Ɔfã 2

So Abɔde A Wonim Nyansa Wɔ Hɔ?

ABƆDE a wonim nyansa a nnipa hwehwɛ wɔ wim no akɔ anim wɔ ɔkwan bi so, anyin. Wɔde wɔn adwene asi so kɛse bɛyɛ mfe 21 ni.

Sɛ nhwɛso no, Ɔman Radio Ɔsoro Abɔde mu Hwehwɛ Kuw a ɛwɔ West Virginia no dii kan de radio no fã bi a ɛte sɛ asõ kyerɛɛ Nsoromma Tau Ceti ne Epsilon Eridani so hwɛe sɛ ebia wɔbɛte nsɛm a radio de befi wɔn hɔ aba no. Wɔ 1968 mu no, Rusia ɔsoro abɔde ho nimdefo hwehwɛɛ nsoromma 12 a ɛbemmɛn ho a ɛte sɛ owia no mu. Nokwarem no, ná wɔahwehwɛ nsoromma mmiako mmiako bɛboro 1,000 mu dedaw. Na wogu so de radio hwɛde kɛse a ɛwɔ Arecibo, Puerto Rico, ne mmeae afoforo bebree reyɛ nhwehwɛmu no.

Abɔde a nkwa wom a wɔhwehwɛ wɔ ahunmu akɔ so akwan horow so denam asraman bebree a wɔde akɔ ɔsram no ne okyinsoromma ahorow a etwa owia ho hyia so no so​—Jupiter, Venus, Saturn ne Mars.

Dɛn na afi mu aba de besi saa bere yi, na dɛn na ebetumi de aba daakye? So nnyinaso bi wɔ hɔ a ɛbɛma woahwɛ kwan sɛ wobɛsɔre anɔpa bi na woate amanneɛbɔ bi a ese wɔakohu abɔde foforo a wonim nyansa wɔ wim baabi anaa? Anaasɛ, so abɔde a nkwa wom a wɔhwehwɛ wɔ ahunmu no de nea wobegyina so agye adi sɛ yɛn a yɛwɔ asase so no yɛ soronko, ne sɛ abɔde a wonim nyansa biara nni wim hɔ?

Ɛtɔ mmere bi a nyansahufo a wɔde radio hwɛde tie ahunmu nsɛm no ho pere wɔn kɛse.

Sɛ nhwɛso no, da koro bi Rusia nyansahufo tee biribi fii ahunmu a na ɛnyɛ radio nnyigyei. Ɛdaa adi sɛ efi baabi a abɔde a wonim nyansa wɔ. Na ná ɛyɛ nokware. Ná efi Amerikafo wimhyɛn bi a woadi kan de akɔ hɔ nkyɛn.

Wɔ 1968 mu no, Engiresi ɔsoro abɔde ho animdefo nyaa anigye wɔ sɛnkyerɛnne bi a wonyae ho. Na ɛte sɛ nea efi amansan yi fã bi a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri. So na yebetumi ayɛ sɛnkyerɛnne a ekura asɛm bi a nyansa wom? ‘Nokwasɛm ni, na wɔahu nsoromma kɛse bi a atwa ne ho ntɛmntɛm a na ɛte sɛ nea ɛde radio sɛnkyerɛnne ma te sɛ ɛpo so kanea a wɔde kyerɛ kwan a ɛpa yerɛwyerɛw. Na ade a ɛte saa a wobehu wɔ ɔsoro no yɛ nwonwa, na mprempren wɔahu ɔhaha beree. Nanso wɔntee nsɛm biara a emu da hɔ mfii abɔde a wɔwɔ soro nkyɛn.

Enti, sɛnkyerɛnne ne nnyigyei ahorow a wɔnam. radio hwɛde akɛse so anya no nyinaa mu no, wɔntee asɛm biara mfii abɔde a wonim nyansa nkyɛn wɔ ahunmu. New York Times June 26, 1979 de no ka sɛ: “Sɛnkyerɛnne a wontumi nhu ne adanse a enni hɔ sɛ nnipa a wɔkorɔn sen biara atra ase fi teteete no ama nyansahufo aka sɛ, ɛnyɛ nokware sɛ nnipa a wɔte saa tete Nsoromma Akuwakuw a yɛn asase yi ka ho no so.”

Adwentitiriw a wɔn a wosua abɔde a ɛwɔ ahunmu ho ade​—wɔn a wɔrehwehwɛ sɛ wobehu abɔde a nkwa wom wɔ ahunmu ekura ne sɛ: Ɛsɛ sɛ okyinsoromma ɔpepepem pii wɔ hɔ a etwa owia afoforo no ho hyia; enti, ɛbɛyɛ sɛ abɔde a nkwa wom anaasɛ abɔde a wonim nyansa te emu binom so ampa.

Nanso so okyinsoromma afoforo wɔ hɔ? Ebetumi ayɛ yiw anaa dabi. Nokwasɛm no ne sɛ, nsoromma anaasɛ owia afoforo no wɔ akyiri dodo ma nyansahufo ntumi nkyerɛ sɛ ebia okyinsoromma nketewa bi atwa ho ahyia.

David Black a ɔka Kuw bi a ɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛte saa ho no kae sɛ, “ná adanse a emu da hɔ biara nni hɔ a ɛda so kyerɛ sɛ okyinsoromma ahorow a Asase yi ka ho akyi no, okyinsoromma foforo bi wɔ hɔ.” Na Ɔbenfo Iosif Shklovsky, Rusia ɔsoro abɔde ho nimdefo a ɔyɛ Rusia Nyansahufo Kuw bi muni no kaa asɛm koro no ara, ɛwom sɛ na wadi kan asusuw sɛ abɔde a nkwa wom betumi atra ahunmu ho de. 1979 mu no, ɔkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ: “Ɛte sɛ nea yɛn owia no, okyinsoromma soronko a okyinsoromma akuwakuw twa ho hyia no betumi ayɛ nea ɛda nsow koraa wɔ okyinsoromma ahorow no mu.”

Enti, ɛda adi sɛ ɛmfata sɛ nkurɔfo ka no denneennen sɛ nnipa a wɔn ani abue kɛse wɔ okyinsoromma afoforo a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri so. Wontumi nkyerɛ mpo sɛ okyinsoromma ahorow a ɛtete saa wɔ hɔ na nnipa a wɔn ani abue kɛse tete so.

Mmoawa Ahorow a Nkwa Wom

Ɛwom sɛ wonhuu nnipa afoforo a wɔn ani abue de, nanso sɛ nyansahufo betumi ahu mmoawa a nkwa wom wɔ okyinsoromma ahorow a etwa owia ho hyia no so mpo a, anka wobenya awerɛhyem bi. Anka wobegyina eyi so asusuw sɛ, sɛ nkwa wɔ okyinsoromma yi so a, ɛnde na ebetumi ayɛ yiye sɛ abɔde a nkwa wom a wɔn ani abue kɛse wɔ okyinsoromma foforo bi so. Esiane eyi nti, wɔtwee adwene sii mfiri a ɛhwehwɛ nkwa mu a Amerikafo afiri Viking a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu de kɔɔ Mars so no so.

Mfiri abien a wɔde kɔhwehwɛɛ Mars so, Viking I ne Viking II, yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu ahorow 26 wɔ ɛhɔ dɔte no ho. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nhwehwɛmu biako de Mars so dɔte kɔɔ baabi a karbon dioksaid mframa wɔ. Wɔtee nka sɛ, sɛ nkwaboa bi wɔ hɔ a, ɛbɛda adi na wɔahu. Wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu foforo bi ma wɔde aduan fraa nnuru bi hwɛe sɛ ebia mmoawa bi befi ase adi aduan no.

Ɛreka nea ekowiei ho asɛm no, World Book Science Annual 1978 kae sɛ: “Asram pii a wɔde asua ho ade na wɔabɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu nyinaa akyi no, nhwehwɛmu no awiei anni mu.” Dɛn nti na wɔka saa? Wiɛ, nhwehwɛmu ahorow no bi daa nneɛma a wɔnhwɛ kwan adi. Nhwehwɛmu ahorow no anhu abɔde biara a nkwa wom anaa biribi a ɛte saa mpo. Nanso nyansahufo binom abu wɔn ani agu eyi so na wɔde wɔn ho to anidaso hunu bi so sɛ ebetumi aba sɛ abɔde a nkwa wom ho ahintasɛm bi wɔ hɔ, mmom sen sɛ ebedi adanse sɛ nkwa biara nni Mars so dɔte mu no.

Sɛnea Engiresi dawurubɔ krataa News Scientist kyerɛ no, kuw biako de afiri bi a ano yɛ den a ebetumi ahu nneɛma a nkwa wom ntɛm a sɛ ɛyɛ kakraa bi pɛ mpo a ebetumi ahu no yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu. Nanso nhwehwɛmu no antumi “anhu biribi a nkwa wom wɔ dɔte a ɛwɔ [Mars so] mu.” Klaus Biemann a na ɔyɛ kuw a na wɔrehwehwɛ nea efii mu bae no mu kasamafo no kae sɛ: “biribi a ɛte saa a enni hɔ no . . . ma ɛda adi sɛ nneɛma a nkwa wom, sɛnea ɛte wɔ asase so nni hɔ.” Ɛrema emu ada hɔ yiye no, Newsweek bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ, nhwehwɛmu no “antumi anhu nkwa mmoawa biara, nea ɛho hia ɛma nkwa ho dwumadi wɔ asase so ne baabi foforo biara no.”

Enti, nhwehwɛmu ahorow 26 a wɔyɛe no antumi ankyerɛ sɛ mmoawa a nkwa wom wɔ Mars so.

Ebinom Ka Sɛ . . .

Wɔ 1976 mu, ansa na Viking afiri no redu Mars so no, nsoromma mu hwehwɛfo Clay Sherrod kae sɛ: “Sɛ nkwa biara nni Mars​—a ɛte sɛ yɛn okyinsoromma yi​—so a, ɛnde ebia yɛn nkutoo na yɛwɔ hɔ. Ebia yɛyɛ soronko wɔ amansan yi mu.”

Afei a Viking I ne Viking II aba atwam no, nyansahufo bebree reka saa. Ɔbenfo Iosif Shklovsky kyerɛwee wɔ Rusia nsɛmma nhoma Sputnik mu sɛ: “[Adanse no] kyerɛ sɛ, ka a wɔka sɛ yɛn nkutoo ne nnipa a yɛwɔ amansan nyinaa mu anaasɛ amansan yi fã ha, sɛ ɛnyɛ ne nyinaa mu mpo a, no yɛ nea ntease wom sen adwene a na nkurɔfo kura sɛ wiase afoforo wɔ hɔ a nnipa te mu no.”

Afei nso ɔsoro abɔde ho nimdefo Michael H. Hart kaa afiri bi a ɔde yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ “okyinsoromma ahorow ho, de hwehwɛɛ nneɛma a ɛho behia wɔ so na ama nnipa a wɔn ani abue te sɛ yɛn atra so” no ho asɛm. Ɔde n’asɛm no baa awiei sɛ, “sɛ́ anka ɛbɛyɛ nea abu so no, ɛda adi sɛ onipa ho yɛ nã, na ebia nea yɛwɔ wɔ asase so no mpo bɛyɛ soronko koraa.”

Ɛnde, so ɛsɛ sɛ yɛde asɛm no ba awiei sɛ, adanse a ɛda adi no kyerɛ sɛ ɛrentumi ɛmma sɛ abɔde afoforo a wonim nyansa bi wɔ amansan yi mu anaa?

[Asɛm a wɔafa aka wɔ kratafa 8]

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow aduonu nsia a wɔyɛe no antumi ankyerɛ sɛ mmoawa a nkwa wom mpo wɔ Mars so

[Asɛm a wɔafa aka wɔ kratafa 8]

“Ɛte sɛ nea yɛn owia no . . . da nsow koraa wɔ okyinsoromma ahorow no mu.”

[Asɛm a wɔafa aka wɔ kratafa 9]

“Ebia yɛn nkutoo nu yɛwɔ hɔ”