ki he totó.

ʻOku ʻoatu ʻe he totó ʻa e “ngaahi meʻa lelei” lahi ki he ngaahi sela ʻi ho sinó, ʻo hangē ko e ʻosikena, ivi fakameʻatokoni, mo e ngaahi meʻa maluʻi, ka ʻokú ne toe ʻave ʻa e “ngaahi meʻa taʻeʻaonga,” hangē ko e kāponi taiʻokisaiti koná, ko e ngaahi konga maumau ʻo e ngaahi selá mo e ngaahi sela ʻoku tei maté pea mo e ngaahi meʻa taʻeʻaonga kehe. Ko e ngāue ʻa e totó ʻi hono ʻave ʻa e meʻa taʻeʻaongá ʻoku tokoni ia ki hono fakamatalaʻi ʻa e ʻuhinga ʻoku lava ai ke fakatuʻutāmaki ʻa hono fakahū mai ha toto hili ia ʻene mavahe mei he sinó. Pea ʻoku ʻikai ha taha ʻe faifai ange pea lava ke ne fakapapauʻi mai kuo ʻosi ʻiloʻi fakapapau ʻa e “ngaahi meʻa taʻeʻaonga” ʻi he totó pea fakamavaheʻi ia ki muʻa ke huhu atu ʻa e toto ko iá ki ha taha kehe.

ʻOku ʻikai toe fehuʻia, ʻoku fakahoko ʻe he totó ʻa e ngaahi ngāue ʻoku mātuʻaki fiemaʻu ki he moʻuí. Ko e ʻuhinga ia kuo ngāueʻaki ai ʻe he ngaahi vaʻa fakafaitoʻó ʻa e huhu totó ki he kau mahaki kuo mole mei ai ha totó. ʻE pehē ʻe he kau toketā tokolahi ko hono ngāueʻaki fakafaitoʻo peheni ʻo e totó ʻa e meʻa ʻokú ne ʻai ʻa e totó ke mātuʻaki mahuʻingá. Kae kehe, kuo liliu ʻa e ngaahi meʻa lahi ʻi he malaʻe fakafaitoʻó. ʻOku malava ke pehē kuo hoko ha fuʻu liliu kāfakafa ʻi he meʻá ni. ʻOku tokolahi ʻa e kau toketā mo e kau toketā-tafa ʻoku ʻikai te nau tafoki hake pē ke fai ha huhu toto ʻo hangē ko ia ki muʻá. Ko e hā hono ʻuhingá?

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Puha/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 12]

Ngaahi Fakafuofua Taumuʻavalea

ʻOku fakafuofua ʻe he kau mataotao fakafaitoʻó ʻoku fiemaʻu ʻi māmani lahi ʻi he taʻu taki taha ha toe ngaahi ʻiuniti toto meʻaʻofa ʻe 200 miliona. Ko e peseti ʻe 82 ʻo e kakai ʻi he māmaní ʻoku nau nofo ʻi he ngaahi fonua kei langalanga haké, ka ʻoku siʻi hifo ʻi he peseti ʻe 40 ʻa e ngaahi meʻaʻofa toto kotoa ʻoku haʻu mei he ngaahi feituʻu peheé. Ko e ngaahi falemahaki lahi ʻi he ngaahi fonua ko iá ʻoku nau fakahoko fatongia taʻeʻiai ha toto. ʻOku līpooti mai ʻe he The Nation, ko ha nusipepa ʻi Keniā, ʻo pehē ‘ʻi he ʻaho taki taha ʻoku meimei ko e vaeua ʻo e ngaahi ngāue ʻoku fiemaʻu ki ai ʻa e huhu totó ka hala pē ʻi hono kaniseli ko hono toloi koeʻuhi ko e ʻikai ha totó.’

