Ko e Melino ʻa Westphalia—Ko ha Liliu Mahuʻinga ʻi ʻIulope
“KI HA fuʻu kau taki ʻIulope tokolahi ʻo e ngaahi Vahefonuá ke nau fakatahataha fakataha ʻo hangē ko e fakatahataha ko ia ʻi heni he ʻaho ní ko ha meʻa hāhāmolofia moʻoni ia.” Ko Roman Herzog, ʻa e palesiteni ki muʻa ʻo e Lepupilika Fakatahataha ʻo Siamané, naʻá ne fai ʻa e lea ko iá ʻi ʻOkatopa 1998. ʻI he taimi naʻá ne fai ai ʻa e lea ko iá, ko ʻene kau fanongó naʻe kau ki ai ʻa e ngaahi tuʻi ʻe toko fā, kuini ʻe toko fā, pilinisi ʻe toko ua, ko ha tiuke māʻolunga pea mo e kau palesiteni. Ko e meʻa naʻe faí, ʻa ia naʻe fakapaʻanga ʻe he Kōsilio ʻa ʻIulopé, ko ha meʻa mahuʻinga lahi ia ʻi he hisitōlia taʻu ʻe 50 ʻo e vahefonua fakaeonopooni ʻo Siamané. Ko e hā ʻa e kātoangá?
Ko ʻOkatopa 1998 ko e ʻaho fakamanatu ia hono 350 ʻo e Talite Melino ʻo Westphalia. Ko e ngaahi felotoi melinó ʻoku faʻa hoko ko e ngaahi taimi ia ʻoku fai ai ha fili mahuʻinga ʻi he hisitōliá, pea ʻi he tuʻunga ko ení ko e Talite ʻo Westphalia naʻe hoko ko ha meʻa makehe. Ko e fakamoʻoni ʻi he felotoi ko ení ʻi he 1648 naʻe fakangata ai ʻa e Tau Taʻu ʻe Tolungofulú pea fakaʻilongaʻi ai ʻa e fanauʻi ʻo ʻIulope ʻi onopōní ko ha konitinēniti ʻo e ngaahi vahefonua tauʻatāina.
Luluʻi ha Fokotuʻutuʻu Motuʻa
Lolotonga ʻa e Kuonga Lotolotó, ko e ongo kautaha mālohi taha ʻi ʻIulopé ko e Siasi Katolika Lomá mo e ʻEmipaea Loma Māʻoniʻoní. Naʻe faʻuʻaki ʻa e ʻemipaeá ʻa e ngaahi vahefonua ʻe laui teau ʻi he lalahi kehekehe pea naʻá ne kāpui ʻa e feituʻu ʻoku nofoʻi he taimí ni ʻe Falanisē hahake, ko e Lepupilika Sekí, Siamane, Suisalani, ʻAositulia, ko e Ngaahi Fonua Māʻulaló mo e ngaahi konga ʻo ʻĪtali. Koeʻuhi ko hono konga lahi tahá naʻe faʻuʻaki ʻa e ngaahi vahefonua Siamané, naʻe hoko ʻa e ʻemipaeá ʻo ʻiloa ko e ʻEmipaea Loma Māʻoniʻoni ʻo e Puleʻanga Siamané. Naʻe meimei puleʻi pē ʻe he vahefonua taki taha ʻa ia, ʻo puleʻi ʻe ha pilinisi. Ko e ʻemipolá tonu ko ha Katolika Loma ia ʻo e fāmili ʻAositulia ko e Habsburg. Ko ia ai, ʻi he mafai ʻo e lakanga fakatuʻitapú mo e ʻemipaeá, naʻe tuʻu mālohi ʻa ʻIulope ʻi he nima ʻo e Katolika Lomá.
Kae kehe, ʻi he senituli hono 16 mo e 17, naʻe luluʻi ai ʻa e fokotuʻutuʻu ne fokotuʻú. ʻI he kotoa ʻo ʻIulopé naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e taʻefiemālie lahi ʻi he tōʻonga fuʻu hulu ʻa e Siasi Katolika Lomá. Ko e kau fakalelei lotu hangē ko Mātini Lūtelo mo Sione Kalaviní naʻá na lau ʻo kau ki ha toe foki ki he ngaahi tuʻunga faka-Tohitapú. Naʻe maʻu ʻe Lūtelo mo Kalavini ha poupou lahi, pea naʻe tupu mei he ngaʻunu ko ení ʻa e Fakalelei-Lotú mo e ngaahi lotu Palotisaní. Naʻe vahevahe ʻe he Fakalelei-Lotú ʻa e ʻemipaeá ki he tui ʻe tolu—ko e Katoliká, siasi Lūteló, mo e lotu Kalaviní.
Naʻe vakai fakataha mo e taʻefalala ʻa e kau Katoliká ki he kau Palotisaní, pea naʻe fakamāhiki ʻa e kau Palotisaní ki honau kau feʻauhi Katoliká. Naʻe iku ʻa e tuʻungá ni ki he faʻu ʻo e ʻIunioni Palotisaní mo e Kautaha Katoliká ʻi he konga ki muʻa ʻo e senituli hono 17. Ko e kau pilinisi ʻe niʻihi ʻo e ʻemipaeá naʻa nau kau ki he ʻIunioní pea ko e niʻihi ki he Kautahá. Ko ʻIulope—pea tautefito ki he ʻemipaeá—naʻe ʻi ha ʻatimosifia ia ʻo e huʻuhuʻú ʻa ia ko ha kiʻi foʻi kalofiama pē ʻe taha naʻe fiemaʻu ke mapuna hake ai ʻa e meʻa kotoa. ʻI he faifai pea hoko mai ʻa e foʻi kalofiama ko iá, naʻá ne kamataʻi ai ha fepaki ʻa ia ne toki ʻosi he taʻu ʻe 30 hoko maí.
Tutuʻi ʻe ha Kalofiama Fakatupu Mate ʻa ʻIulope
Naʻe feinga ʻa e kau taki Palotisaní ke tākiekina ʻa e kau Habsburg Katoliká ke nau fakaʻatā ha tauʻatāina lahi ange ʻi he lotú. Ka naʻe toumoua ʻa e hoko mai ʻa e ngaahi fakaʻataá, pea ʻi he 1617-18, naʻe tāpuni fakamālohiʻi ai ʻa e ongo siasi Lūtelo ʻi Pohēmiá (ʻa e Lepupilika Sekí). Naʻe fakaʻitaʻi ʻe he meʻá ni ʻa e kau mēmipa Palotisani māʻolungá, ʻa ia naʻa nau hū fakamālohi ai ki ha palasi ʻi Prague, ʻo nau puke ʻa e kau ʻōfisa Katolika ʻe toko tolu, ʻo lī ki tuʻa mei ha matapā sioʻata ʻi ʻolunga. Ko e tōʻongá ni ʻa e foʻi kalofiama naʻá ne tutuʻi ʻa ʻIulopé.
Neongo naʻa nau taku ko e kau muimui kinautolu ʻo e Pilinisi ʻo e Melinó, ʻa Sīsū Kalaisi, ko e kau mēmipa ʻo e ngaahi lotu fepakí naʻa nau fetauʻaki he taimi ko ení. (Aisea 9:6 [Ai 9:5, PM]) ʻI he Tau ʻo e Moʻunga Hinehiná, naʻe fakahoko ai ʻe he Kautahá ha fakaʻauha ʻo e ʻIunioní, ʻa ia naʻe hoko ai ʻo movetevete. Naʻe fakapoongi ai ʻa e kau Palotisani māʻolungá ʻi he māketi ʻo Prague. ʻI Pohēmia kotoa, naʻe faʻao fakamālohi ai ʻa e koloa ʻa e kau Palotisani ne ʻikai liʻaki ʻenau tuí ʻo vahevahe ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e kau Katoliká. Ko e tohi 1648—Krieg und Frieden in Europa (1648—Tau mo e Melino ʻi ʻIulopé) ʻoku fakamatalaʻi ai ʻa e faʻao fakamālohí ni ko e “taha ia ʻo e ngaahi liliu lahi taha ʻo hono maʻu ha koloa kuo faifai ange pea hoko ʻi ʻIulope lotoloto.”
