Tokangaʻi ʻo e Fepunaʻakí—Anga-Fēfē ʻEne Fakapapauʻi ʻOkú Ke Malú?

MEI HE TOKOTAHA-TOHI ʻĀ HAKE! ʻI HE ʻOTU MOTU FILIPAINÍ

LOLOTONGA ʻa e puná, kuó ke fifili nai ʻi ha taimi pe ʻoku anga-fēfē hono ʻiloʻi ʻe he pailaté ʻa e feituʻu ʻokú ne ʻi aí? Mahalo pē ʻokú ke ongoʻi hohaʻa ʻi hoʻo fakakaukau atu ki he lahi naʻa mo e laui teau ʻo e ngaahi vakapuna ʻoku nau fekolosiʻaki ʻi he ʻataá ʻi he taimi tatau. ʻOku anga-fēfē ʻenau hao mei he fepakipakí?

Ko e ngaahi fehuʻi peheé ko e ngaahi hohaʻa fakanatula pē ia ʻoku hoko ki he kau folaú. Kae kehe, ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻi he ngaahi fika mei he saveá ko e folau ʻi he kautaha vakapuna fakakomēsialé ʻoku malu ʻaupito,a ko hono moʻoní ʻoku malu ange ia ʻi he fononga ʻi ha paiki pe ko ha kā. Ko ha meʻa tefito ʻoku tokoni ki heʻene malú ko e sisitemi tokangaʻi ʻo e fepunaʻaki ʻi he ʻataá.

Tataki ʻa e Tuʻunga Malu ʻo Hoʻo Fepunaʻakí

Ko e kapitení, pe pailate pulé, ʻa e tokotaha ʻoku fakafatongia tefito ki he malu ʻo e fakalele ʻo ha vakapuna. Kae kehe, ʻoku lahi ʻa e taimi ʻoku ʻikai lava ke ne sio ai ki he ngaahi vakapuna kehe ʻoku puna takatakai ʻiate iá pea ʻoku ʻikai te ne ʻiloʻi ʻa e feituʻu ʻoku nau ʻi aí. ʻI he ʻuhinga ko ení, ko e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi fonuá ʻoku ʻi ai ʻenau sisitemi tokangaʻi ʻo e fepunaʻaki he ʻataá. Ko e kau ngāue ʻi lalo ʻi he fonuá ʻoku nau tauhi ʻa e lēkooti ʻo e puna kotoa pē ʻoku hoko ʻi he malumalu ʻo e ngaahi lao ki he fepunaʻakí.

Ko Samuel, ko ha tokotaha ʻokú ne tokangaʻi ʻa e fepunaʻaki he ʻataá ʻi Kalefōnia ʻi he taʻu ʻe 13, ʻokú ne pehē: “Ko e kau mataotao ʻi he tokangaʻi ʻo e fepunaʻaki he ʻataá ʻoku nau fakahoko ha fatongia mātuʻaki mahuʻinga ʻi he malu ʻa e fepunaʻaki he ʻataá. Ko e ʻuluaki meʻa tefitó ko hono ʻai ke vā mamaʻo ʻa e ngaahi vakapuná.” Ko Melba, ko ha supavaisa ʻi he fepunaʻaki he ʻataá, ʻokú ne toe ʻomai ha fakamatala, “Ko e meʻa ʻuluaki mo muʻomuʻa tahá ko e tuʻunga malú, kae tuku kehe ʻa e malú, ʻoku mau toe ngāue ki he vave mo e maau ʻa e fepunaʻakí.” Ko ia ai, tānaki atu ki he tokoni ke fakaʻehiʻehi mei he fepakipakí, ko e kau tokangaʻi ʻo e fepunaʻaki he ʻataá ʻoku nau tokoni ki hono tauhi ʻa e ngaʻunu ʻa e ngaahi vakapuná.

