Vakai ki he Māmaní
Sisinó—Ko ha Hohaʻa Fakautuutu ʻi Māmani Lahi
Ko e sisino fakatouʻosi ʻa e kakai lalahí mo e fānaú ʻoku “mahiki ia ki he ngaahi tuʻunga fakatupu hohaʻa takatakai ʻi he māmaní” pea ʻoku kau ki ai he taimí ni ʻa e niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi fonua masiva tahá, ko e līpooti ia ʻa e The Lancet. Fakatatau ki he ʻUnivēsiti ʻo North Carolina ko e faiʻekonōmika mo e faiʻepitemiolosī meʻakai ko Barry Popkin, ko e tupu eni ʻi hono konga ʻi he ngaahi fakalakalaka fakatekinolosia kuo ʻai ai ke malava ʻo toʻo ʻa e lolo ʻoku lava ke kai mei he ngaahi tenga ko ia hangē ko e koané, soipīní, mo e vavaé. “ʻI he ngaahi fonua ʻĒsia mo ʻAfiliká, ko e ngaahi kalolī lahi ʻoku tānaki ki he meʻakai fakaʻahó ʻoku haʻu lahi ia mei he ngaahi lolo ko ení,” ko e lau ia ʻa e The Lancet. Pehē foki, ko e ngoue fakapuleʻangá mo e ngaahi founga fefakatauʻakí ʻoku fakaʻatā ai ʻa e suká ke hū atu ki tuʻa ʻi he ngaahi totongi māʻulalo, ʻo ʻoange ai ki he ngaahi ngaohiʻanga koloá ha koloa maʻamaʻa ke fakaleleiʻiʻaki ʻa e ifo ʻo e meʻakaí. Ko e tekinolosiá ʻi he ngaahi malaʻe lahi kuo toe iku ai ki he siʻi ange ʻa e ngaungaué mo e fakamoleki ʻo e iví, ʻa ia kuo tānaki māmālie atu ia ki he mamafa ange ʻa e kakaí. Ko e meʻa ʻoku hohaʻa ki ai ʻa e kau mataotao ʻi he meʻakaí mo e moʻui leleí he ko e sisinó ʻe lava ke iku ia ki he ngaahi mahaki tauhi hangē ko e suká, toto māʻolungá, mo e mahamahaki ʻa e halanga totó.
Ngaahi Fakatuʻutāmaki ʻo e ʻInitanetí
Fakatatau ki he kautaha fakahinohino mali lahi taha ʻi Pilitāniá, ʻa e Relate, ko hono ngāuehalaʻaki ʻo e ʻInitanetí ʻoku faʻa fakatupunga ai ʻa e fekeʻikeʻi ʻi he nofo malí, ko e lau ia ʻa e The Times ʻo Lonitoní. “ʻOku lāunga ʻa e ngaahi husepānití mo e uaifí ʻi he hoko ko e kau uitou tangata pe uitou fefine ʻInitaneti hili hono liʻaki ke nofo tokotaha lolotonga ia ʻoku fakamoleki ʻe ha hoa ia ʻa e ngaahi houa ʻi he komipiutá ʻi he ʻave pōpoaki ki he kau sola ʻi he ngaahi loki talanoá, ʻi hono hiki ʻa e ngaahi fasi mo e ngaahi keimi, pe ʻi he sio ki he fakatātā fakalieliá.” Ko e ngaahi tuʻuʻanga ʻInitanetí ʻoku ʻai ai ke malava ʻa e kakaí ʻo toe fakaake ʻa e ngaahi tōʻonga ʻeva motuʻa ʻi he ʻĪ-meilí, pea pehē ki he hokosia ʻa e fehokotaki fakasino fakaʻinitanetí, ʻe lava ke ne toe fakamanamanaʻi ʻa e feongoongoi fakaemalí. ʻOku ʻomai ʻe he Relate ʻa e faleʻi ʻi he vahaʻangataé ki he ngaahi hoa mali ʻe 90,000 ʻi he taʻu, ko e peseti ʻe 10 ai ʻoku nau tukuakiʻi ʻa e ʻInitanetí ki heʻenau ngaahi faingataʻá. Pea ko e palopalemá ʻoku tupulaki. ʻOku fakamatala ʻa e pule fakahoko-ngāue ʻa e Relate, ko Angela Sibson, ʻo pehē: “ʻOku līpooti ʻa ʻemau kau faleʻí ʻo pehē, ʻoku fakautuutu ʻa e hoko ʻa e ʻInitanetí ko ha maumauʻiʻanga ʻo e vahaʻangataé.”
Ki he Moʻui Lelei Angé—Kata!
Ko e kata ʻi he tuʻunga leleí ʻokú ne fai ʻe ia ʻa e meʻa lahi ange ʻi hono ʻai pē ke fiefia ha tokotaha. Fakatatau ki he kau toketā Siapani ʻe niʻihi, ʻokú ne toe ʻai ke foki ki he tuʻunga totonú ʻa e ngaahi taʻemafamafatatau ʻi he sisitemi ʻenitokiliní, neavé, mo e maluʻí, ʻai ke tuʻumaʻu ʻa e tā ʻa e mafú mo e mānavá, pea lava ke ne ʻomai a e fakafiemālie fakataimi ki he kau faingataʻaʻia ʻi he langa huí. ʻOku fakalongomoʻui ʻe he katá ʻa e ngaahi neave ki he meʻa fakatuʻupakeé, ʻo tekeʻi mālohi ai ʻa e tafe ʻa e totó ki he ngaahi uouá mo fakalahi ʻa e ngāue ʻa e ʻutó. ʻI he taimi ʻoku tau kata lahi aí, ʻoku tau toe fakamālohisinoʻi ai hotau ngaahi uouá. ʻI ha sivi naʻe fai ʻe he nusipepa IHT Asahi Shimbun, ko e ngaahi uoua kete ʻo e tokotaha kata ʻe taha “naʻe fakahaaʻi ai ʻa e tuʻunga tatau ʻo e feinga mālohi ʻoku fiemaʻu mei he fakamālohisino tangutu-mo-tokotó.” Ko e toketā ki he ʻatamaí ʻi Osaka ko Michio Tanaka naʻá ne fakaongoongoleleiʻi ʻa e tākiekina lelei ʻa e katá. Fakatatau kia Tanaka, “ʻoku hangē ia ko ha faitoʻo lelei ʻoku ʻikai hano toe ola koví.”
Fiefia ʻi he Mamao ko Iá!
Ko ha valevale ʻi he manavá ʻoku kamata mamao ia ʻi he uike pē ʻe 11 hili ʻa e tuʻituʻiá, ko e fakamatala ia ʻa e makasini Sipeini fakauike ko e Salud. ʻOku ngalingali, ko e lahi taha ʻo e fanga manu totoló, pea pehē ki he fanga manupuna mo e fanga manu ngaolo ʻe niʻihi, ʻoku hā ai ʻa e tōʻonga taʻealataʻofi ko ení. Neongo ko e ʻuhinga tonu ʻoku tau mamao aí kuo teʻeki ai pē ke ʻiloʻi, kuo ʻiloʻi ʻe he kau fekumí ko e ngaahi tōʻonga hangē ko e faofaó ʻoku faʻa fekauʻaki ia mo e mamaó. Ko e ngaahi ngaue ko ení, ʻoku nau pehē, “ʻoku fakalahi ai ʻa e vave e tafe ʻa e totó mo e tā ʻa e mafú, tuku kehe ʻa e fakamālōlooʻi ʻa e ngaahi uouá mo e ngaahi hokotanga huí.” ʻI heʻetau taʻofi ʻa e mamaó ʻaki hono fakamaʻu hotau kaungaó, ʻoku tau siʻaki ai ʻa e ngaahi ʻaonga ʻoku ʻalu fakataha mo iá. Ko ia ai, ko e timi fekumí ʻoku nau fokotuʻu mai kapau ʻoku fakaʻatā ʻi he ngaahi tuʻungá, ʻoku totonu ke tau “fao fakanatula ʻa hotau kaungaó mo e ngaahi uoua ʻo e matá” ʻi he taimi ʻo e mamaó. ʻOku ʻikai ʻaupito te ke ʻilo—ko ha mamao lelei ʻe fakalongomoʻui lelei nai ai ho ʻahó!
ʻOku Fakautuutu ʻa e Lea Koví
ʻOku hohaʻa ʻa e kau ʻAmelika Tokelau tokolahi naʻa ʻoku nau “ʻi ha tuʻunga taʻelavameʻa ʻi hono fakatolonga ʻa e anga-fakaʻapaʻapá,” ko e lau ia ʻa ha kupu ʻi he The Toronto Star. ʻOku hā mahino eni tautefito ʻi he “fakautuutu ʻa hono tali ʻo e kapekapé.” Fakatatau kia P. M. Forni, ko e pule ʻo e ʻUnivēsiti Johns Hopkins ʻi he Ngāue ki he Anga-Fakaʻapaʻapá, ko e lea koví ʻoku mātuʻaki failahia ia he taimí ni ʻo ʻikai fakakaukau ʻa e toʻutupu tokolahi ʻoku hala ia pea ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kakai lalahí ʻoku ʻikai hā ʻoku nau fakatokangaʻi ia pe naʻa mo tokanga ki ai. ʻOku līpooti ʻi he ngaahi nusipepá ʻo pehē ʻi he fakatatau kia Palōfesa Timothy Jay, “ʻoku kamata ke ngāueʻaki ʻe he fānaú ʻa e lea koví ʻi heʻenau taʻu 1 pē, ʻi he taimi ʻoku nau maʻu ai ʻa e malava ke puke ʻa e ngaahi foʻi lea ʻoku nau fanongo ki ai mei heʻenau ngaahi mātuʻá pea ʻi he televīsoné.” Ko e ngaahi fika mei ha ako ʻe taha ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai “ko e ngaahi lea kapekapé ʻoku faʻuʻaki ia ʻa e peseti nai ʻe 10 ʻo e lea ʻoku ngāueʻaki ʻe ha tokotaha lahi ʻi he ngāueʻangá pea peseti ʻe 13 ʻi he ngaahi taimi ʻatā mei he ngāué.” Ko e fika ʻe taha ʻoku ʻomai ʻe he Star ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai ʻi he ʻIunaite Seteté, “ko e lea kovi ʻi he televīsoné ʻoku tupulaki ia ʻo laka hake ʻi he peseti ʻe 500 mei he 1989 ki he 1999.”
Fakamālohi ʻi ʻApí ʻi ʻIulope
“Ko e fefine ʻIulope ʻe toko taha ʻi he toko nima ʻokú ne hokosia ʻa e fakamālohi mei hono hoa mali tangatá ʻi ha tuʻunga ʻi heʻene moʻuí,” ko e fakamatala ia ʻa Anna Diamantopoulou, ko e komisiona ʻIulope ʻokú ne tokangaʻi ʻa e ngāué mo e ngaahi meʻa fakasōsialé. ʻI he Konifelenisi Fakaengāue ʻi he Fakamālohi ki he Kakai Fefiné ʻa ia naʻe fai ʻi Sipeini ʻi he konga ki muʻa ʻo e taʻu ní, naʻe pehē ai ʻe Diamantopoulou: “ʻI he kolopé, ko e kakai fefine ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e taʻu 15 mo e 44 ʻoku ngalingali lahi ange te nau hoko ʻo lavea lahi pe mate ko e tupu mei he fakamālohi ʻa e kakai tangatá, ʻo laka ia ʻi hono fakatahaʻi ʻo e mate ʻi he kanisaá, malēliá, ngaahi fakatuʻutāmaki ʻi he halá pe taú.” ʻI he Puleʻanga Fakatahataha Pilitāniá, “ʻoku mate ha fefine ʻi he ʻaho ʻe 3 kotoa pē ko e tupu mei he fakamālohi ʻi ʻapí,” lolotonga ia “ʻi ʻAilani, laka hake ʻi he vaeua ʻo e kakai fefine kuo fakapōngí ko e tāmateʻi ʻe honau ngaahi hoá pe ngaahi husepānití.” Pea ʻi ʻAositulia, ko e līpooti ia ʻa e Le Monde fakaʻaho ʻa Falaniseé, “ko e vaeua ʻo e ngaahi keisi vete mali kotoa pē ʻoku makatuʻunga ia ʻi he lāunga ʻa e ngaahi uaifí ʻi hono ngaohikoviʻi ʻe honau ngaahi husepānití.”
