Mapakipakiʻi ʻUmea he Kuohilí—Fakamoʻoni ki he Fakamatala ʻi he Tohi Tapú

KO E Tohi Tapú ko e Folofola fakamānavaʻi ia ʻa e ʻOtuá. (2 Timote 3:16) Ko e meʻa ʻoku leaʻaki ai ʻo kau ki he kakai, ngaahi feituʻu, mo e ngaahi tuʻunga fakalotu mo fakapolitikale ʻo e kuonga muʻá ʻoku tonu ia. Ko e alafalalaʻanga ʻa e Tohi Tapú ʻoku ʻikai ha veiveiua ʻoku ʻikai fakatuʻunga ia ʻi he ngaahi keli fakatotoló, neongo ko e ngaahi fakatotolo peheé ʻoku fakapapauʻi pe fakamaʻalaʻala ai ʻetau mahino ki he fakamatala ʻi he Tohi Tapú.

Ko e ngaahi meʻa lahi taha naʻe maʻu ʻe he kau keli fakatotoló lolotonga hono keli hake ʻa e ngaahi feituʻu ʻo e kuonga muʻá, ko e ngaahi mapakipakiʻi naunau ʻumea. Naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi kongokonga naunau ʻumea ko ení ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu lahi ʻi he Hahake Lotoloto he kuohilí ʻo kau ai ʻa ʻIsipite mo Mesopotēmia, ko e ngaahi naunau totongi maʻamaʻa ke fai ai e tohi. Naʻe hiki ʻi he ngaahi kongokonga naunau ʻumeá ʻa e ngaahi aleapau, fakamatala paʻanga, lēkooti fefakatauʻaki mo e ala meʻa pehē, ʻo hangē pē ko hono ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi lauʻipepá he ʻaho ní. ʻI hono faʻa hiki ʻaki ʻa e vaitohí, ko e tohi ʻi he ngaahi kongokonga naunau ʻumeá naʻe kehekehe ia mei he foʻi lea pē ʻe tahá ki he ngaahi laine pe ngaahi kōlomu lahi.

Kuo maʻu hake ʻi he ngaahi keli fakatotolo ʻi ʻIsilelí ʻa e ngaahi kongokonga naunau ʻumea lahi mei he kuonga ʻo e Tohi Tapú. Ko ha ngaahi tānekinga ʻe tolu ʻa ia ko e fakaʻaho ki he senituli hono fitu mo hono valu K.M. ʻoku fakatupu tokanga makehe ia koeʻuhi he ʻoku nau fakamoʻoni ki he ngaahi fakaikiiki kehekehe ʻo e ngaahi fakamatala fakahisitōlia ʻoku hā ʻi he Tohi Tapú. Ko e tānekinga ʻe tolu ko ení ko e ngaahi naunau ʻumea Samēliá, naunau ʻumea ʻĀlatí pea mo e naunau ʻumea Lākisí. Tau vakai ofi angé ki he ngaahi tānekinga taki taha ko ení.

Ko e Naunau ʻUmea Samēliá

Ko Samēliá ko e kolomuʻa ia ʻo e puleʻanga matakali ʻe hongofulu fakatokelau ʻo ʻIsilelí ʻo aʻu ki he taimi naʻe ikuʻi ai ʻa e koló ʻe he kau ʻAsīliá ʻi he 740 K.M. ʻI he felāveʻi mo e tupuʻanga ʻo Samēliá, ʻoku pehē ʻe he 1 Tuʻi 16:​23, 24: “ʻI he tolungofulu ma taha taʻu ʻo Asa ko e Tuʻi Siuta [947 K.M.] naʻe maʻu ʻe Omilai ʻa e pule ki Isileli, . . . Pea naʻa ne fakatau ʻa e moʻunga ko Samelia mei a Sameli ʻaki ʻa e taleniti siliva ʻe ua, pea ne langa kolo ʻi he moʻunga, pea ne fakahingoa ʻa e kolo naʻa ne ngaohi . . . ko Samelia.” Naʻe tuʻu ʻa e koló lolotonga ʻa e taimi ʻo e kau Lomá, ʻa ia naʻe liliu ai hono hingoá ki he Sebaste. Naʻe faifai pē ʻo ʻikai toe hoko ko ha kolo lahi ʻi he senituli hono ono T.S.