ʻOku toe hoko ko e meʻa anga-maheni pē ʻi he ngaahi fonua tuʻumālié ʻa e nounou ʻi he totó. ʻI he kamata ke moʻui fuoloa ange ʻa e kakaí pea fakalakalaka mo e ngaahi ngāue fakafaitoʻó, kuo tupulekina mo e ngaahi tafá. ʻIkai ngata aí, kuo fakaʻau ke toe tokolahi ange ʻa e kau foaki toto kuo nau fakafisi he ngaahi ʻahó ni koeʻuhi ko e māʻolunga ʻa e tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki ʻa e founga ʻo e moʻuí pea mo e fefonongaʻakí ʻa ia ʻe lava ke maʻu ai kinautolu ʻe ha mahaki pe fanga kiʻi meʻamoʻui kainikavea fakafou ʻi he totó.

Ko ha ʻatimosifia ʻo e taumuʻavaleá ʻoku hā kuo tupu ia ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e faʻahinga ʻoku nau fatongiaʻaki hono tānaki ʻo e totó. Ko e kau talavoú, ʻa ia ʻoku siʻisiʻi ke ʻi ha tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki ʻa e founga moʻui ʻoku nau ʻi aí, ʻoku fai ʻa e tāketi kiate kinautolu ʻi he taimi ʻe niʻihi ko ha matavai ia ʻo e toto ʻoku malú. Ko e fakatātaá, ʻoku tokonaki he taimí ni ʻe he fānau akó ʻa e peseti ʻe 70 ʻo e totó ʻi Simipāpuē. ʻOku ava ʻa e ngaahi senitā tānaki-totó ʻi ha ngaahi houa fuoloa ange ʻi he ʻahó, pea ʻi he ngaahi fonua ʻe niʻihi kuo aʻu ʻo nau fakaʻatā ʻa e ngaahi senitā tānaki-totó ke nau ʻoatu ha totongi koeʻuhi ke fakaʻaiʻai ʻaki ʻa e kau foaki totó mo pukepuke mai ʻaki kinautolu. Ko ha kemipeini ʻi he Lepupilika Sekí naʻe fakaafeʻi ai ʻa e kakai ʻo e fonuá ke fakahauhau ʻenau fieinuá ʻaki ha ngaahi lita pia kae ʻomai ha konga ʻo honau totó! ʻI ha feituʻu ʻe taha ʻi ʻInitia, naʻe ʻalu takai holo ai ʻa e kau ngāué ki muí ni mai ʻo tukituki ʻi he ngaahi matapaá ko e kumi ki ha kau foaki toto ʻa ia te nau loto-lelei ke tokoni ke toe fakafonu ha tānakiʻanga toto kuo maha.

[Puha ʻi he peesi 12]

Fakatuʻutāmaki ʻa e Palaioní ki he Huhu Totó

ʻI ha ongoongo ne tukuange mai ki muí ni, ne ʻalu hake ai ʻa e Kautaha Moʻui mo e Vaʻa Ngāue Fakafaitoʻo Maluʻi ʻa Falaniseé mei he malavá ki he ngalingali ke ʻi he tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki ha ʻalu ʻa e palaioní fakafou ʻi he huhu totó. Ko e palaioní ko e fanga kiʻi molekula polotini ʻoku fai ʻa e fakakaukau ki ai ʻokú ne fakatupunga ʻa e tupu ʻa e mahaki ko e Creutzfeldt-Jakob (vCJD) ʻi he faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá. Ko e tuʻunga fakatupu mate ko ʻeni ʻo e hoholo kotoa ʻa e ngāue fakaneavé, ʻa ia ʻoku ʻikai ʻiloʻi hano faitoʻó, ko e mahaki ʻoku maʻu ʻe he tangatá mei he kakanoʻi pulú ʻa ia ko e encephalopathy, ʻoku ʻiloʻi lahi ange ko e mahaki mad-cow. Ko e fakautuutu ko ʻeni ʻa e tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmakí naʻe tupu ia mei hono ʻiloʻi ʻi ha keisi ʻe ua ʻi Pilitānia ʻo ngalingali ko e fou ʻa e vCJD ʻi he huhu totó. ʻOku ʻikai ʻaupito ha sivi falalaʻanga ke ne tala ʻa e mahakí ni ki muʻa ke kamata hā mai ʻa hono ngaahi fakaʻilongá.