ʻE Lava ke Tāmateʻi Koe ʻe ha ʻIta
“Ko e kakai ʻoku ʻiteʻitá ʻoku nau hehema lahi ange ai ke tofanga ʻi ha pā-kālava,” ko e lau ia ʻa e nusipepa Sipeini ko e Diario Médico. Kuo fuoloa ʻa e fakafekauʻaki ʻe he kau toketaá ʻa e tōʻonga fakaaoaó ki he fakatuʻutāmaki fakautuutu ʻo e mahaki mafú. Kuo fakahā ʻi he fekumi ki mui ní ko e tōʻonga peheé ʻoku toe fakautuutu ai ʻa e fakatuʻutāmaki ʻo e hoko ʻa e pā-kālavá. ʻI he savea ʻo e kakai lalahi ʻe toko 14,000, ko e fakatuʻutāmaki ʻo e pā-kālavá naʻe liunga tolu hono māʻolungá ki he kakai ʻoku hehema ke ʻitá ʻi lalo hifo ʻi he taʻu 60. Ko e hā hono ʻuhingá? ʻOku hā ʻe lava ʻe he ʻitá ke ne fakatupunga ha “tupulekina lahi” ʻi he māʻolunga ʻo e totó, ʻi he mapuni ʻa e tafenga totó, pea ʻi he ngaahi tuʻunga ʻo e fatu ʻa e totó, ʻa ia “ʻi ha taimi, ʻe lava ke ne uesia ʻa e vilo ʻa e totó ʻi he foʻi ʻutó,” ko e fakamatala ia ʻa e līpōtí.
Nunuʻa Taʻu ʻe 40 ʻo e Ifí
ʻI he 1962, naʻe pulusi ai ʻe he Kolisi Fakatuʻi ʻo e Kau Fīsiki ʻi ʻIngilaní ʻa e Smoking and Health, “ko e ʻuluaki fakatokanga mahino mei ha kulupu ʻofisiale ʻi Pilitānia fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi fakatuʻutāmaki ʻo e tapaká,” ko e lau ia ʻa e The Independent ʻo Lonitoní. ʻI he taimi ko iá, naʻe ifi ai ʻa e peseti ʻe 70 ʻo e kakai tangatá mo e peseti ʻe 43 ʻo e kakai fefiné. ʻI he taʻu ʻe 40 hoko mai aí, “naʻe mate ai ʻa e kakai ʻe toko nima miliona ʻi he UK mei he ifí, ko e liunga 12 ia ʻo e tokolahi ʻo e faʻahinga naʻe tāmateʻi ʻi he Tau Hono Ua ʻa Māmaní.” Neongo ko e peseti pē ʻe 29 ʻo e kakai tangatá mo e peseti ʻe 25 ʻo e kakai fefiné ʻoku nau ifi he taimi ní, ko e sikaletí “ʻoku kei pouaki pē ia, ʻo ʻai ke hā manakoa pea fakatau atu ki he toʻutupú,” ko e lau ia ʻa e The Independent. Fakatatau ki he līpooti ki muí ni ʻa e Kolisi Fakatuʻí, ko hono maʻu ʻo e tapaká ʻoku toe fakautuutu ia pea ʻoku kei hoko pē ia ko e fakamanamana tefito ki he moʻui lelei ʻa e kakaí. Ko Sir Richard Doll, ʻa ia ʻi ha ako foʻou ʻi he 1950 naʻá ne fakafehokotaki ʻa e ifí mo e kanisā ʻa e maʻamaʻá, ʻokú ne pehē ʻoku ʻikai ʻaupito fuʻu tōmui ke tuku ʻa e tōʻongá ni. ʻOkú ne tānaki mai: “Ko ʻeku pōpoakí, tuku ʻa e ifí, fiefia lahi ange ʻi he moʻuí pea fiefia lahi ange ai.”