Lolotonga hano keli hake ʻa Samēlia ʻo e kuonga muʻá ʻi he 1910, naʻe maʻu hake ai ʻe ha timi keli fakatotolo ha tānekinga kongokonga naunau ʻumea, ʻa ia naʻa nau fakaʻaho ki he senituli hono valu K.M. Naʻe hiki lēkooti ʻi he naunau ʻumeá ʻa e ngaahi uta vaka lolo ngaohi kai mo e uaine naʻe fakatūʻuta ʻi Samēlia mei he ngaahi feituʻu kehekehe takatakai ai. ʻI he fakamatala ki he tānekinga ko eni ne ʻiló, ʻoku pehē ʻe he tohi Ancient Inscriptions—Voices From the Biblical World: “Ko e kongokonga naunau ʻumea ʻe 63 ʻa ia naʻe maʻu ʻi he 1910 . . . [ʻoku] fai ʻa e vakai totonu ki ai ko e taha ia ʻo e ngaahi tānekinga mahuʻinga taha ʻo e naunau kuo tohi ʻoku kei hao mai mei ʻIsileli ʻo e kuonga muʻá. Ko e mahuʻinga ko ení ʻoku ʻikai ke maʻu ia mei he ngaahi fakamatala ʻoku ʻi he kongokonga naunau ʻumea Samēliá . . . ka mei heʻene lisi lahi ai ʻa e ngaahi hingoa ʻIsileli, ngaahi haʻa mo e ngaahi fakamatala fakasiokālafi.” ʻOku anga-fēfē ʻa e fakamoʻoni ʻa e ngaahi hingoa ko ení ki he ngaahi fakaikiiki ʻi he fakamatala he Tohi Tapú?

ʻI he taimi naʻe ikuʻi ai ʻe he kau ʻIsilelí ʻa e Fonua ʻo e Talaʻofá pea vahevahe ia ʻi he ngaahi matakalí, ko e tuʻuʻanga ʻo Samēliá naʻe tuʻu ia ʻi he vahefonua ʻo e matakali ʻo Manasé. Fakatatau ki he Siosiua 17:​1-6, ko e haʻa ʻe hongofulu mei he matakali ʻo Manasé, fakafou ʻi hono mokopuna tangata ko Kiliatí, naʻe vaheʻi kia kinautolu ʻa e ngaahi konga kelekele ʻi he ʻēlia ko ení. Ko ʻApiesa, Heleka, ʻAselieli, Sīkemi mo Semita. Ko e tangata hono onó, ʻa Hēfeli, naʻe ʻikai hano fanga makapuna tangata ka ko e fanga makapuna fefine ʻe nima—ko Mahala, Noa, Hokela, Milika mo Tilisa—pea ne nau taki taha maʻu ha konga kelekele.—Nomipa 27:​1-7.

ʻOku kei tolonga mai ʻi he kongokonga naunau ʻumea Samēliá ʻa e hingoa ʻe fitu ʻo e ngaahi haʻa ko ení—ko e ngaahi hingoa kotoa ʻe nima ʻo e ngaahi foha ʻo Kiliatí pea mo e toko ua ʻo e fanga makapuna fefine ʻo Hēfelí, ʻa Hokela mo Noa. “Ko e hingoa ʻo e ngaahi haʻá ʻa ia naʻe kei tolonga mai ʻi he Naunau ʻUmea Samēliá ʻoku tokonaki mai ai ha fakafehokotaki, ʻo tānaki atu ki he fakafehokotaki ʻa e Tohi Tapú, ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi haʻa ʻo e matakali ʻo Manasé mo e vahefonua ʻa ia ʻoku taukaveʻi ʻe he Tohi Tapú naʻa nau nofoʻí,” ko e lau ia ʻa e NIV Archaeological Study Bible. Ko ia ai, ko e tafaʻaki ko eni ʻo e muʻaki hisitōlia fakamatakali ʻo ʻIsileli ʻo hangē ko ia ʻoku fakamatalaʻi ʻe he Tohi Tapú ʻoku fakapapauʻi mai ia ʻe he ngaahi kongokonga naunau ʻumea ko ení.