Ko e meʻa naʻe kamata ko ha fepaki fakalotu ʻi Pohēmiá naʻe fakalalahi ia ʻo hoko ko ha fetakai fakavahaʻapuleʻanga ki he mafaí. ʻI he taʻu ʻe 30 hono hokó, naʻe tohoakiʻi atu ai ʻa Falanisē, ko e Netalení, Sipeini, Suēteni mo Tenimaʻake ki he taú. Ko e kau pule Katoliká mo e Palotisaní, ʻi hono faʻa ueʻi ʻe he mānumanú mo e holi ki he mafaí, naʻa nau ngaʻunu ki he tuʻunga māʻolunga fakapolitikalé mo e tupu fakakomēsialé. Naʻe vahevahe ai ʻa e Tau Taʻu ʻe Tolungofulú ki ha ngaahi tuʻunga, ʻo uiʻaki taki taha ʻa e faʻahi fakafepaki lahi taha ʻo e ʻemipolá. Ko e ngaahi maʻuʻanga fakamatala ʻe niʻihi ʻoku lave ai ki he tuʻunga pehē ʻe fā: ko e Tau Pohēmia mo Palatine, ko e Tau Tenimaʻake-Lower Saxony, ko e Tau ʻa Suētení mo e Tau Falanisē-Suētení. Ko e lahi taha ʻo e taú naʻe fai ia ʻi he feituʻu ʻo e ʻemipaeá.
Ko e ngaahi meʻatau ʻo e taimi ko iá naʻe kau ki ai ʻa e pekenene, meʻafana masiketi, meʻafana lalahi, mo e meʻafana fonua, pea ko Suēteni naʻá ne tokonaki lahi ʻa e meʻataú. Naʻe fematematei ʻa e kau Katoliká mo e kau Palotisaní ʻi he fepakí. Naʻe ʻalu pē ʻa e kau sōtiá ki he taú mo kaila “Sangata Malia” pe “ʻOku kau ʻa e ʻOtuá mo kimautolu.” Naʻe fai pāpani mo vete ʻa e ngaahi kongakaú ʻi he ngaahi vahefonua Siamané, ʻo tōʻongafai ki he faʻahi fakafepakí mo e kau siviliané hangē ha fanga manú. Naʻe tōlalo ʻa e taú ki he tuʻunga anga-fakamanu. Ko ha kehekehe lahi ia mo e kikite ʻa e Tohi Tapú: “ʻE ʻikai ofa ha heleta ʻe ha puleʻanga ki ha puleʻanga, pea ʻe ʻikai kei fai ha akotau”!—Maika 4:3.
Naʻe tupu hake ha toʻutangata Siamane ʻo ʻikai te nau toe ʻilo ha meʻa ka ko e taú pē, pea naʻe fakaʻamu ʻa e kakai ongosia ʻo e fonuá ki ha melino. ʻOku hā mahino, naʻe mei malava pē ke ʻi ai ha melino ka ne ʻikai ʻa e fepaki ʻi he ngaahi mahuʻingaʻia fakapolitikale ʻa e kau pulé. Naʻe hoko ʻo eʻa lahi ange mai ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakapolitikí ʻi he mole mei he taú ʻa ʻene ʻuhinga fakalotú pea hoko ʻo fakautuutu ʻene fakamāmaní. Ko e meʻa fakaolí, he ko e tangata ʻe taha ʻa ia naʻá ne pouaki ʻa e liliu ko ení ko ha ʻōfisa māʻolunga ia ʻo e Siasi Katoliká.
Ngāueʻaki ʻe Katinale Richelieu ʻa Hono Mafaí
Ko e hingoa fakanofo fakaʻōfisa ʻo Armand-Jean du Plessis ko Katinale de Richelieu. Ko e toe palēmia foki ia ʻo Falanisē mei he 1624 ki he 1642. Naʻe fakataumuʻa ʻa Richelieu ke ʻai ʻa Falanisē ko e mafai lahi taha ia ʻi ʻIulopé. Ki he taumuʻa ko iá, naʻá ne feinga ai ke holoki ʻa e mafai ʻo hono ngaahi kaungā Katoliká, ʻa e kau Habsburg. Naʻe anga-fēfē ʻene fai ení? ʻI hono fakapaʻanga ʻa e kau tau Palotisani ʻo e ngaahi vahefonua Siamané, Tenimaʻaké, ko e Netalení mo Suēteni, ʻa ia naʻa nau faitau kotoa ki he kau Habsburg.
ʻI he 1635, ko e ʻuluaki taimi ia naʻe fekauʻi atu ai ʻe Richelieu ʻa e ngaahi kongakau Falaniseé ki he taú. Ko e tohi vivat pax—Es lebe der Friede! (Ke Tolonga ʻa e Melinó!) ʻoku fakamatala ai ʻo pehē ʻi hono tuʻunga fakaʻosí, “naʻe ngata ai ʻa e hoko ʻa e Tau Taʻu ʻe Tolungofulú ko ha fepaki ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi faʻahi fakalotú. . . . Naʻe hoko ʻa e taú ko ha fāinga ia ki he tuʻunga māʻolunga fakapolitikalé ʻi ʻIulope.” Ko e meʻa naʻe kamata ko ha fepaki fakalotu ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kau Katoliká mo e kau Palotisaní naʻe iku ia ki he tau fakataha ʻa e kau Katoliká mo e kau Palotisaní ʻo fakafepakiʻi ʻa e kau Katolika kehé. Ko e Kautaha Katoliká, ʻi heʻene ʻosi vaivai ʻi he konga ki muʻa ʻo e 1630 tupú, naʻe movete ia ʻi he 1635.
Konifelenisi Melino ʻi Westphalia
Naʻe veuki ʻa ʻIulope ʻe he ʻave koloa veté, fakapoó, tohotohó mo e mahakí. Faifai atu pē, ko ha fakaʻamu ki he melinó naʻe fakalalahi ia ʻi ha ʻiloʻi ko ha tau eni ʻe ʻikai lava ke ikunaʻi ʻe ha taha. Ko e tohi vivat pax—Es lebe der Friede! ʻoku fakamatala ai “ʻi he ʻalu ki he ngataʻanga ʻo e 1630 tupú, naʻe iku ʻo ʻiloʻi ai ʻe he kau pilinisi naʻe pulé ʻe ʻikai kei tokoniʻi kinautolu ʻe he mafai fakakautaú ke lavaʻi ʻenau taumuʻá.” Ka ʻo kapau ko e melinó ʻa e meʻa naʻe fiemaʻu ʻe he toko taha kotoa, ʻe anga-fēfē hano lavaʻi ia?
Ko ʻEmipola Fetineni III ʻo e ʻEmipaea Loma Māʻoniʻoní, Tuʻi Lui XIII ʻo Falaniseé mo Kuini Kilisitina ʻo Suētení naʻa nau felotoi ʻoku totonu ke fai ha konifelenisi ʻa ia ʻoku totonu ke fakatahataha ki ai ʻa e ngaahi faʻahi taú kotoa ʻo aleaʻi ha ngaahi tuʻunga ki he melinó. Naʻe fili ʻa e feituʻu ʻe ua ki he aleá—ko e kolo ko Osnabrück mo Münster ʻi he vahefonua Siamane ko Westphalia. Naʻe fili kinauá koeʻuhi naʻá na ʻi loto-mālie ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kolomuʻa ʻo Suēteni mo Falaniseé. Kamata ʻi he 1643, ko e kau fakafofonga ʻe toko 150 nai—ko e niʻihi mo e ngaahi timi faleʻi lalahi—naʻa nau tūʻuta ʻi he ongo koló, ʻo fakatahataha ʻa e kau fakafofonga Katoliká ʻi Münster, ko e kau fakafofonga Palotisaní ʻi Osnabrück.
ʻUluakí, naʻe faʻu ai ha founga ngāue ke fokotuʻu ʻa e ngaahi meʻa hangē ko e hingoa fakalakanga mo e tuʻunga ʻo e kau fakafofongá, hokohoko ʻo e tangutuʻangá mo e ngaahi founga pau ʻo e ngāué. Naʻe kamata leva ʻa e ngaahi alea melinó, fakataha mo hono ʻoatu ʻo e ngaahi fokotuʻú mei he fakafofonga ʻe taha ki he fakafofonga hoko maí fakafou ʻi ha kau tuʻu-vahaʻa. Hili ʻa e meimei taʻu ʻe nima—lolotonga ʻa e hokohoko atu ʻo e taú—naʻe fai ai ʻa e felotoi ki ha ngaahi tuʻunga ʻo e melinó. Ko e Talite ʻo Westphalia naʻe ʻikai taha pē hono pepa fakamoʻoní. Ko e felotoi ʻe taha naʻe fakamoʻoni hingoa ki ai ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo ʻEmipola Fetineni III mo Suēteni, ko e taha ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ʻemipolá mo Falanisē.
ʻI he mafola ʻa e ongoongo ʻo e talité, naʻe kamata ai ha ngaahi kātoanga. Ko e meʻa naʻe kamataʻaki ha kalofiama fakatupu maté naʻe fakaʻosiʻaki ia ha ngaahi fana ʻone fakafiefia. Naʻá ne hulungia ʻa e langí ʻi he ngaahi kolo kehekehe. Naʻe tā ʻa e ngaahi fafangu ʻi he fale lotú, fana fakaʻapaʻapa ʻa e ngaahi meʻafana fonuá pea hiva ʻa e kakaí ʻi he ngaahi halá. Naʻe lava ke ʻamanekina ʻe ʻIulope he taimí ni ha melino tuʻuloa?
ʻOku Malava ʻa e Melino Tuʻuloá?
Ko e Talite ʻo Westphalia naʻe fakahaaʻi ai ʻa e tefitoʻi lao ʻo e tuʻunga mafaí. Naʻe ʻuhinga ení naʻe felotoi ʻa e faʻahi taki taha ʻo e talité ke tokaʻi ʻa e ngaahi totonu fakaefeituʻu ʻa e ngaahi faʻahi kehé kotoa pea ke ʻoua ʻe kaunoa ʻi heʻenau ngaahi meʻa fakafeituʻú. Naʻe fanauʻi ai ʻa ʻIulope ʻi onopōní ko ha konitinēniti ʻo e ngaahi vahefonua tauʻatāina. ʻI he ngaahi vahefonua ko iá, naʻe maʻu ai ʻe he ngaahi fonua ʻe niʻihi mei he talité ʻa e meʻa lahi ange ʻi he ngaahi fonua kehé.
Naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻa Falanisē ko ha mafai lahi, pea naʻe maʻu taki taha ai ʻe he Netalení mo Suisalani ha tauʻatāina. Ki he ngaahi vahefonua Siamané, ʻa ia ko e lahi aí naʻe maumauʻi ʻe he taú, naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi tafaʻaki ʻo e talité naʻe kaungakovi. Ko e ikuʻanga ʻo Siamané naʻe fakapapauʻi ia ʻi ha tuʻunga ʻe he ngaahi fonua kehé. ʻOku fakamatala ʻa e New Encyclopædia Britannica: “Ko e ngaahi tupu mo e mole ʻa e kau pilinisi Siamané naʻe fakatuʻunga ia ʻi he meʻa ʻe lelei ki he ngaahi mafai tefitó: Falanisē, Suēteni mo ʻAositulia.” ʻI he ʻikai ke ʻomi fakataha pea fakafāʻūtahaʻi ki ha fonua ʻe tahá, naʻe māvahevahe ʻa e ngaahi vahefonua Siamané ʻo hangē tofu pē ko ia ki muʻá. ʻIkai ngata aí, naʻe ʻoange ʻa e ngaahi feituʻu ʻe niʻihi ke puleʻi ʻe he kau pule muli, hangē ko e ngaahi konga ʻo e ngaahi vaitafe lalahi ʻo Siamané—ʻa e Rhine, ko e Elbe mo e Oder.