ʻOku ʻuhinga kotoa ení lolotonga ʻoku tokangaʻi ʻe he pailaté ʻa hono ngaahi fatongia ʻi he loki fakaʻulí, ʻoku tokolahi ʻa e faʻahinga ʻi he fonuá ʻoku nau siofi mo fakafanongo ki he anga ʻo e fepunaʻakí. ʻOku toutou tele-letiō ʻa e pailaté ʻo ʻikai ki he kau tokangaʻi pē ʻo e fepunaʻakí ʻi he ngaahi malaʻe vakapuna ʻoku mavahe mei aí mo ʻalu ki aí kae toe pehē foki ki he faʻahinga ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu kehekehe ʻi he vahaʻá.

Ko hono siofi ʻa e meʻa ʻoku teʻeki lava ke sio ki ai ʻa e pailaté ʻoku mahuʻinga ʻaupito ia ʻi he kuonga ko eni ʻo e ngaahi vakapuna omá. Fakaʻuta atu ki ha ongo seti fakakomēsiale ʻokú na ʻamanaki ke fepaki. ʻI he aʻu ki he taimi ʻoku fesiofaki tonu ai ʻa e ongo pailaté, ko e ngaahi laui sekoni pē nai ke na kalofi ai ʻa e fepakí! Ko e fatongia ia ʻo e tokangaʻi ʻo e fepunaʻaki he ʻataá ke taʻofi ʻa e tuʻunga ko iá mei heʻene hokó. Ki muʻa ʻaupito ke fesiofaki ʻa e ongo pailaté, kuo ʻosi ʻoange kiate kinaua ia ʻa e ngaahi fakahinohino ke tauhi ai ke na ʻi ha vā mamaʻo ʻoku malú.

Muimuiʻi Hoʻo Puná

Ko e ngaahi meʻangāue fakaletiō fakahinohino ʻi lalo ʻi he fonuá ʻoku ʻomai ai ʻa e ngaahi fakaʻilonga ke tatakiʻaki ʻa e vakapuná. ʻOku maʻu ʻe he pailaté ʻa e ngaahi meʻangāue ʻokú ne tala ʻa e ngaahi fakaʻilonga mei he ngaahi meʻangāue fakaletiō ko ení pea tala kiate ia ʻa e feituʻu tonu ʻokú ne ʻi aí. Koeʻuhi ko e ngaahi meʻangāue fakaletioó ʻoku tuʻu ia ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu pau, ʻoku puna ʻa e ngaahi vakapuná mei he feituʻu ki he feituʻu kae ʻoua pē kuo aʻu ki he feituʻu ʻoku fononga ki aí. Ko hono moʻoní, ko e ngaahi tokoni fakaefolau ko ení kuó ne ʻai ai ke ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi halanga vakapuna pau.

Ko e kau tokangaʻi ʻo e fepunaʻaki he ʻataá ʻoku nau tala ʻa e ngaahi vakapuna ʻi he ngaahi halanga vakapuná. Ki muʻa ke mavahé, ʻoku fiemaʻu ki he kau pailaté ke nau lēsisita ha palani fepunaʻaki ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai ʻa e halanga folau kuo nau fakataumuʻa ke puna aí. ʻOku maʻu ʻe he pulé ha tatau ʻo e meʻa ʻoku ui ko e pepa fakamatala fekauʻaki mo e puná. Ko Salvador Rafael, ko ha tokotaha tokangaʻi ia ʻo e fepunaʻaki he ʻataá ʻokú ne fakamatala ki he ʻaonga ʻa e meʻa ko ení: “ʻOku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi feituʻu kolosiʻanga ʻi he ngaahi halanga vakapuná. ʻI he aʻu ʻa ha pailate ki he ngaahi feituʻu ko iá, kuo pau ke ne līpooti ʻa e fakamatala ko iá ki he pulé. ʻE fakaʻilongaʻi leva ia ʻe he pulé ʻi heʻene pepa fakamatalá.” ʻOku maʻu heni ʻe he pulé ha fakatātā ʻi hono ʻatamaí ʻo e halanga puna ʻo e vakapuna ko iá.

Ke maʻu ʻa e ngaahi līpooti ko iá, ʻoku maʻu ʻe he pulé ha toe meʻangāue—ko e letioó. ʻOkú ne ʻiloʻi ʻa e feituʻu ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e vakapuná, pea ʻoku maʻu ʻe he pailaté ʻa e ngaahi fakahinohino ke tokangaʻi ai ia ke ne ʻi ha mamaʻo ʻoku malu mei he ngaahi vakapuna kehé. Ko e kau tokangaʻi ʻo e fepunaʻakí mo e kau pailaté ʻoku nau faʻa maʻu ha ngaahi letiō. Kapau ʻe maumau ha taha ai, ʻe lava leva ke nau ngāueʻaki ha letiō ʻe taha.

Fēfē ʻa e fepunaʻaki fakavahaʻapuleʻanga ʻa ia ʻoku fetaulaki ai mo e ngaahi lea kehekehé? Ke fakaʻehiʻehi mei he ngaahi fakatuʻutāmaki ʻe lava ke hoko mei he taʻefemahinoʻaki ʻi he fetuʻutakí, ko e Kautaha Vakapuna Sivile Fakavahaʻapuleʻangá naʻa nau fili ʻa e lea faka-Pilitāniá ko e lea anga-maheni ia ʻi he vakapuná. Pehē foki, koeʻuhi ko e ngaahi foʻi lea, mataʻitohi, mo e fika ʻe niʻihi ʻoku ongo meimei tatau ia ʻi hono leaʻaki ʻi he letioó, ʻoku akoʻi ʻa e kau tokangaʻi ʻo e fepunaʻaki he ʻataá ke nau ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi kupuʻi lea mo e puʻaki pau ʻi he taimi ʻo hono fai ha ngaahi fakahinohino ki he kau pailaté. Ke ʻai ke lelei ange ʻa e tuʻunga malú, ʻoku kole ai ki he kau pailaté ke nau “toe lau,” pe toe leaʻaki, ʻa e ngaahi fakahinohino pau ʻoku ʻoatu ʻe he kau tokangaʻi ʻo e fepunaʻakí.

Ko e leitá ko ha toe meʻangāue ia ʻe taha ʻoku ngāueʻaki ʻe he kau tokangaʻi ʻo e fepunaʻaki ʻi he ʻataá. Ko e ngaahi peau letiō ʻoku foki mei he ngaahi vakapuná ʻoku maʻu ia ʻe he ʻenitena ʻo e leitá. ʻOku toki hā leva ʻa e ngaahi vakapuná ko e fanga kiʻi meʻa pe tāketi ʻi he leita ʻa e tokotaha tokangaʻi ʻo e fepunaʻakí. ʻOku fakanaunau ʻa e ngaahi vakapuna lahi ʻaki ha meʻa fakamafola, ʻa ia ʻokú ne fakafoki ha fakaʻilonga ʻiloʻanga ki he leitá. ʻI hono fakatahaʻi ʻa e fakaʻilonga ko ení mo e fakamatala ʻi he komipiutá, ʻoku hā leva ʻa e vakapuná ʻi he leitá, hā kakato mo e fika ʻo e puná, ko e vavé, māʻolungá mo e faʻahinga ʻo e vakapuná.

Kapau ʻoku sio ʻa e pulé ʻoku fiemaʻu ke ngaʻunu ʻa e vakapuná ke kalofi ai ha fepaki, ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ke ne fili mei ai. Te ne fakahinohino nai ha pailate ke liliu ʻa ʻene (1) huʻú, pe feituʻu ʻoku ʻalu ki aí. Pe te ne fakahinohino nai ha liliu ʻi he (2) vavé ko e fakatātaá, kapau ʻoku fakalaka ha vakapuna ʻi ha vakapuna ʻe taha. Ko e founga anga-maheni te ne fakamavaheʻi ai ha vakapuna ko hono fakahinohino ha liliu ʻi he (3) māʻolunga ʻo ʻene puná.

