Vakai ki he Māmaní

Mahaki Tō ʻi Māmani Lahi ko e Fānau Sisinó

“Ko e sisino ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e fānaú ʻoku hoko ia ko ha mahaki tō ʻi māmani lahi pea ko e palopalemá kuo pau ke solova ia ʻaki pē ʻa e tokanga ki hono tupuʻangá ko e meʻakai-vevé,” ko e līpooti ia ʻa e New York Times. “Fakatatau ki he Kulupu Fakahoko Ngāue Fakavahaʻapuleʻanga ki he Sisinó, laka hake he peseti ʻe 25 ʻo e kau taʻu hongofulu ʻi ha ngaahi fonua ʻi he kotoa ʻo e māmaní ʻoku fuʻu hulu honau mamafá pe sisino.” Ko Molotā (peseti ʻe 33), ʻĪtali (peseti ʻe 29), pea ko e ʻIunaite Seteté (peseti ʻe 27) ʻoku nau māʻolunga tahá. Ko e peseti ʻe 25 ʻo e fānau ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e taʻu faá mo e taʻu hongofulú ʻi Sili, Mekisikou, mo Pelū ʻoku fuʻu hulu honau mamafá pe sisino. ʻI he ngaahi feituʻu ʻe niʻihi ʻi ʻAfilika, ʻoku tokolahi ange ai ʻa e fānau ʻoku fuʻu hulu honau mamafá ʻi he tōlalo honau mamafá. Ko e hā ʻoku fuʻu tokolahi ai ʻa e sisinó? “Ko e fakaʻavalisi ʻo e kiʻi tama [U.S.] ʻokú ne sio ʻi he tuʻuaki meʻakai ʻe 10,000 ʻi he taʻu, ko e peseti ʻe 95 ʻo kinautolu ki he meʻakai vavé, ngaahi inu melié, lolé mo e sīliolo melié—ʻoku totongi mamafa kotoa kae kovi honau ivi fakaemeʻakaí,” ko e tali ia ʻa e Washington Post. “Ko e ngaahi feingangāue fakamāketí ʻoku nau fakafehokotaki ʻa e meʻakai vavé mo e ngaahi inu melié ki he ngaahi meʻa vaʻingá, ngaahi keimí, fanga kiʻi meʻa ʻoku tānakí, ngaahi faivá mo e ngaahi sitā manakoá. . . . ʻOku ʻi ai ha ofo ʻi hono maʻu he taimí ni ʻe he fānaú ʻa e peseti nai ʻe 15 ʻo ʻenau kalolií fakakātoa mei he meʻakai vavé, ko e peseti ʻe 10 mei he ngaahi inu ʻoku fakamelie ʻaki ʻa e suká pea ko e vaeua pē ʻo e lahi ʻo e ngaahi fuaʻiʻakaú mo e vesitapoló ʻa ia ʻoku fakaongoongoleleiʻí?”

Lautohi mo e Ngaahi Mātuʻá ʻOku Fakanonga Ai ʻa e Fānaú

“Ko e lautohi tuʻumaʻu mo ha mātuʻa ʻe lava moʻoni ke ne fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e tōʻonga taʻefakasōsiale ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e fānau fakamoveuveu ʻoku nau fuhu, kaihaʻa mo loí,” ko e līpooti ia ʻa e nusipepa The Times ʻo Lonitoní. ʻI ha fakatotolo uike ʻe hongofulu naʻe fai ʻe he Akoʻanga ki he ʻAtamaí ʻa ia naʻe kau ki ai ʻa e ngaahi taʻu nima mo e ono ʻe toko 100 ʻi Lonitoni Motuʻá, naʻe fakahinohino ai ki he ngaahi mātuʻá ke “tāmateʻi ʻenau ngaahi telefoni toʻotoʻó ki muʻa ke nau tangutu ʻo lautohi mo ʻenau fānaú, lave ki he tafaʻaki tefito ʻo e talanoá ki muʻa ke kamatá ʻo huke māmālie ʻa e ngaahi pēsí pea sio ki he ngaahi fakatātaá.” Ko e ngaahi olá “naʻe fakamoʻoniʻi mahino ai ko e ngaahi polokalama fakaemātuʻa faingofua mo fakahangatahá ʻoku lava ke ʻaonga lahi ia ki hono fakaleleiʻi ʻa e ʻulungāngá mei ha taʻu mātuʻaki kei siʻi,” ko e fakamatala ia ʻa e pepá. “Ko e meʻa ʻoku fiemaʻu moʻoni ʻe he fānaú ko e tokangá,” ko e lau ia ʻa e taki fekumí ko Dr. Stephen Scott. “ʻOku lava ke nau maʻu eni fakafou ʻi he lautohi mo ʻenau ngaahi mātuʻá.”

Akoʻi ke Hoko ko e Fānau Pule Kakaha

ʻOku pule ʻa e fānaú ʻi hotau ngaahi ʻapí!” ko e lau ia ʻa e Wprost Pōlani fakauiké. “ʻOku meimei maʻanautolu pē ʻa ʻetau fakatau mai ʻa e vala mamafá, ngaahi meʻa teuteú, mo e ngaahi meʻa fakamuimui taha fakaeonopōní. ʻI he ngaahi fāmili ʻoku māʻulalo ai mo ʻi ha tuʻunga lotoloto pē ʻa e paʻanga hū maí, ʻoku fakamoleki ʻo aʻu ki he peseti ʻe 80 ʻa e patiseti ʻa e fāmilí ki he kau taʻu hongofulu tupú.” ʻI he fakamatala ki he fakatotolo naʻe fai ʻe Małgorzata Rymkiewicz ʻo e ʻUnivēsiti Warsaw ki he Ngaahi Mātuʻá, ʻoku tuhu ʻa e līpōtí ki he niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi fakaʻilonga ʻo e tōʻonga pule kakaha ʻi he fānaú. Ko e fakatātaá, ʻi he ʻikai hoko ʻo fakamālō ki heʻenau ngaahi mātuʻá, “ʻoku nau kouna ʻa e meʻa lahi ange, ʻikai fiefia ʻi he meʻa ʻoku nau maʻú, fakamālohi, [pea] ʻikai ha fakaʻatuʻi ki he niʻihi kehé.” ʻOku pehē ʻe Rymkiewicz: “ʻOku tau fai ʻa e ngaahi fehālaaki fakaʻulia ʻi hono tauhi hake ʻo e fānaú, ʻi hono fakaʻatā naʻa mo e fānau īkí ke nau fai ʻa e meʻa kotoa pē ʻoku nau fiemaʻú.” Ko e Kautaha ʻo e Kau Toketā Fakaeʻatamai Pōlaní ʻokú ne loto-tatau mo ia, ʻo pehē: “Ko e ngaahi fakangatangata ʻoku ʻiloʻi ʻe ha taʻu hongofulu tupú ʻoku fakatuʻunga ia ʻi he ngaahi fakangatangata naʻe hilifaki kiate ia ʻi he taimi naʻá ne ʻi he vahaʻa ai ʻo e taʻu tahá mo e taʻu faá. . . . ʻI he ʻunua ki he kotoa ʻo e ngaahi tōʻonga fakafepaki mo e fakaaoao ʻa e kau taʻu hongofulu tupú, ʻoku tau tauhi hake ai pē ʻa e kau pule kakaha.”

Tōʻonga Manakoa “Fakalanga Fehokotaki Fakasino”

Fakafou ʻi he ākengá, tuʻuakí, mītiá, mo e pisinisi heleʻuhilá, “ko e tōʻonga manakoa fakatoʻumeʻá ʻokú ne ngāueʻaki fakaaoao ʻa e toʻoa ʻa e tangatá ʻi he fehokotaki fakasinó,” ko e lau ia ʻa e Polityka Pōlani fakauiké. Fakatatau ki he kau tisainí, “ʻoku fakaʻaiʻai ʻe he ākengá ʻa e tuʻunga fakalanga fehokotaki fakasinó, pea ʻoku fakaʻaiʻai ʻe he fakalanga fehokotaki fakasinó ʻa e ākengá.” Ko e fakakaukau tefitó eni, ‘Ko e lahi ange hoʻo fakaeʻa ho sinó, ko e vave ange ia hono fakatokangaʻi koé.’ ʻI he founga tatau, ko e fehokotaki fakasinó mo e fakalanga ʻo ia ʻi he tuʻuakí “ʻokú ne ʻai ha tuʻuaki ke manatuʻi lahi ange,” ʻo pouaki ai ʻa e ngaahi fakataú, ko e lau ia ʻa Dr. Ewa Szczęsna, ko ha mataotao ʻo e ʻUnivēsiti Warsaw ʻi he tōʻonga semiotic (ngaahi fakaʻilonga mo e ngaahi fakatātā). “Ko e ngaahi fakangatangata ʻo e meʻa ʻoku vakai ki ai ʻokú ne fakatupu ʻa e fakalanga fehokotaki fakasinó kuo lahi ʻene liliú,” ko ʻene tānakí mai ia. Fakatatau ki he Polityka, kuo fakahaaʻi ʻi he taukeí ko e kau tuʻuakí te nau maumauʻi ʻe kinautolu ia ha fakangatangata pē ke maʻu ʻa e paʻangá.

Ko e Totongi ʻo e Movete ʻa e Nofo Malí

Hili hono ʻanalaiso ʻa e ngaahi kupu laka hake he 100 ʻo e fakatotoló naʻe fakahoko ʻo laka hake he hongofuluʻi taʻu ʻe ua, ko Rebecca O’Neill, ko e pule ngāue ʻo e Kulupu Fakatotolo Civitas ki he Fāmilí, ʻokú ne līpooti ʻo pehē “ki he ngaahi faʻē, ngaahi tamai mo e fānau tokolahi, ko e ‘fāmili taʻetamaí’ kuo iku ia ki he masiva, mamahi fakaeongo, mahamahaki, mole ʻa e ngaahi faingamālié, mo ha ʻikai ke tuʻumaʻu.” Fakatatau kia O’Neill, ko e fānau ʻo e ngaahi ʻapi moveté ʻoku “peseti ʻe 50 ʻa e ngalingali ange te nau tofanga ʻi he ngaahi palopalema fakaemoʻuileleí, ko e liunga ua ʻoku ngalingali te nau hola mei ʻapi pea liunga nima ʻa e ngalingali ke nau tofanga ʻi he ngaohikoviá,” ko e līpooti ia ʻa e Sunday Telegraph ʻo Lonitoní. ʻOku tānaki mai ʻe he pepá: “Ko e fānau ʻoku nofo ʻo ʻikai mo ʻenau tamai fakanatulá naʻe toe liunga tolu ʻa e ngalingali te nau maʻu ʻa e faingataʻaʻia ʻi he feohi mo e kakai kehé pea nau palopalemaʻia ʻi he ʻapiakó. ʻI he tuʻunga ko e kau taʻu hongofulu tupú, naʻe liunga ua ʻa e ngalingali te nau inu, ifi, ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi faitoʻo kona tapú, . . . fai ʻa e faihia, fai ʻa e fehokotaki fakasino taʻu siʻi pea hoko ko e ngaahi mātuʻa taʻu hongofulu tupu.” Fakatatau ki he līpōtí, naʻa mo e taimi ʻoku masiva tatau ai mo ʻikai maʻu ha ngaahi monū ʻa e ngaahi hoa malí hangē ko e ngaahi mātuʻa taʻehoá, ko ʻenau fānaú naʻe siʻi ʻa e ngalingali te nau hokosia ʻa e ngaahi palopalema peheé.

Ngaahi Vaka Meilí mo e ʻUlí

“Ko e ngaahi vaka meili tuʻunga fakafiemālie ʻa ia ʻoku nau ʻave ʻa e kau pāsese ʻe laui miliona ʻi he taʻu taki taha ki he ngaahi feituʻu mamaʻo fakaʻofoʻofa taha ʻo e māmaní, ʻoku nau ʻai ke fakatuʻutāmaki ʻa e moʻui ʻi tahí ʻaki ha halanga ʻoku ʻuli,” ko e līpooti ia ʻa e Sunday Times ʻo Lonitoní. Ko ha fuʻu vaka pāsese ʻokú ne ʻave ʻa e kakai ʻe toko 4,000, ʻo kau ai ʻa e kau pāsesé mo e kau ngāué, ʻokú ne tukuange fakaʻaho ʻa e lita ʻe laui mano ʻo e vai ʻuli mei he liú, fakatafenga fale mālōloó, mo e vai ʻuli mei he ngaahi saoá mo e ngaahi fale foó, tānaki atu ki ai ʻa e lita ʻe 70 ʻo e ngaahi kemikale koná mo e toni ʻe fitu ʻo e vevé. ʻI tahi, ko e lahi ʻo e veve ʻoku ʻomai ʻe he kau pāsesé ʻoku lahi mamaʻo ange ia ʻi haʻanau mālōlō ʻeveʻeva ʻi ʻuta. ʻI he 2000, naʻe ʻave ai ʻe he ngaahi vaka meili nai ʻe 240 ʻa e kakai ʻe toko hongofulu miliona ki he ngaahi feituʻu ʻoku lavangofua ke uesia ʻi he tuʻunga fakaeʻātakaí, hangē ko e Fanga Glacier ʻo ʻAlasikaá, ko e ngaahi hakau feo mo e ʻotu motu ʻi he Kalipiané, ngaahi matāfanga ʻiloa ʻi he Metiteleniané, pea naʻa mo e ʻAnitātiká. ʻOku fakafuofua ko e ngaahi vaka lahi ange ʻe 50 ʻe ngāueʻaki ʻi he aʻu ki he 2005. Ko Roger Rufe ʻo e Tokangaʻi ʻo ʻŌsení, ʻokú ne pehē: “Ko e ngaahi folau [mālōlō ʻeveʻeva] ko ʻení ʻoku fakautuutu honau manakoá ka ko e ngaahi vaká ʻoku hangē ia ha ngaahi kolo lalahi ʻoku tētē ʻo ʻikai puleʻi ʻa ʻene tukuange atu ʻa e fakatafenga vai ʻulí mo e vevé.”

Maʻungofua ʻa e Fānaú ʻe he Nikotiní

“ʻOku lava ke maʻu ʻa e fānaú ʻe he tapaká ʻi ha ngaahi ʻaho pē ʻo e kamata ke ifí pea ʻe aʻu nai ʻo maʻunimā kinautolu ʻi he ʻuluaki foʻi sikaletí pē,” ko e fakamulituku ia ʻa ha fakatotolo ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻi he nusipepa Lonitoni The Guardian. “ʻI he lotolotonga ʻo e toʻutupu ʻe toko 332 ʻa ia kuo nau ʻahiʻahiʻi ʻa e tapaká ʻi ha taimi, naʻa mo ha kiʻi foʻi mihi pē ʻe taha, ʻoku līpooti ʻe he 40% ʻa e ngaahi fakaʻilonga ʻo e maʻunimaá. ʻI he lotolotonga ʻo e toko 237 ʻa ia ne nau mihí, naʻe līpooti ʻe he 53% ʻa e ngaahi fakaʻilonga ʻo e maʻunimaá.” Ko e fakatotolo māhina ʻe 30, naʻe taki ʻe Dr. Joseph DiFranza ʻo e ʻUnivēsiti ʻo e Akoʻanga Fakafaitoʻo Massachusetts ʻi he ʻIunaite Seteté, naʻe vakaiʻi ai ʻa e meimei kau ako ʻe toko 700, ʻa ia naʻa nau taʻu 12 mo e 13 ʻi he kamata ʻa e fakatotoló. “Ki muʻa he fakatotoló, naʻe pehē ai ʻoku feʻunga mo e taʻu ʻe ua ke hoko ʻo maʻu ai ʻa e kau leká ʻe he tapaká—ʻa ia ʻe pau ke nau ifi ia he ʻaho kotoa pē, ʻi he tuʻunga ko ha vaeuaʻi puha he ʻaho,” ko e lau ia ʻa DiFranza. “Ko e niʻihi ʻo e kau leka ko ení naʻe maʻu kinautolu ʻi ha ngaahi ʻaho siʻi pē ʻo ʻenau kamata ke ifí. . . . [ʻOku ou] mahaloʻi, ʻi he ngaahi tuʻunga lahi, ko e maʻunimā ʻe he nikotiní ʻoku kamata ia ʻi he ʻuluaki foʻi sikaletí pē.” ʻOku tui ʻa DiFranza ko e kau taʻu hongofulu tupú ʻoku nau moʻuangofua ange ki he maʻunimaá koeʻuhi ko e kei tupu ʻa honau ʻutó. “ʻOku ou saiʻia ke sio ʻoku aʻu ʻa e pōpoakí ki he kau leká ʻe ʻikai lava ke ke ʻahiʻahiʻi ʻa e tapaká. ʻOku ʻikai ha founga ke ifi ʻo hao taʻehanomaumau ai,” ko e lau ia ʻa DiFranza. “ʻOku fiemaʻu ke tau fakatuipauʻi ki he kau leká ko e ʻahiʻahiʻi, naʻa mo e foʻi sikaleti ʻe tahá, ʻe lava ke iku ia ki ha maʻunimā ʻi he kotoa ʻo e moʻuí.”