Ko e Ngaahi Palopalema ʻo e Fakakalakalasí

“KO E TUʻUNGA TATAÚ KO HA TOTONU NAI IA, KA ʻOKU ʻIKAI HA TUʻUNGA MAFAI ʻI HE MĀMANÍ ʻE FAIFAI ANGE PEÁ NE LAVA KE LILIU ENI KE HOKO ʻO MOʻONI.”

Ko e lea ia ʻa Honoré de Balzac, ko ha tokotaha faʻu-tohi Falanisē ʻi he senituli hono 19. ʻOkú ke loto-tatau mo ia? ʻOku ongoʻi ʻe he tokolahi ʻoku hala ʻa e ngaahi fakakalakalasí. Neongo ia, naʻa mo e ʻi he senituli hono 21 ko ení, ʻoku kei vahevahe ai pē ʻa e sōsaieti ʻo e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá ki ha ngaahi kalasi fakasōsiale lahi.

KO CALVIN COOLIDGE, ko e palesiteni ʻo e ʻIunaite Seteté mei he 1923 ki he 1929, naʻá ne hohaʻa ki he palopalema fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi fakakalakalasi fakasōsialé peá ne lea fekauʻaki mo e “fakangata fakaʻosi ʻo e ngaahi kalasi māʻolunga kotoa pē.” Ka neongo ia, ʻi he taʻu nai ʻe 40 hili ʻa e ngāue fakapalesiteni ʻa Coolidge, naʻe fakahaaʻi ai ʻe he Kerner Commission, ʻa ia naʻe fokotuʻu ke ne vakaiʻi ʻa e ngaahi vahaʻangatae fakamatakalí, ʻa e manavahē ki ha hoko taʻealakalofi ʻa e ʻIunaite Seteté ko e ongo sōsaieti ʻe ua: “ʻuliʻuli e taha, hinehina e taha—ʻo māvahevahe mo kehekehe.” ʻOku taukaveʻi ʻe he niʻihi ko e meʻa ko eni ne tomuʻa talá kuo ʻosi hoko moʻoni ia pea ko ia “ko e māvahevahe fakaʻekonōmiká mo fakamatakalí ʻoku tupulekina” ʻi he fonua ko iá.

Ko e hā ʻoku mātuʻaki faingataʻa ai ke ʻai ʻa e fakakaukau ki he tuʻunga tatau fakaetangatá ke hoko ʻo moʻoní? Ko ha meʻa mahuʻinga tefito ko e natula fakaetangatá. Ko ha mēmipa fale alea U.S. ki muʻa ko William Randolph Hearst naʻá ne pehē ʻi he taimi ʻe taha: “ʻOku fakatupu ʻa e tangata kotoa pē ʻi he tuʻunga tatau ʻo ʻikai siʻi hifo ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe taha, ʻa ia ko e tafaʻaki ko iá ko ʻenau holi ke ʻikai hanau tataú.” Ko e hā naʻá ne ʻuhinga ki aí? Mahalo naʻe toe mahino ange ʻa hono leaʻaki ia ʻe ha faʻu-tulama Falanisē ko Henry Becque he senituli hono 19: “Ko e meʻa ʻokú ne ʻai ʻa e tuʻunga tataú ke mātuʻaki faingataʻa ke maʻú ko ʻetau toki fiemaʻu pē ia ʻi haʻatau ʻi ha ngaahi tuʻunga māʻolunga angé.” ʻI hono toe fakalea kehé, ʻoku loto ʻa e kakaí ke nau tatau mo e faʻahinga ʻoku māʻolunga ʻiate kinautolu ʻi he tuʻunga fakasōsialé; ka ʻe ʻikai ke loto-lelei ʻa e tokolahi ke fakasiʻisiʻi honau ngaahi monuú mo e ngaahi tuʻunga māʻolungá ʻaki hono ʻoatu ʻa e tuʻunga tatau ki he faʻahinga ʻoku nau fakakaukau ʻoku māʻulalo ʻiate kinautolú.

ʻI he ngaahi taimi he kuohilí, naʻe fāʻeleʻi ai ʻa e kakaí ko e faʻahinga lāuvale, ko e konga ʻo ha houʻeiki, pe naʻa mo e ʻi he tuʻunga ko e kau mēmipa ʻo e fāmili fakatuʻi. ʻOku kei hoko moʻoni eni ʻi ha ngaahi feituʻu siʻi pē. Kae kehe, ʻi he lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi fonuá he ʻahó ni, ko e paʻangá—pe ko e siʻi ʻo iá—ʻa e meʻa ʻokú ne fakapapauʻi pe ʻoku kau ha taha ki he kalasi māʻulalo angé, lotolotó pe kalasi māʻolunga angé. Neongo ia, ʻoku ʻi ai mo e ngaahi meʻa kehe ʻokú ne fakapapauʻi ʻa e kalasi ʻoku ʻi ai ha taha, hangē ko e matakalí, tuʻunga fakaakó mo e poto he tohí mo e lautohí. Pea ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu ʻe niʻihi, ko e tuʻunga ʻo e tangata pe ko e fefiné ko ha makatuʻunga lahi ia ki he fakafaikehekehé, ʻo vakai ai ki he kakai fefiné ko ha kalasi māʻulalo.

ʻOku ʻI Ai ha Ngaahi Fakaʻilonga ki ha ʻAmanaki?

Ko e lao ki he ngaahi totonu ʻa e tangatá kuo tokoni ia ki hono veteki ʻa e ngaahi ʻā vahevahe fakakalasi ʻe niʻihi. Ko e ngaahi lao fakafepaki ki he fakamavahevahé naʻe paasi ia ʻi he ʻIunaite Seteté. Ko e lau-lanú naʻe tapui ia ʻi ʻAfilika Tonga. Ko e fakapōpulá, neongo ʻoku kei ʻi ai, ʻoku taʻefakalao ia ʻi he konga lahi ʻo e māmaní. Ko e ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni fakalaó kuo fakamālohiʻi ai ʻa e fakaʻatā ʻo e ngaahi totonu ki he kelekelé ʻa e kakai tuʻufonua ʻe niʻihi, pea ko e ngaahi lao fakafepakiʻi ʻo e fakafaikehekehé kuó ne tokonaki mai ʻa e tokoni ki he ngaahi kalasi masiva ʻe niʻihi.

ʻOku fakahaaʻi ʻe he meʻá ni ʻa e ngataʻanga ʻo e ngaahi fakakalakalasi fakasōsialé? ʻIkai ʻaupito. Neongo ʻoku vaivai nai he taimí ni ʻa e ngaahi fakakalakalasi fakasōsiale ʻe niʻihi, kuo kamata ke ʻasi hake ʻa e ngaahi vahevahe foʻou. Ko e tohi Class Warfare in the Information Age ʻoku pehē ai: “Ko e ongo kalasi fakalūkufua ʻo e kau pisinisí mo e kau ngāué ʻoku hā ngali taʻetotonu ia he ʻahó ni, ka ko e tuʻungá eni koeʻuhi ko e ongo kalasi lalahi ko ení kuo mapakipaki ia ki he fanga kiʻi kulupu iiki ange ʻo e kakai loto-ʻita.”

ʻE hanga ʻe he ngaahi fakakalakalasi fakasōsialé ʻo vahevaheʻi taʻengata ʻa e kakaí? Sai, hangē ko ia ʻe fakahaaʻi ʻe he kupu hoko maí, ʻoku ʻi ai ha ʻamanaki ki he tuʻungá ni.