ʻOku toe hā ngali fakapapauʻi ʻe he kongokonga naunau ʻumea Samēliá ʻa e tuʻunga fakalotu ʻo e kau ʻIsilelí ʻo hangē ko ia ʻoku fakamatalaʻi ʻi he Tohi Tapú. ʻI he taimi naʻe hiki ai e fakamatala ʻi he kongokonga naunau ʻumea Samēliá, naʻe fakafehokotaki ai ʻe he kau ʻIsilelí ʻa e lotu kia Sihová pea mo e ʻotua Kēnani ko Pēalí. Ko e kikite ʻa Hōseá, ʻa ia naʻe hiki foki mo ia lolotonga ʻa e senituli hono valu K.M., naʻe tomuʻa tala ai ha taimi ʻa ia ʻe ui ai ʻi he fakatomala ʻe ʻIsileli ʻa Sihova ko “Hoku husepaniti” kae ʻikai ko “Peali,” pe “Hoku ʻeiki.” (Hosea 2:​16, 17) Ko e ngaahi hingoa ʻe niʻihi ʻa ia naʻe maʻu ʻi he kongokonga naunau ʻumea Samēliá naʻe ʻuhingá “ko Pēali ʻeku tamaí,” “ʻoku hiva ʻa Pēali,” “ʻoku mālohi ʻa Pēali,” “ʻoku manatuʻi ʻe Pēali,” pea mo e ngaahi kupuʻi lea meimei tatau. Ko e ngaahi hingoa ʻe 11 kotoa pē ʻoku ʻi ai ha faʻunga ʻo e huafa Sihová, ko e 7 ai ʻoku ʻi ai e faʻunga ʻo e hingoa “Pēalí.”

Ko e Naunau ʻUmea ʻĀlatí

Ko ʻĀlatí ko ha kolo motuʻa ia naʻe tuʻu ʻi he feituʻu naʻe siʻi ai ʻa e ʻuhá naʻe ui ko Nīkepi, ʻa ia ʻoku meimei ke tuʻu ʻi he fakatonga ʻo Selusalemá. Ko e ngaahi keli naʻe fai ʻi ʻĀlatí naʻe fakaeʻa ai ʻa e ngaahi kolotau ʻIsileli ʻe ono, mei he taimi ʻo e tuʻi ʻa Solomoné (1037-998 K.M.) ʻo faai hifo ai ki hono fakaʻauha ʻe Pāpilone ʻa Selusalema ʻi he 607 K.M. Naʻe maʻu hake ʻe he kau keli fakatotoló mei ʻĀlati ʻa e tānekinga lahi taha ʻo e kongokonga naunau ʻumea mei he ngaahi kuonga ʻo e Tohi Tapú. ʻOku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi kongokonga laka hake ʻi he 200 naʻe tohi ai e fakamatala ʻi he lea faka-Hepeluú, faka-Alamea pea mo e ngaahi lea kehe.

Ko e niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi kongokonga naunau ʻumea ʻĀlatí ʻoku fakapapauʻi ai ʻa e fakamatala Fakatohitapu ʻo kau ki he ngaahi fāmili taulaʻeikí. Ko e fakatātaá, ʻoku lave ʻa e konga ʻumea ʻe taha ki he “ngaahi foha ʻo Kola,” ʻa ia ʻoku lave ki ai ʻi he Ekisoto 6:24 mo e Nomipa 26:11. Ko e ngaahi fakamatala ʻi ʻolunga ʻi he Sāme 42, 44-49, 84, 85, 87 mo e 88 ʻoku fakataumuʻa tefito ai ʻa e ngaahi saame ko ení ki he “ngaahi foha ʻo Kola.” Ko e ongo fāmili taulaʻeiki kehe ʻoku lave ki ai ʻi he kongokonga naunau ʻumea ʻĀlatí ko e fāmili Pāsuá mo e fāmili Melemotí.—1 Kalonikali 9:12; Esela 8:33.

Fakakaukau angé ki ha toe fakatātā ʻe taha. Mei he ngaahi toetoenga ʻo ha kolotau ʻa ia naʻe fakaʻaho ki he vahaʻa taimi ki muʻa siʻi pē ʻi hono fakaʻauha ʻe Pāpilone ʻa Selusalemá, naʻe maʻu hake ai ʻe he kau keli fakatotoló ha konga ʻumea naʻe fakatuʻasila ki he pule ʻo e kolotaú. Fakatatau ki he tohi ko e Context of Scripture, ʻoku pehē ʻi ha konga ai: “Ki hoku ʻeiki ko ʻEliasipí. Fakatauange ke kei kau mai ai pē ʻa Iauē [Sihova] pea mo koe. . . . ʻI he fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi meʻa felāveʻi mo e tuʻutuʻuni naʻá ke ʻomai kiate aú: ʻoku lelei ʻa e meʻa kotoa he taimí ni: ʻokú ne nofo ʻi he temipale ʻo Iauē.” ʻOku tui ʻa e kau mataotao tokolahi ko e temipale naʻe lave ki ai hení ko e temipale ia ʻi Selusalemá, ʻa ia naʻe muʻaki langa ʻi he taimi ʻo Solomoné.

Ko e Naunau ʻUmea Lākisí

Ko e kolotau motuʻa ko Lākisí naʻe tuʻu ia ʻi he kilomita ʻe 43 ki he fakatonga-hihifo ʻo Selusalemá. Lolotonga ʻa e ngaahi keli fakatotolo ʻi he 1930, naʻe maʻu hake ai ha fokotuʻuna kongokonga ʻumea, pea ko e ngaahi kongokonga nai ai ʻe 12 ko e ngaahi faitohi naʻe fakamatalaʻi ʻoku “fuʻu mahuʻinga ʻaupito . . . ki hono fakamaama mai ʻa e tuʻunga fakapolitikale pea mo e maveuveu ʻa e kakaí ʻi he teuteu ʻa Siuta ki hono ʻohofi taʻealakalofi kinautolu ʻe Nepukanesa [ko e Tuʻi Pāpiloné].”

Ko e ngaahi faitohi mahuʻinga tahá ko e fetohiʻaki ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo ha ʻōfisa maʻulalo pea mo Iāosi, ngalingali naʻa ko e taki tau ia ʻi Lākisí. Ko e lea naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻi he faitohí ʻoku meimei tatau ia mo e lea naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻi he ngaahi tohi ʻa e palōfita ko Selemaiá ʻa ia naʻe moʻui ʻi he vahaʻa taimi tatau. Fakakaukau angé ki he anga hono poupouʻi ʻe he faitohi ʻe ua ʻa e fakamatala Fakatohitapu ki he vahaʻa taimi mahuʻinga ko iá.

ʻI he Selemaia 34:​7, ʻoku fakamatalaʻi ai ʻe he palōfitá ʻa e taimi “lolotonga ʻoku fai tau ki Selusalema ʻe he tau ʻa e Tuʻi Papilone, pea ki he ngaahi kolo ʻo Siuta katoa naʻe toe, ʻio ki Lakisi mo Aseka; he ko kinaua pe ʻi he ngaahi kolo ʻo Siuta naʻe toe ʻoku ʻaʻi.” Ko e tokotaha tohi ʻo e taha ʻo e ngaahi Faitohi Lākisí ʻoku hā ngali ke ne fakamatalaʻi ʻa e ngaahi meʻa tatau. ʻOkú ne tohi: “ʻOku mau fakasio ki ha ngaahi fakaʻilonga [afi] ʻo Lākisí . . .  , he ʻoku ʻikai lava ke mau sio ki ʻĀseka.” ʻOku tui ʻa e kau mataotao tokolahi ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻe he meʻá ni ko ʻĀseká naʻe ikunaʻi ia ʻe he kau Pāpiloné pea ko Lākisi ʻe hoko atu ki aí. Ko ha fakaikiiki mahuʻinga ʻi he potutohi ko ení ko e fakamatala ki he “ngaahi fakaʻilonga afi.” ʻOku lave foki ʻa e Selemaia 6:1 ki hono ngāueʻaki ʻa e founga pehē ʻo e fetuʻutakí.

ʻOku fai e tui ko ha toe Faitohi Lākisi ʻe taha ʻokú ne poupouʻi ʻa e meʻa ʻoku leaʻaki ʻe he ongo palōfita ko Selemaia mo ʻIsikelí ʻo kau ki he ngaahi feinga ʻa e tuʻi ʻo Siutá ke tokoni mai ʻa ʻIsipite ʻi he angatuʻu ki Pāpiloné. (Selemaia 37:​5-8; 46:​25, 26; Isikeli 17:​15-17) ʻOku pehē ʻe he Faitohi Lākisí: “Kuo maʻu ʻe hoʻo tamaioʻeikí he taimí ni ʻa e fakamatala ko ení: Ko Seniale Koniahu foha ʻo ʻElanataní kuo huʻu fakatonga ke hū ki ʻIsipite.” ʻOku meimei ke fakaʻuhingaʻi ʻe he kau mataotaó ʻa e ngaʻunu ko ení ko ha feinga ke maʻu ha tokoni fakakautau mei ʻIsipite.

ʻOku toe lave ʻa e kongokonga naunau ʻumea Lākisí ki ha ngaahi hingoa ʻoku hā ʻi he tohi Selemaiá. ʻA ia ko Nelaia, Siasanaia, Kemalaia, ʻElinētane mo Hosaia. (Selemaia 32:12; 35:3; 36:​10, 12; 42:1) Pe ʻoku fakafofongaʻi ʻe he ngaahi hingoa ko ení ʻa e kakai tatau ʻoku ʻikai lava ke fakapapauʻi ia. Kae kehe, koeʻuhi naʻe moʻui ʻa Selemaia lolotonga ʻa e vahaʻa taimi ko iá ʻoku mālie ʻa e faitataú.

Ko ha Tafaʻaki ʻOku Faitatau Ai

Ko e tānekinga naunau ʻumea Samēlia, ʻĀlati mo e Lākisí ʻoku fakapapauʻi ai ha niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi fakaikiiki ʻoku hiki ʻi he Tohi Tapú. ʻOku kau heni ʻa e ngaahi hingoa fakafāmili, ngaahi fakamatala fakasiokālafi mo e ngaahi tafaʻaki felāveʻi mo e ʻātakai fakalotu mo fakapolitikale ʻo e taimi ko iá. Ka ʻoku ʻi ai ha tafaʻaki mahuʻinga ʻoku faitatau ai ʻa e ngaahi tānekinga kotoa ko eni ʻe tolú.

Ko e ngaahi faitohi naʻe maʻu ʻi he ngaahi tānekinga ʻĀlatí mo e Lākisí ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi kupuʻi lea hangē ko e “Fakatauange ke kole ʻe Sihova hoʻo melinó.” Ko e fitu mei he ngaahi pōpoaki Lākisí, ʻoku lave fakakātoa ai ki he huafa ʻo e ʻOtuá ʻo tuʻo 11. ʻIkai ngata aí, ʻoku lahi ʻa e ngaahi hingoa faka-Hepelū naʻe maʻu ʻi he ngaahi tānekinga kotoa ʻe tolú ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e faʻunga fakanounou ʻo e huafa Sihová. ʻOku fakapapauʻi mai ai ʻe he ngaahi kongokonga naunau ʻumea ko ení ko e huafa fakaʻotuá naʻe ngāueʻaki fakaʻaho ia ʻe he kau ʻIsileli ʻo e taimi ko iá.

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 13]

Ko ha konga ʻumea mei he ngaahi maumau ʻo ʻĀlatí ʻa ia naʻe fakatuʻasila ki ha tangata ko hono hingoá ko ʻEliasipi

[Maʻuʻanga]

Photogragh © Israel Museum, Jerusalem; courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 14]

Ko ha Faitohi Lākisi ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai ʻa e huafa ʻo e ʻOtuá

[Maʻuʻanga]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum