Founga Naʻe Hoko Ai ha Kiʻi Kolo Toutai ko ha Kolo Lahí

MEI HE TOKOTAHA-TOHI ʻĀ HAKE! ʻI SIAPANI

ʻI HA ʻaho fakaʻofoʻofa he taimi māfaná ʻi ʻAokosi 1590, naʻe tūʻuta ai ʻa Ieyasu Tokugawa (toʻomataʻu), ʻa ia naʻe hoko ki mui ko e ʻuluaki Tokugawa ia ke hoko ko e shogun ʻo Siapaní,a ʻi he kiʻi kolo toutai ko Edo ʻi he fakahahake ʻo Siapaní. ʻI he taimi ko iá “ko e fanga kiʻi fale masivesiva pē ʻe laui teau siʻi naʻe tuʻu ʻi Edo, ʻa ia ko e fanga kiʻi fale ʻo e kau māʻulalo mo e kau toutai,” ko e fakamatala ia ʻa e tohi ko e Shogun’s City—A History of Tokyo. Naʻe tuʻu he feituʻú ha kolotau liʻaki ʻa ia ne langa ʻi he taʻu ʻe teau tupu ki muʻa.

Ko e koló ni, ʻa ia naʻe tanumia ʻo pulia ʻi he laui senituli, naʻe ʻikai ngata pē heʻene hoko ko Tōkiō, ko e kolomuʻa ʻo Siapaní, ka ʻoku toe hoko foki ko ha fuʻu kolo lahi moʻumoʻua—he ko e kakai ʻe toko 12 miliona tupu ʻoku nofo he feituʻu kolomuʻa ʻo Tōkioó. ʻE hoko ʻa Tōkiō ko e senitā fakaemāmani lahi ia ʻo e tekinolosiá, fetuʻutaki fakaʻilekitulōniká, fefonongaʻakí, mo e komēsialé, pehē foki ko e senitā ia ʻo e ngaahi kautaha tuʻu-ki-muʻa fakapaʻangá. Naʻe anga-fēfē ʻa e hoko e liliu fakaofo ko ení?

Mei he Kolo Toutaí ki he Kolo Lahi ʻo e Shogun

ʻI ha senituli hili ʻa e 1467, naʻe vahevahe ai ʻa Siapani ki ha ngaahi tofiʻa ʻi he fetauʻaki ʻa e ngaahi ʻeiki maʻu tofiʻá. Naʻe faifai atu pē ʻo hanga ai ʻe Hideyoshi Toyotomi, ko ha ʻeiki maʻu tofiʻa naʻe tupu masiva, ʻo toe fakatahaʻi ha konga ʻo e puleʻangá, ʻo hoko ai ki he pule fakaʻemipolá ʻi he 1585. ʻI he kamatá, naʻe tau ai ʻa Ieyasu mo e tokotaha mālohi ko Hideyoshi, ka naʻá ne fakatahaʻi ki mui ʻene ngaahi kongakaú ʻo faʻahi mo ia. Naʻá na ʻākoloʻi fakataha ʻo puke ʻa e kāsolo ʻi Odawara, pehē ki he kolotau ʻo e matakali Hōjō mālohí, pea ikunaʻi ai ʻa e vahefonua Kanto ʻi he fakahahake ʻo Siapaní.

Naʻe foaki ʻe Hideyoshi kia Ieyasu ʻa e fuʻu feituʻu ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e vahefonua ʻe valu ʻo Kanto, ko e lahi taha aí ko e vahefonua ia ki muʻa ʻo e matakali Hōjō, ʻo hiki fakahahake ai ʻa Ieyasu mei hono muʻaki nofoʻangá. ʻOku ngalingali ko ha ngaʻunu eni ne ʻosi palaniʻi ke mamaʻo ai ʻa Ieyasu mei Kyoto, ʻa ia naʻe nofo ai ʻa e ʻemipolá—ko e taki ʻo Siapaní. Neongo ʻa e meʻa ko iá, naʻe loto-lelei ki ai ʻa Ieyasu, pea naʻá ne tūʻuta ai ʻi Edo ʻo hangē ko ia naʻe fakamatala ki ai ʻi he kamatá. Naʻá ne kamata leva ke liliu ʻa e kiʻi kolo toutai māʻulalo ko ení ko e kolomuʻa ia ʻo ʻene pule ko e shogun.

Hili e mate ʻa Hideyoshi, naʻe taki ai ʻe Ieyasu ha ngaahi kongakau fakatahataha, ko e tokolahi taha aí mei he fakahahake ʻo Siapaní, ʻo nau tau mo e ngaahi kongakau mei he hihifó, pea ʻi he 1600, naʻá ne ikuna ai ʻi he taú ʻa ia naʻe fai ʻi ha ʻaho pē ʻe taha. ʻI he 1603, naʻe fakanofo ai ʻa Ieyasu ko e shogun, ʻo ne hoko ai ko e pule moʻoni ʻo e fonuá. Naʻe hoko he taimi ko iá ʻa Edo ko e senitā foʻou ia naʻe puleʻi mei ai ʻa Siapaní.

Naʻe tuʻutuʻuni ʻa Ieyasu ki he ngaahi ʻeiki maʻu tofiʻá ke nau ʻomai ʻa e kau tangata pea mo e naunau ke langaʻaki ke ʻosi ha fuʻu kāsolo lahi fakaʻulia. ʻI he taimi ʻe taha naʻe ngāueʻaki ai ʻa e ngaahi vaka ʻe 3,000 nai ke uta ʻa e ngaahi fuʻu kongokonga maka kalānite ʻa ia naʻe keli mei he lilifa ʻo e Muitolotolo Izu, ʻoku kilomita nai ʻe 100 ki he tongá. ʻI hono fakahifo ʻo e maka kalānité ʻi he taulangá, naʻe toho ai ʻe ha timi ʻo e kau tangata ʻe toko teau pe tokolahi ange ai ʻa e ngaahi fuʻu maká ki he faiʻanga langá.

Ko e kāsoló, ʻa ia naʻe lahi ange ia ʻi ha toe kāsolo pē ʻi Siapani, naʻe toki kakato ʻi he taʻu ʻe 50 ki mui ai, lolotonga ʻa e pule ʻa e shogun hono tolú, pea ko ha fakaʻilonga fakaueʻiloto ia ʻo e pule mafai lahi ʻa Tokugawa. Ko e kau samulai, pe kau tau, ʻa ia naʻa nau tauhi ki he shogun naʻa nau nofo takatakai ʻi he kāsoló. Naʻe fiemaʻu ʻe he shogun ke tauhi ʻe he ngaahi ʻeiki maʻu tofiʻá ha ngaahi fuʻu nofoʻanga lalahi ʻi Edo ʻo tānaki atu ki he ngaahi kāsoló ʻi he feituʻu naʻa nau pule aí.

Ke fakalato ʻa e ngaahi fiemaʻu ʻa e kau samulai ne nau kamata nofo aí, naʻe fakautuutu ʻa e fakatahataha mai ki ai ʻa e ngaahi kulupu ʻo e kau mēsianiti mo e kau pōtoʻi tufunga mei he fonuá takatakai. ʻI he 1695—ko ha senituli nai hili ʻa e hū ʻa Ieyasu ki he feituʻú—naʻe tupu ai ʻa e tokolahi ʻo Edo ʻo aʻu ki he taha miliona! Naʻe hoko ia ko e kolo tokolahi taha he māmaní ʻi he taimi ko iá.

Mei he Heletaá ki he ʻApakasí

Naʻe mātuʻaki ola lelei ʻa e pule ʻa e shogun ʻi hono tauhi ʻo e melinó ʻo siʻi ai e ngāue ke fai ʻe he kau taú. Ko e moʻoni, naʻe kei pōlepole pē ʻa e kau samulaí ʻi heʻenau ngāué, ka ko e mālohi ʻo e kalasi ne nau ngāueʻaki ʻa e heletaá naʻe māmālie pē ʻene hōloa kae mālohi ʻa e kalasi mēsianiti naʻa nau ngāueʻaki ʻa e ʻapakasí, ʻa e founga fika naʻe manakoa ʻi he Hahaké. Naʻe hokohoko atu ai ha vahaʻa taimi ʻo e melino ʻo laka hake ʻi he taʻu ʻe 250. Ko e kau siviliané fakalūkufua, tautefito ki he kau mēsianití, naʻa nau tuʻumālie fakamatelie pea nau maʻu ʻa e tauʻatāina lahi ange. Naʻe tupu ai ha anga fakafonua makehe.

Naʻe ō ʻa e kakaí ʻo mamata ʻi he ngaahi faiva ʻiloa ko e Kabuki (ngaahi tulama fakahisitōlia), ko e Bunraku (fale faiva tamapua fusi ʻaki ʻa e afó), mo e rakugo (talanoa fakakata). Lolotonga ʻa e ngaahi efiafi vela he taimi māfaná, naʻe fakatahataha ai ʻa e kakaí ki he ngaahi kauvai mokomoko ʻo e Vaitafe Sumida, ʻa ia naʻe tuʻu ai ʻa Edo. Naʻa nau toe mamata ai ʻi he ngaahi fana ʻone, ko ha tōʻonga manakoa ʻoku hokohoko atu ʻo aʻu mai ki he ʻahó ni.

Kae kehe, ne kei taʻeʻiloa ai pē ʻa Edo ki he toenga ʻo e māmaní. Laka hake he taʻu ʻe 200, naʻe tapui ai ʻa e fonuá mei he fetuʻutaki mo e kau mulí tuku kehe pē—ʻi ha tuʻunga mātuʻaki fakangatangata—ʻa e kau Hōlaní, kau Siainá mo e kau Kōleá. ʻI he ʻaho leva ʻe taha, naʻe liliu ai ʻe ha meʻa taʻeʻamanekina ʻa e natula ʻo e koló mo e fonuá.

Mei he Edo ki he Tōkiō

Fakafokifā pē naʻe ʻasi ofi ʻi he matāfonua ʻo Edo ha ngaahi vaka hā ngali-kehe naʻe ʻalu hake mei ai ki he ʻataá ha kohu lanu ʻuliʻuli. Ko e kau toutai moʻutāfuʻuá naʻa nau fakakaukau ko e ngaahi moʻunga afi ia naʻe tētē! Naʻe mafola holo ʻi Edo ha ngaahi talanoa fakailifia, ʻo tupu mei ai ha fetukutuku ʻa e fuʻu tokolahi.

Ko e ngaahi vaka ko iá, ko ha laulā vaka ʻe fā naʻe taki ai ʻa Kamatoa Matthew C. Perry ʻo e Tau Tahi ʻAmeliká, naʻe lī taula ʻi he Fanga Edo ʻi Siulai 8, 1853 (toʻohema). Naʻe kole ai ʻe Perry ki he puleʻanga shogun ke fakaʻatā ʻa Siapani ke fefakatauʻaki mo hono fonuá. Naʻe hoko ʻi he ʻaʻahi ʻa Perry ʻo ʻiloʻi ai ʻe he kau Siapaní ʻa e fuʻu tōmui ʻa Siapani mei he toenga ʻo e māmaní ʻi he tuʻunga fakakautaú mo e fakalakalaka fakatekinolosiá.

Naʻe kamataʻi ʻe he meʻá ni ʻa e hokohoko ʻo ha ngaahi meʻa ʻo aʻu ki he tō ʻa e pule Tokugawa pea mo e fokotuʻu ʻa e pule fakaʻemipolá. ʻI he 1868, naʻe toe ui ai ʻa Edo ko Tōkiō, ko hono ʻuhingá ko e “Kolomuʻa Fakahahake,” ʻo fakahaaʻi ai ʻa hono tuʻuʻangá ʻi he sio atu ki ai mei Kyoto. Naʻe hiki ʻe he ʻemipolá ʻa hono nofoʻangá mei he palasi ʻi Kyoto ki he kāsolo Edo, ʻa ia naʻe liliu ki mui ko e Palasi Fakaʻemipola foʻou.

ʻI he malumalu ʻo e tākiekina ʻa e tōʻonga ʻa e Hihifó, naʻe kamata ai ʻe he puleʻanga foʻoú ha ngāue ko hono ʻai ke fakaeonopooni ange ʻa Siapani. Naʻe lahi ʻaupito ʻa e ngāue ke faí. ʻOku lave ʻa e niʻihi ki he vahaʻa taimi ko ení ko e taimi fakaemana. ʻI he 1869 naʻe fokotuʻu ai ha ngāue mākoni ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo Tōkiō mo Yokohama. Naʻe hoko vave atu ai ʻa hono fakatoka ʻa e ʻuluaki halanga lēlue naʻá ne fakafehokotaki ʻa e ongo koló. Tuaiekemo naʻe langa ʻa e ngaahi fale piliki ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e ngaahi fale papá. Naʻe langa ʻa e ngaahi pangikē, hōtele, falekoloa mo e ngaahi fale kai. Naʻe fokotuʻu ai mo e fuofua ngaahi ʻunivēsití. Naʻe fetongi ʻe he ngaahi hala tanu ʻa e ngaahi hala kelekelé. Naʻe fefolauʻaki ʻa e ngaahi sitima ʻi he Vaitafe Sumida.

Naʻa mo e kakaí naʻa nau hā kehe. Ko e tokolahi tahá naʻa nau tui ʻa e kīmono fakafonuá, ka naʻe faai pē ʻo tokolahi ʻa e kau Siapani naʻa nau ʻahiʻahiʻi ʻa e vala ʻo e Hihifó. Naʻe tuku kava ʻa e kakai tangatá pea nau ngāueʻaki ʻa e tatā mo e tokotoko, pea ko e niʻihi ʻo e kakai fefiné, ʻi honau ngaahi kofu fakaʻofoʻofá, naʻa nau ako e hulohula uolosí.

Naʻe tānaki atu ʻa e piá ki he saké ko ha inu manakoa, pea naʻe hoko ʻo meimei manakoa tatau ʻa e peisipoló mo e fangatua sumó ʻa ia ko e sipoti manakoa ʻa e fonuá. Naʻe puke ʻe he kakai Tōkioó ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau fakafonua mo fakapolitikale manakoa ʻo e taimi ko iá, ʻo ngāueʻaki. Naʻe tupu ʻo tokolahi fakautuutu ʻa e koló—ʻo aʻu ki he ʻaho ʻa ia naʻe hoko ai ha fakatamaki.

Mahiki Hake mei he Efuefú

ʻI Sepitema 1, 1923, lolotonga hono teuteu ʻe he tokolahi ʻenau kai hoʻataá, naʻe luluʻi ai ʻe ha fuʻu mofuike lahi ʻa e feituʻu Kanto, pea hokohoko atu ai ʻa e fanga kiʻi mofuike iiki ʻe laui teau, fakataha mo ha fuʻu lulu lahi fakaʻulia ʻi he houa ʻe 24 ki mui ai. Neongo ko e maumau tonu mei he mofuiké naʻe fakatupu ʻauha, ko e meʻa naʻe toe lahi ange ʻene fakaʻauhá ko e vela naʻe tupu mei ai ʻo ne tutuʻi ʻa e konga lahi ʻo Tōkiō ʻo ʻosiʻosingamālie. ʻI hono fakakātoá, naʻe mate ai ʻa e kakai laka hake he toko 100,000, ko e toko 60,000 ai ʻi Tōkiō.

Naʻe kamata ʻe he kakai ʻo Tōkioó ʻa e fuʻu ngāue lahi fakaʻulia ko hono toe langa ʻo honau koló. Hili ʻene fakaakeake ʻo aʻu ki ha tuʻunga pau, naʻe toe tofanga ai ʻa e koló ʻi ha ngaahi fakatamaki lalahi—ʻi hono laku pomuʻi ʻe he ngaahi laulā vakapuna lolotonga ʻa e Tau II ʻa Māmaní. Ko e meʻa naʻe tautefito ʻene fakatupu ʻauhá ko e ngaahi foʻi pomu fakafuofua ki he 700,000 naʻe laku hifo ʻi he pō 9/10, ʻo Maʻasi, 1945, mei he tuʻuapoó ʻo aʻu nai ki he tolu hengihengí. Ko e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi langá naʻe ngaohi mei he papá, pea ko e ngaahi foʻi pomu—naipami mo e pomu afi naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e makanesiume mo e penisiní—naʻe vela ai ʻa e feituʻu feʻefiʻefihi ʻi he loto koló, ʻo mate ai ʻa e kakai laka hake he toko 77,000. Ko e foʻi laku pomu fakatupu ʻauha lahi taha ia ʻi he hisitōliá naʻe ngāueʻaki ai ʻa e ngaahi meʻatau ʻikai fakaeʻātomí.

Neongo ʻa e fakatamakí, ko Tōkiō ʻi he hili ʻa e taú, naʻe mahiki hake ia mei he efuefú ʻi ha tuʻunga taʻehanotatau ʻo hoko ko ha kolo ne toe langa. ʻI he 1964, siʻi hifo he taʻu ʻe 20 ki muí, naʻe fakaakeake ai ʻa e koló ʻo aʻu ki he tuʻunga naʻe lava ke fakahoko ai ʻa e Sipoti ʻOlimipiki ʻi he Taimi Māfaná. Ko e taʻu ʻe fāngofulu kuohilí kuo fakahoko ai ʻa e ngaahi langa lalahi hokohoko ʻo kāpui ʻe he ngaahi hala sima mo e ngaahi falé ʻa e ngaahi feituʻu lahi ʻo e koló pea toe ʻalu foki ʻi he ʻataá.

Ikuʻi ʻa e Palopalemá ʻe he Fakakaukau ʻa e Kakai Tōkioó

ʻI hono taʻu 400, ko e kolo lahi ko ia ʻoku ʻiloa he taimí ni ko Tōkioó ʻoku ʻikai moʻoni ke motuʻa ia ʻi hono fakahoa atu ki he ngaahi kolo lalahi kehe ʻo e māmaní. Neongo ʻoku kei ʻi he ngaahi konga ʻe niʻihi ʻo e koló ʻa e ʻatimosifia ʻo e ngaahi ʻaho he kuohilí, ʻi hono fakalūkufuá, ʻoku siʻi ʻaupito ʻa e ngaahi toetoenga fale mo e langa ne toe mai mei he kuohilí. Kae kehe, ʻoku hā mei ha vakai ofi ki he koló ha sīpinga ʻa ia naʻe tupu mei he ngaahi ʻaho ʻo Edo ʻi he kuonga muʻá.

ʻI he senitā ʻo Tōkioó ʻoku ʻi ai ha fuʻu konga kelekele ʻo e ʻakau lau mata. Ko e Palasi Fakaʻemipolá mo hono kelekele takatakaí ʻoku tuʻu ia he taimí ni ʻi he tuʻuʻanga tofu pē ko ia naʻe tuʻu ai ʻa e muʻaki kāsolo Edo. ʻOku ʻalu atu mei heni ʻo hangē ha filo ʻo ha kupenga hiná, ʻa e ngaahi hala lalahí ʻo kamata mei he kolo lahí, ʻi he muimui ki he sīpinga tefito ʻo Edo. Naʻa mo e fokotuʻutuʻu taʻepalani ʻo e ngaahi halá ʻoku maʻu ai ha fanga kiʻi hala fihifihi ʻi he kotoa ʻo e koló ʻo fakamanatu mai ai ʻa Edo ʻo e kuonga muʻá. Ko hono moʻoní, ko e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi halá ʻoku ʻikai hanau hingoa! ʻI he kehe mei he ngaahi poloka sīpinga fekolosiʻaki ʻa ē ʻoku ʻi he ngaahi kolo lalahi kehe ʻo e māmaní, ʻoku ʻi Tōkiō ha ngaahi konga kelekeke lahi ʻi he sīpinga mo e lalahi kehekehe.

Ko e meʻa tuʻu-ki-muʻa taha ʻoku kei toé ko e fakakaukau ʻa e kakai Tōkioó—ʻa e malava ke nau puke meʻa foʻoú, tautefito ki he ngaahi fakakaukau mulí, mo e lava ke fakaakeake mo fakapapauʻi ke laka ki muʻa neongo ʻa e ngaahi mofuiké, ko ha tōlalo fuoloa ʻa e tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmiká mo e ngaahi palopalema ʻi he fuʻu tokolahi hono kakaí. Haʻu ʻo sio tonu ʻi he fakakaukau longomoʻui ʻa e kakai Tōkioó—ʻa e kiʻi kolo toutai ʻa ia kuo malanga hake mei he taʻeʻiloá ki ha tuʻunga ʻiloa fakavahaʻapuleʻanga.

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