Ko e lotu Katoliká, Lūteló mo e Kalaviní naʻe fakahaaʻi ia ʻoku nau tatau. Naʻe ʻikai ke leleiʻia heni ʻa e toko taha kotoa. Naʻe taʻeloto lahi ʻa Tuʻitapu ʻInoseni X ki he talité, ʻo fakahaaʻi ia ʻoku taʻetotonu mo taʻefakalao. Neongo ia, ko e ngaahi fakangatangata fakalotu naʻe fokotuʻú naʻe kei tuʻu taʻeliliu lahi ai pē ia ʻo feʻunga mo e senituli ʻe tolu. Neongo ko e tauʻatāina fakalotu ki he toko taha tāutahá naʻe teʻeki ai hoko, naʻe fakalakalaka atu ia ki ai.
Naʻe fakaʻosi ʻe he talité ʻa e Tau Taʻu ʻe Tolungofulú, pea ʻi he meʻa ko iá naʻe ngata ai ʻa e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi fakafilí. Ko e tau fakalotu lahi taha fakamuimui eni ʻi ʻIulopé. Naʻe ʻikai ngata ʻa e ngaahi taú, ka ko hono tupuʻanga tefitó naʻe hiki ia mei heʻene fakalotú ki he fakapolitikí pe fakakomēsialé. ʻOku ʻikai pehē ia ai naʻe mole mei he lotú ʻa ʻene tākiekina kotoa ʻi he ngaahi fakafili ʻi ʻIulopé. ʻI he Tau I mo e II ʻa Māmaní, ko e kau sōtia Siamané naʻe tohi ʻi he meʻa-fakamaʻu honau letá ha lea naʻe ongo maheni: “ʻOku Kau ʻa e ʻOtuá mo Kimautolu.” Lolotonga ʻa e ongo fepaki fakalilifu ko iá, naʻe toe tuʻu laine ai ʻa e kau Katoliká mo e kau Palotisaní ʻi he faʻahi ʻe tahá ke tauʻi ʻa e kau Katolika mo e kau Palotisani ʻi he faʻahi fakafepakí.
ʻOku hā mahino, naʻe ʻikai ʻomai ʻe he Talite ʻo Westphalia ha melino tuʻuloa. Kae kehe, ko e melino ko iá ʻe vavé ni ke hokosia ia ʻe he faʻahinga talangofua ʻo e tangatá. ʻE ʻomai ʻe Sihova ko e ʻOtuá ʻa e melino taʻengata ki he faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá fou ʻi he Puleʻanga faka-Mīsaia ʻo hono ʻAló, ʻa Sīsū Kalaisi. ʻI he malumalu ʻo e founga-pule ko iá, ʻe hoko ai ʻa e lotu moʻoni pē tahá ko ha mālohi ki he fāʻūtahá, ʻo ʻikai ki he māvahevahe. ʻE ʻikai faitau ha taha ʻi ha faʻahinga ʻuhinga pē, fakalotu pe ha ʻuhinga kehe. Ko ha fiemālie ē ʻe hokó ʻi he puleʻi fakalūkufua ʻe he pule ʻo e Puleʻangá ʻa e māmaní pea ʻe ‘ʻikai fakangatangata ʻa e tupu ʻo e melinó’!—Aisea 9:6, 7 (Ai 9:5, 6, PM).
[Fakamatala ʻi he peesi 21]
Ko e meʻa naʻe kamata ko ha fepaki ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kau Katoliká mo e kau Palotisaní naʻe iku ia ki he tau fakataha ʻa e kau Katoliká mo e kau Palotisaní ʻo fakafepakiʻi ʻa e kau Katolika kehé
[Fakamatala ʻi he peesi 22]
Naʻe ʻalu ʻa e kau sōtiá ʻi he taú mo kaila “Sangata Malia” pe “ʻOku kau ʻa e ʻOtuá mo kimautolu”
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 21]
Katinale Richelieu
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 23]
Fakahaaʻi ʻi ha fakatātā he senituli hono 16 ʻa e fāinga ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo Lūtelo, Kalavini pea mo e tuʻitapú
[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 20]
From the book Spamers Illustrierte Weltgeschichte VI
[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e tā ʻi he peesi 23]
Fāinga ʻa e kau taki lotú: From the book Wider die Pfaffenherrschaft; mape: The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck