ʻOku Nau Tokoni ke Hao Moʻui ʻa e Kau Faama ʻi he Sertão

MEI HE TOKOTAHA-TOHI ʻĀ HAKE! ʻI PELĒSILA

KO HA fanga kosi fakafuofua ki he hongofulu milioná ʻoku nau heva holo ʻi he sertãoa, ko e feituʻu ʻoku siʻi ai ʻa e ʻuhá ʻa ia ʻokú ne kāpui ha sikuea kilomita ʻe 1,100,000 ʻo e tokelau-hahake ʻo Pelēsilá. ʻI hení ko e faʻahitaʻu māfaná ko ha māhina ia ʻe hiva ʻo e langi tafitonga, ko ha vela fakaʻulia mo e kelekele kakā mo fefeka. ʻOku puli ʻa e ngaahi vaitafé, ʻoku fakatōlau ʻa e ʻulu ʻakaú, ʻoku havilivili vela mo mōmoa pea ʻoku heva tauʻatāina holo ai pē ʻa e fanga monumanu fāmaʻí ʻi he fekumi ki ha kiʻi mohuku pē ʻe lava ke nau maʻú.

Kae kehe, ko e fanga kosi tuʻufonua ʻo Pelēsilá, ʻoku hā ngali ʻoku ʻikai haʻanau teki ki he ngaahi tuʻunga mōmoá. ʻI he pakukā kovi tahá, ʻoku faai hifo ai ʻa e tokolahi ʻo e tākanga pulú mo e sipí, kae tupulaki ʻa e tokolahi ia ʻo e fanga kosí. ʻOku anga-fēfē ʻenau hoko ʻo hao moʻuí?

Ko ha Ngutu Naʻe Faʻu ke Hao Moʻui

Ko e tokolahi ʻo e kakai ʻoku nau nofo ʻi he sertão ʻoku nau taukaveʻi ʻoku kai ʻe he fanga kosí ha meʻa pē—kau ai ʻa e sū putí, nofoʻá mo e valá. Ko Palōfesa João Ambrósio, ko ha tokotaha fakatotolo ʻi he Senitā Fakafonua ki he Fakatotolo ʻo e Fanga Kosí, ʻi Sobral, ʻi he tokelau-hahake ʻo Pelēsilá, ʻokú ne fakapapauʻi mai ʻoku lava ke hao moʻui ʻa e fanga kosí ʻi ha meʻakai ngalingali ʻokú ne kai taʻefakamolū ʻa ia ʻoku kau ai ʻa e ngaahi akaʻi ʻakaú, lauʻiʻakau mōmoá mo e kili ʻo e ngaahi kalasi ʻakau laka hake he 60. Ko e fanga manu fāmaʻi kehé hangē ko e pulú ʻoku meimei fakafalala ʻataʻatā pē ia ki he musié.

ʻOku ʻaonga ʻa e ʻikai ke loko kai filifilí, ka ʻoku ʻomai ʻe he ngutu ʻo e kosí kiate ia ha ʻaonga pau. ʻOku fakahaaʻi ʻe Ambrósio ʻoku maʻu ʻe he fanga pulú ʻa e meʻakaí ʻaki honau ʻeleló pea ʻoku ʻikai ke nau malava ʻo filifili ha lauʻiʻakau ʻe taha pe ko ha kili ʻo ha ʻakau. Kae kehe, ko e fanga kosí ia, ʻoku nau ngāueʻaki honau ngutu īkí, loungutu moluú mo e nifo māsilá ke filiʻi pea toki toʻo mai ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi konga fakatupu moʻui lelei taha ʻo e ʻakaú. Ko e malava ko eni ke kumi mo filifili ʻa e meʻakai ʻoku tāiʻí kuo ongoongoa ai ʻa e kosí ʻi hono fakaʻauha ʻo e ngoué. “Ko e tangatá ke tukuakiʻí he ko ia ʻokú ne fakamālohiʻi ʻa e kosí ke moʻui ʻi he ngaahi tuʻunga peheé. ʻOku feinga pē ʻa e kosí ia ke hao moʻui,” ko e lau ia ʻa Ambrósio.

ʻOku ʻAonga Hono Tauhi ʻo e Fanga Kosí

ʻOku ʻikai ke fakaʻohovale ʻa hono maʻu ko ia ʻe he fanga kosi tuʻufonua mālohí ha ngafa mahuʻinga ʻi he faama pē ki he kaí ʻi he sertão. Ki he ngaahi fāmili lahi ko ha maʻuʻanga mahuʻinga kinautolu ʻo e polotiní. Koeʻuhi ʻe lava ke mamafa ʻa e totongi ʻo e pulú, ko e kosi tunú pe haká mo e buxada (pitoiʻaki ʻa e kete ʻo e kosí ʻa e toʻotoʻonga kuo hifi iiki mo e laise) ko ha meʻakai anga-maheni ia. Ko e kili ʻo e kosí ʻoku fakatau atu ia ki he ngaahi fale ngāue ngaohiʻanga letá ke maʻu ai ha paʻanga hū mai lahi ange. Ko ia ai, ʻi ha meʻa fakavavevave, ʻoku faingofua pē ʻa e ala maʻu ʻo e kosí ki ha paʻanga ke fakatau mai ʻaki ʻa e faitoʻó pe ko e ngaahi fiemaʻu kehé.

Ko ha toe ʻaonga ʻe taha he ko e fanga kosí ʻoku nau meimei tauhi pē kinautolu. Lolotonga ʻa e ʻahó ʻoku kaikai fakataha ai ʻa e fanga kiʻi tākanga īkí ʻi he caatinga, pe vaotā talatala taʻeʻāʻí. ʻI he mamalu ʻa e poʻulí, ʻoku ʻiloʻi ʻe he fanga kosí ʻa e leʻo ʻo honau tauhí, pea ʻoku nau taki taha foki talangofua ki honau ʻā mavahe ʻo kinautolú. ʻOku faʻa toki kau mai ki ai ʻa e tokotaha fāmá lolotonga ʻa e faʻahitaʻu fakafanaú ʻataʻatā pē ʻa ia ʻokú ne fili ai ʻa e fanga kosi te ne tāmateʻí, faitoʻo ʻa e fanga kosi mahakí pea fakaʻilongaʻi ʻa e fanga kiʻi ʻuhikí. ʻOku faingofua ʻaupito hono tauhi hake ʻa e fanga kosí he naʻa mo e kau nofo he koló ʻoku nau faʻa tauhi ha niʻihi ʻi heʻenau ngoue he toumuí, pe ʻoku nau fakaʻatā kinautolu ke nau heva takai holo ʻi he koló, neongo ʻa hono tapui ʻe he lao fakalotofonuá. ʻOku ʻikai fakaʻohovale ke sio ki ha kosi ʻoku kaikai holo ʻi he malaʻe fakakoló.

Kuo fakamoʻoniʻi ʻe he meʻa kuo hokosia ʻi he laui senitulí ko hono tauhi ʻo e fanga kosí ʻoku ʻaonga, tautautefito ki he fanga kiʻi faama īkí. ʻOku lahi tatau pē ʻa e ngāue mo e konga kelekele ki hono tauhi ʻa e kosi ʻe valú mo ia ki hono tauhi ha pulu ʻe tahá. Pea fakakaukau atu: Tau pehē pē ʻoku maʻu ʻe ha tokotaha faama ha pulu ʻe nima. Kapau ʻe mate ha taha, ʻoku fakafofongaʻi ʻe he meʻa ko iá ha mole ʻo e peseti ʻe 20 ʻi heʻene tākangá. Ka tau pehē pē naʻe ʻikai ko ha pulu ʻe 5, ka naʻá ne tauhi hake ha kosi ʻe 40. Ko ha tākanga pehē ʻe fiemaʻu nai ki ai ha konga kelekele pea mo e ngāue tatau. Ko e mate ʻa ha kosi ʻe tahá ʻokú ne fakafofongaʻi ha mole ʻo e peseti pē ʻe 2.5. ʻOku faingofua ke mahinoʻi ʻa e ʻuhinga ʻoku vakai ai ha ngaahi fāmili Pelēsila nai ʻe miliona ki he fanga kosí ko ha faʻahinga maluʻi fakalao ia ki he laʻalaʻaá mo e mate ʻa e ngoué.

Ngaahi Fakaʻaiʻai ke Ngāue Mālohi

Ko e Vahefonua Bahia ko e nofoʻanga ia ki he niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi tākanga tokolahi taha ʻo e fanga kosí, ʻa ia ʻoku ʻi he laui afé honau tokolahí. Kuo pehē tokua ʻi Uauá, ko ha kiʻi kolo tuʻu loto fonua ʻi he kilomita nai ʻe 800 mei he kolomuʻa ʻo e vahefonuá, ʻoku tokolahi ange ai ʻa e fanga kosí ia ʻi he kau nofo aí ʻaki ʻa e 5 ki he 1. ʻOku meimei ko e maʻuʻanga moʻui kotoa ʻa e kiʻi koló ʻoku fakatuʻunga ia ʻi hono tauhi ʻo e fanga kosí pe ngaahi ngāue felāveʻi mo iá. ʻOku faʻa fakakataʻaki ʻe he kau nofo aí, “ʻI Uauá ko e fanga kosí ia ʻoku nau tauhi ʻa e tangatá, ʻo ʻikai ko e tangatá ʻokú ne tauhi ʻa e fanga kosí.”

ʻOku fāʻeleʻi ʻa e ʻuluaki fanga kiʻi ʻuhikiʻi kosí ʻi Mē, ʻa ia ko e māhina nai ia ʻe nima hili ʻa e kamataʻanga ʻo e faʻahitaʻu fakafanaú. Ko e kau tauhi kosi līʻoá ʻoku nau ngāue mei he faá hengihengi ʻo aʻu ki he fitú poʻuli ʻi hono fakatahatahaʻi, fakainu mo fakahaofi ʻa e fanga kiʻi ʻuhikiʻi kosi ʻoku hē mo ʻi he tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmakí. Ko e kau tauhi kosi pōtoʻí ʻoku nau lafoʻi ʻo tatau ʻa e laui teau ʻo e fanga kosi fefiné he ʻaho taki taha ke taʻofi ʻa e ngaahi ʻuhiki toki fāʻeleʻí mei haʻanau huhu tōtuʻa ʻo mate. ʻOku toe fiemaʻu foki ʻa e tokanga ke faitoʻo ʻa e ngaahi lavelaveá pea mo hono kai ʻe he langó, he ʻe lava ke ne fakatupunga ai ʻa e fanga kiʻi avaava ʻi he kili ʻo e kosí pea holo ai ʻa hono mahuʻinga fakakomēsialé.

Ko hono tokangaʻi ʻo e fanga kosí ʻi he founga ko ení ko ha ngāue ia ʻo e ʻofa—ka ʻoku ʻikai ke taʻeʻiai ʻa hono ngaahi ʻaonga fakafoʻituitui. Ko e founga tukufakaholo quarteação [fakakuata] ʻo e totongi ʻoku ngāueʻaki ʻi Uauá mo e ngaahi feituʻu ʻuta kehé ʻoku fakapaleʻi ai ʻa e kau tauhi manu faivelengá. ʻOku foaki kia kinautolu ʻa e ʻuhikiʻi kosi ʻe 1 mei he ʻuhiki ʻe 4 kotoa pē ʻoku fāʻeleʻi ʻi he faʻahitaʻu fakafanau taki taha—ko e 1 mei he ʻuhiki ʻe 3 kotoa pē ʻi he taimi ʻoku loto-fiefoaki lahi ange ai ʻa e tokotaha ʻoku haʻana ʻa e tākangá. ʻOku ʻoange ki he ʻuhikiʻi kosi taki taha ha fika, pea ʻoku fili tavale pē ʻa e ngaahi fika fakaʻilongá mei ha ipu. Koeʻuhi ʻe tō tatau nai ʻa e filí ʻi ha kosi heke pe moʻui lelei, tutue pe sino, ʻe tokangaʻi ʻe he kau tangata tauhi manú ʻa e tākangá ʻo hangē pē ko haʻanautolú.

Maʻu e Meʻa Lahi Ange mei he Fanga Kosi Tuʻufonuá

Ko e fanga kosi Pelēsilá ko e hako kinautolu ʻo e ngaahi kalasi ko ia naʻe ʻomi ʻe he kau fuofua nofo ʻIulopé ʻi he konga ki muʻa ʻo e 1500 tupú. Ka neongo iá, ko e fanga kosi tuʻufonuá ʻi he tuʻunga fakalūkufuá ʻoku nau iiki ange pea nau ʻomai ʻa e huʻakau siʻisiʻi ange ia ʻi honau ngaahi tupuʻanga mei ʻIulopé.

Ko e fakatātaá, ko e canindé Pelēsilá, ʻokú ne tokonaki mai ha lita huʻakau siʻisiʻi fau ʻi he ʻaho, lolotonga ia ko hono faʻahinga tatau ko ia ʻi ʻIulopé, ʻa e kosi ʻalapaini Pilitāniá, ʻokú ne lava ke ʻomai ha lita ʻe 3.8. ʻI ha ngaahi hongofuluʻi taʻu, ko e fakaʻamu ia ʻa e kau fāmá mo e kau mataotao ngoue tokolahi ke fakatahaʻi ʻa e mālohi ʻo e kosi tuʻufonuá mo e malava fakaefakatupu huʻakau ko ia ʻa hono tupuʻanga mulí. ʻI he founga ko iá “ko e pulu ko ia ʻa e tangata masivá,” ʻi he ʻuhinga ʻa e tokolahi ki he kosí, ʻe lava ke hoko ko e maʻuʻanga paʻanga lahi ia ʻa e tokotaha faama ʻo e sertão.

Ko hono fakatouʻia fekolosiʻaki ko ia ʻa e fanga kosi tuʻufonuá mo e fanga kosi mulí kuo fakamoʻoniʻi ʻene hoko ko ha founga vave ia ki hono ʻai ke tupu fakautuutu ʻa e sino ʻo e monumanú mo e huʻakau te ne fakatupú. Ne lavameʻa ha kulupu fakatotolo ngoue ʻi he Vahefonua Paraíba, ʻi he tokelau-hahake ʻo Pelēsilá, ʻi hono fakatouʻia fekolosiʻaki ʻa e fanga kosi tuʻufonuá mo e kalasi kehekehe ko ia mei ʻĪtali, Siamane mo Pilitāniá. Naʻe iku ai heni ki he fanga monumanu lalahi ange ʻoku nau fekuki mo e ngaahi tuʻunga mōmoá pea toe lahi ange ʻa e huʻakau ʻoku nau ʻomaí. Ko e kalasi kehekehe ko ia naʻa nau ʻomai ki muʻa ha huʻakau siʻisiʻi ange he lita ʻi he ʻahó kuo nau ʻomai he taimí ni ʻa e huʻakau ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e lita ʻe 2.2 mo e 3.8.

Kuo fakahoko ʻe he senitā fakatotolo ko ia ʻi Sobral ha fakatotolo ʻaonga tatau ʻa ia ʻoku maʻamaʻa ange ke fakahoko. Kuo fakatokangaʻi ʻe he kau fakatotoló naʻe saiʻia ʻa e fanga kosí ʻi he lau ʻo ha ʻuluʻakau pau. Kae kehe, ko e lau ko ení naʻe toki hoko ʻo ala maʻu pē ia ʻi he taimi naʻe fakatōlau ai pea ngangana ʻa e lau ʻo e ʻuluʻakaú. Ke fakalahi ʻa e maʻuʻanga meʻakai ko ení, naʻe ʻauhani ai mei ha ʻuluʻakau ʻe niʻihi ʻa e kotoa ʻo e ngaahi vaʻa naʻe ʻi ʻolunga ʻi ha māʻolunga pau. Naʻe fakatupunga ai heni ke huli māʻulalo ange ʻa e ngaahi vaʻa ʻo e fuʻu ʻakaú, ʻo malava ke aʻu ki ai ʻa e fanga kosí. Ko e hā ʻa e olá? ʻOku tupu ʻo liunga fā ʻa e mamafa ʻo e fanga kosi ʻoku nau kaikai ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu kuo teuteuʻi makehe ko ení.

Neongo ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau foʻou ko ení, ko e faʻahinga ʻoku nau maʻu ʻa e tākanga siʻisiʻí te nau kei fetaulaki pē nai mo ha palopalema ʻa ia ʻoku hangehangē ʻe ʻikai ke lava ʻo solova ʻe he fakatotolo fakasaienisí. Ko e hā ia? Hangē ko ia naʻe fakamatala ʻe ha tokotaha faama, “ʻoku hoko ʻa e fanga kosí ʻo maheni mo e kakai ʻoku nau tokangaʻi kinautolú, pea ʻoku nau hoko ai ko e fanga pusiaki. Ko ia ko hono tāmateʻi ha tahá ʻe lava ke hoko ko ha palopalema.” ʻOku ʻikai pē ke fie māvae ʻa e kau tauhí ia mo ʻenau fanga pusiakí! ʻE lava ke hoko ko ha toe ʻuhinga ia ʻe taha ki he hao moʻui ʻa e kosí?

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Puha/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 15]

Ko e Moʻoni Fekauʻaki mo e Huʻakau ʻo e Kosí

ʻOku pehē ʻe he tokolahi ʻoku faingataʻa hono fakamoluú; ʻoku pehē ʻe he niʻihi ia ʻoku ʻi ai hono faʻahinga nanamu. Kae ʻoua ʻe tui ki he ngaahi fakamatala hala fekauʻaki mo e huʻakau ʻo e kosí. Kapau ʻokú ke faingataʻaʻia ʻi hono fakamolū ʻa e huʻakau ʻo e pulú, ʻe lava lelei nai ʻe hoʻo toketaá pe mataotao fakafuofua meʻakaí ke hikiʻi atu ko hano fetongi, ha ngaahi meʻa kehe ʻa ia ʻoku ngaohi mei he huʻakau kosí. Neongo ʻoku lahi ange ai ʻa e polotiní mo e ngakó, ʻoku siʻisiʻi ange mo faingofua ange ʻa hono fakamolū hono ngakó. Kae fēfē hono nanamú?

Ko hono moʻoní, ʻoku ʻikai ha nanamu ia ʻo e huʻakau kosí. Kapau te ke fakatokangaʻi ha nanamu mālohi pe taʻefeʻunga, ʻoku hoko nai iá koeʻuhí naʻe tatau ʻa e kosí ʻi ha ngaahi tuʻunga ʻoku ʻikai ke maʻa pe naʻe fuʻu vāofi ia mo ha kosi tangata. ʻOku fakatupu ʻe he ngaahi lama fakanamulelei ʻi mui ʻi he ongo meʻatui ʻo e kosi tangatá ha hōmone ʻa ia ʻokú ne tohoakiʻi ʻa e kosi fefiné. Kae kehe, ʻoku uesia ʻe he hōmoné ʻa e meʻa kotoa pē ʻoku pā ki ai ʻa e kosi tangatá.

[Maʻuʻanga]

CNPC–Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Caprinos (Sobral, CE, Brasil)

[Mape ʻi he peesi 13]

(Ki he konga tohi kuo fokotuʻu kakato, sio ki he tohi)

Ko e “Sertão”

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 14]

ʻOku ngāueʻaki ʻe he kosí ʻa hono ngutu kuo faʻu leleí ke filifili ʻa e ngaahi konga lelei taha ʻo ha ʻakau

[Maʻuʻanga]

Dr. João Ambrósio–EMBRAPA (CNPC)

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 13]

Mape: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.; fanga kosi: CNPC—Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Caprinos (Sobral, CE, Brasil)