ʻI he tuʻunga ko hano fakalahi ʻo e tuʻunga malú, ko e ngaahi sisitemi leita lahi ʻe lava ke ne fakatokanga ki he tokotaha tokangaʻi ʻo e fepunaʻakí ʻa e taimi ʻoku hoko ai ha ngaahi tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki. Ko e fakatātaá, ko e ngaahi meʻa fakatokanga ʻoku sio mo fanongo ki aí ʻe lea ia kapau ʻoku tomuʻa ʻiloʻi ʻe he sisitemí ʻe fuʻu vāofi ha ongo vakapuna. ʻOku lea ha meʻa fakatokanga ʻe taha kapau ʻoku hā ʻoku fuʻu ofi ha vakapuna ki lalo ki he fonuá.

Ko e Taumuʻá—Ko Hoʻo Malú

Kuo ʻosi fakahoko ʻa e ngaahi palani ke toe lelei ange ai ʻa e sisitemi tokangaʻi ʻo e fepunaʻaki he ʻataá. Ko e ngaahi sisitemi tuʻu ʻi lalo ʻi he fonuá ʻoku faʻa fiemaʻu ai ke fakangatangata ʻa e vakapuná ki he ngaahi halanga mo e ngaahi māʻolunga pau. ʻOku iku eni ki he ʻikai ha meʻa ʻi he ʻataá mo e ngaahi halanga puna lōloa angé. Ko e ngaahi fepunaʻaki ʻi he kahaʻú ʻe toe fakafalala lahi ange ia ki he ngaahi sisitemi ʻoku tuʻu ʻi he satelaité, hangē ko e Sisitemi Tuʻuʻanga Fakalūkufuá, ʻa ia ʻe fakaʻatā ai ke toe ʻi ai ʻa e feʻunuʻaki lahi ange ʻi he halanga vakapuná pea ʻe iku ia ki he faingofua ange hono tokangaʻi ʻa e ngaahi puna ʻoku fekolosiʻaki ʻi he potu tahí.

Hangē ko ia ʻoku hā ʻi heʻetau lāulea nounou ki he tokangaʻi ʻo e fepunaʻaki he ʻataá, ko hoʻo pailaté ʻoku ʻikai ko ia pē toko taha ʻokú ne ʻiloʻi ʻa e feituʻu ʻoku ʻi ai hoʻo vakapuná ʻi ha faʻahinga taimi pē. ʻI hono moʻoní, ko e niʻihi kehe tokolahi ʻi lalo he fonuá ʻoku nau tokangaʻi ʻa e anga ʻo e ʻalu ʻa hoʻo fepunaʻakí. Kuo faʻu ʻa e sisitemí ke ne fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e ngaahi fakatuʻutāmakí pea fakalahi ʻa e tuʻunga malú. ʻOku ʻikai ha ofo ʻi he siʻi ʻaupito ʻa e tuʻunga ʻo e fakatuʻutāmakí ʻi he ngaahi vakapuna fakakomēsialé!

Ko ia kapau ko ha pāsese koe, ʻoku ʻikai ha ʻuhinga lahi ia ke ke manavasiʻi ai. Ko e taimi hoko mai te ke puna ai ki ha feituʻu mamaʻo, manatuʻi ko e mata mo e telinga ʻo e tokotaha ʻokú ne tokangaʻi ʻa e fepunaʻaki ʻi he ʻataá ʻoku tokanga ia ki hoʻo malú. Falala ki mui, mālōlō, pea maʻu ha puna fiemālie!

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Taiakalami ʻi he peesi 24, 25]

(Ki he konga tohi kuo fokotuʻu kakato, sio ki he tohi)

MUIMUIʻI HOʻO PUNÁ

Sisitemi Tuʻuʻanga Fakalūkufua

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[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 25]

Taua tokangaʻi ʻo e fepunaʻakí

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 25]

Kau tokangaʻi ʻo e fepunaʻakí

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 25]

Senitā tokangaʻi ʻo e fepunaʻakí

[Maʻuʻanga Tā ʻi he peesi 25]

Tauá mo e kau tokangaʻi ʻo e fepunaʻakí: NASA Ames Research Center; senitā tokangaʻi: U. S. Federal Aviation Administration