Nyamesom mu Akodi Wɔ France
KWASIDA, March 1, 1562 no, na Guise hene ne ne nuabarima Charles, Lorraine ɔsɔfopɔn no—Franse Katolekfo mu atitiriw baanu—ne wɔn awɛmfo a wɔamia akode te wɔn apɔnkɔ so rekɔ Vassy, akuraa bi a ɛwɔ kilomita 200 wɔ Paris apuei fam. Wosii gyinae sɛ sɛ wodu asɔre a ɛwɔ Vassy no a, wobegyina akɔ Mass.
Mpofirim ara, wɔtee sɛ nnwonto bi rekɔ so. Ná nnwonto no fi Protestantfo ɔhaha pii a wɔahyiam wɔ apata bi ase resom hɔ. Asraafo no bɔ wuraa hɔ. Wɔ basabasayɛ a ɛbae no mu no, wodidii wɔn ho wɔn ho atɛm, na wɔpaa wɔn ho abo. Asraafo no fii ase totoo atuo, na wokunkum Protestantfo no bebree pirapiraa wɔn mu ɔhaha pii.
Dɛn na ɛde okunkɛse yi bae? Dɛn na Protestantfo no yɛe wɔ ho?
Ɛho Abakɔsɛm
Ná France di yiye wɔ afeha a ɛto so 16 no fã a edi kan no mu na na emu nnipa dɔɔso. Nea na ɛka sikasɛm mu yiyedi ne nnipa a na wɔwɔ hɔ ho no, na wɔbɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛma wɔn Katoleksom no ayɛ den wɔ honhom mu na wɔada onuadɔ kɛse adi. Ná nkurɔfo pɛ asɔre a ɛyɛ den wɔ honhom fam sen sika fam. Asɔfo ne abenfo a adesamma nsɛm haw wɔn binom hwehwɛɛ ɔsom mu nsakrae ahorow na wɔde ako atia tumi a na asɔfo mpanyinfo no de di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so ne asɔfo nkumaa a na wɔn ho nkokwawee no. Ɔsɔfo bi a ɔperee nsakrae denneennen ne Katolek sɔfo panyin, Guillaume Briçonnet.
Wɔ n’asɔre a ɛwɔ Meaux no, Briçonnet hyɛɛ obiara nkuran sɛ ɔnkenkan Kyerɛwnsɛm no. Otuaa Kristofo Hela Kyerɛwnsɛm a wɔkyerɛɛ ase kɔɔ Franse kasa mu no mpo ho ka. Ankyɛ na Sorbonne Nyamekyerɛ Sukuupɔn a ɛwɔ Paris a ɛhwɛ Katolekfo nkyerɛkyerɛ a egyina atetesɛm so so no ani beree ne so denneennen, siw ne mmɔdenbɔ kwan. Nanso na Francis I, France hene fi 1515 kosi 1547 no taa ɔsɔfo panyin no akyi. Saa bere no, na ɔhene no ani gye ɔsesɛw ho.
Nanso, Francis I maa kasa a wɔkasa tiaa asɔre no ho kwan bere a ɛmfa basabasayɛ mma ɔmanfo mu na ɛnsɛe ɔman biakoyɛ nkutoo. Wɔ 1534 mu no, Protestantfo bi a wɔyɛ katee de dawurubɔ nkratasin fomfam hɔ de kasa tiaa Katolekfo Mass no sɛ ɛyɛ abosonsom, na wɔde kratasin no bi kɔbɔɔ ɔhene no pia pon akyi mpo. Ne saa nti, Francis I sesaa n’adwene na ɔde nhyɛso a emu yɛ den bae.
Atirimɔden Nhyɛso
Ankyɛ na afei wɔhyew Protestantfo no wɔ dua ho. Nnipa a adesamma nsɛm haw wɔn, wɔn adɔfo, ne Protestantsom foforo no akyidifo guan fii ɔman no mu. Atumfoɔ no fii ase hwehwɛɛ nhoma horow mu, dii akyerɛkyerɛfo, nhoma akyerɛwfo, ne nhoma tintimfo so.
Waldensefo no hyiaa atumfoɔ hɔ ɔsɔretia a emu yɛ den. Ná wɔyɛ nnipa kuw ketewa bi a wɔn ani gye Bible no ho a wɔte nkuraase wɔ ɔman no kesee fam atɔe. Wɔhyew ebinom wɔ dua ho, na wokunkum ɔhaha pii, na wɔsɛe wɔn nkuraa bɛyɛ 20 pasaa.—Hwɛ adaka a ɛwɔ kratafa 6 no.
Bere a wohuu hia a ɔsesɛw ho hia wɔ asɔre no mu no, Katolek asɔfo mpanyin bagua bi hyiaam December 1545 wɔ Trent, Italy. Sɛnea The Cambridge Modern History kyerɛ no, bere a bagua no baa awiei wɔ 1563 mu no, nea “efii mu bae ara ne sɛ . . . ɛhyɛɛ wɔn a na wɔasi wɔn bo sɛ wobetu Protestantsom ase no nsam den.”
Nea Edii Ɔko Anim
Bere a na ɔsesɛw fekuw no mufo pii a wɔwɔ Katolek Asɔre no mu atwɛn abrɛ a na nsakrae biara mma no, wɔn mu pii kɔɔ Protestantsom no afã. Wɔ bɛyɛ 1560 mu no, Franse abirɛmpɔn ne wɔn akyitaafo pii kɔkaa Huguenotfo, sɛnea na wɔafi ase frɛ Protestantfo, no ho. Huguenotfo no ano bɛyɛɛ den. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, na wɔn baguam nhyiam horow no de abufuw ne nitan ba. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ 1558 mu no, wɔn mu mpempem pii hyiaam toaa so nnanan wɔ Paris de too ayeyi nnwom.
Eyinom nyinaa hyɛɛ Katolek Asɔre no mu mmapɔmma ne Katolekfo foforo no abufuw. Lorraine Sɔfopɔn Charles tuu Ɔhene Henry II a odii n’agya Francis I ade no aso maa ɔhyɛɛ Écouen Mmara no wɔ June 1559 mu. Ná atirimpɔw a wɔasi nketekrakye sɛ wɔde bedi ne sɛ ebetu “Lutheranfo a wɔagye dimmɔne a wɔmfa wɔn nyɛ hwee” no ase. Eyi maa wotuu Huguenotfo no so sa a ɛyɛ hu wɔ Paris.
Adapɛn kakraa bi akyi no, pira a Henry II piraee wɔ nkrante agumadi bi mu no kum no. Ne babarima, Ɔhene Francis II a Guise abusua piapiaa n’atikɔ no hyɛɛ mmara a ɛma wobu wɔn a wogye Protestant gyina mu no kumfɔ no mu den. Afe a edi hɔ no, Francis II wui, na ne maame Catherine de Médicis, sii Francis II nuabarima Charles IX a na wadi mfe du no ananmu dii ade. Ná Guisefo a na wɔasi wɔn bo sɛ wobetu Protestantsom ase no ani nnye biakoyɛ nhyehyɛe a Catherine reyɛ no ho.
Wɔ 1561 mu no, Catherine yɛɛ nhyiam bi maa Katolek ne Protestant nyamekyerɛfo hyiae wɔ Poissy a ɛbɛn Paris. Wɔ mmara a wɔhyɛe wɔ January 1562 mu no, Catherine maa Protestantfo ahofadi a wɔde behyiam asom wɔ nkuraase abɔnten so. Katolekfo bo fuwii! Eyi na ɛde nea esii asram abien akyi no bae—Protestantfo pii a wokunkum wɔn wɔ apata bi ase wɔ Vassy akuraase, sɛnea yɛadi kan aka ho asɛm no.
Akodi Abiɛsa a Edi Kan
Vassy okunkɛse no na efii nyamesom mu akodi awotwe a ɛtoatoaa so bae a Fransefo kunkum wɔn ho wɔn ho ma ɛyɛɛ hu fi 1562 kosi 1590 mfe no mfinimfini no ase. Ɛwom sɛ na amammui ne asetra mu nsɛm ka ho bi de, nanso, nyamesom titiriw na ɛkanyanee mogyahwiegu no.
Dreux Ɔko a nnipa 6,000 wuwui wom wɔ December 1562 mu no akyi, nyamesom mu akodi a edi kan yi baa awiei. Amboise Asomdwoe apam a wɔde nsa hyɛɛ ase wɔ March 1563 mu no maa Huguenot atitiriw no ahofadi kakra a wɔde bɛsom wɔ mmeae bi.
The New Encyclopædia Britannica ka sɛ: “Ɛpɔ a na Huguenotfo no suro sɛ Katolekfo a wɔwɔ maa nyinaa rebɔ no na ɛde ɔko a ɛto so abien no bae.” Saa bere no, na Katolek atemmufo ma wɔsɛn amanfo esiane sɛ wɔyɛ Huguenotfo kɛkɛ nti. Wɔ 1567 mu no, mmɔden a Huguenotfo no bɔe sɛ wɔbɛkyere Ɔhene Charles IX ne ne maame, Catherine no, na ɛmaa ɔko a ɛto so abien no fii ase.
Bere a wɔaka ɔko kɛse a nnipa pii wuwui wom kɛse wɔ St.-Denis a ɛwɔ Paris akyi no ho asɛm awie no, abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo Will ne Ariel Durant kyerɛwee sɛ: “Afei, France antumi ante nea enti a ɛsɛ sɛ ɔsom bi ma nnipa kunkum nnipa saa no ase.” Ɛno akyi no, ankyɛ na Longjumeau Asomdwoe apam a wɔyɛe wɔ March 1568 no san de hokwan kakra a na Huguenotfo wɔ kan wɔ Amboise Asomdwoe apam ase no maa wɔn.
Nanso, na Katolekfo no bo afuw, na wɔpoe sɛ wobedi asomdwoe nhyehyɛe no so. Enti, wɔ September 1568 mu no, nyamesom mu akodi a ɛto so abiɛsa pae gui. Asomdwoe apam a edii akyi bae no maa Huguenotfo no nyaa ahofadi kɛse mpo. Wɔde nkurow a wɔagye ho ban, a na La Rochelle mpoano ka ho, no hyɛɛ wɔn nsa. Afei nso, wɔmaa Protestant bapɔmma titiriw Admiral de Coligny, dwumadi wɔ ɔhene bagua no mu. Katolekfo bo fuwii bio.
Okunkɛse a Ɛkɔɔ so “Ɔhoteni” Bartholomew Da
Bɛyɛ afe akyi, wɔ August 22, 1572 no, Coligny nyaa ne ti didii mu fii awudifo bi a wɔto hyɛɛ ne so wɔ Paris bere a na ɔnam fi Louvre Ahemfie rekɔ ne fie no nsam. Protestantfo a wɔn bo afuw no sii gyinae sɛ sɛ wɔammu atɛn amma wɔn ntɛm a, wɔn ankasa bɛyɛ basabasa de atɔ were. Ɔhene Charles IX a na ɔyɛ aberante, ne maame Catherine de Médicis, ne mmapɔmma pii tuu agyina kokoam sii gyinae sɛ wobekum Coligny. Nea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔakwati ntawntawdi biara no, wɔsan hyɛe sɛ wonkunkum Protestantfo a wɔaba Protestantni Henry a ofi Navarre ne Catherine babea Margaret a ofi Valois ayeforohyia ase wɔ Paris no nyinaa.
Wɔ August 24 anadwo no, Saint-Germain-l’Auxerrois asɔre a ɛne Louvre di nhwɛanim no dɔn bɔe, ma wofii okunkɛse no ase. Guise hene no ne ne nkurɔfo bɔɔ twi kɔɔ ofie a na Coligny da mu no mu. Ɛhɔ na wokum Coligny too no faa mpomma mu kyenee, ma ne funu tetewee. Katolekfo hene no paee mu kae sɛ: “Munkunkum wɔn nyinaa. Ɛyɛ ɔhene no ahyɛde.”
Efi August 24 kosi 29 no, ahodwiriwde yi sɛee Paris mmɔnten so. Ebinom kae sɛ Huguenotfo mpempem a wokunkum wɔn no mogya tene faa asubɔnten Seine mu. Nkurow foforo nso huu mogya a wɔn ankasa ka gui. Wobu nnipa dodow a wowuwui no ho akontaa sɛ efi 10,000 kosi 100,000; nanso nnipa pii gye tom sɛ anyɛ yiye koraa no, ɛbɛyɛ 30,000.
Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo bi bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ: “Ade biako a ɛyɛɛ ahodwiriw te sɛ okunkɛse no ara ne osebɔ a ɛde bae no.” Ɔtee nnipakum no pɛ, Pope Gregory XIII hyɛe sɛ wɔnyɛ nnaase asɔre, na ɔma wɔkɔmaa Catherine de Médicis amo. Afei nso, ɔhyɛe sɛ wɔnyɛ nkae ade titiriw bi mfa nkae Huguenotfo a wokunkum wɔn no, na ɔhyɛe sɛ wɔnyɛ okunkɛse no ho mfonini a wɔakyerɛw so sɛ: “Pope no pene kum a wokum Coligny no so.”
Okunkɛse no akyi no, wɔka sɛ, nnipa a Charles IX kunkum wɔn no gyinagyinaa n’ani so, na na ɔteɛteɛm gu ne yarehwɛfo no so sɛ: “Agyinatu bɔne bɛn na madi akyi yi! Oo me Nyankopɔn, fa firi me!” Owui wɔ 1574 mu, bere a na wadi mfe 23, na ne nuabarima Henry III bedii n’ade.
Nyamesom mu Akodi no Annyae
Saa bere no, Katolek akannifo no kanyanee wɔn asɔremma ma wɔsɔre hyɛɛ Huguenotfo no. Wɔ Toulouse no, Katolek asɔfo hyɛɛ wɔn akyidifo sɛ: “Munkunkum wɔn nyinaa, momfow wɔn; mo agyanom ne yɛn. Yɛbɛbɔ mo ho ban.” Ɛdenam atirimɔden nhyɛso so no, ɔhene no, mmarahyɛ bagua horow, amradofo, ne asraafo mpanyimfo yɛɛ nhwɛso maa Katolekfo nkae no dii akyi.
Nanso, Huguenotfo nso ne wɔn dii asi. Wɔ okunkɛse a ɛkɔɔ so “Ɔhoteni” Bartholomew Da no akyi asram abien no, wofii nyamesom mu akodi a ɛto so anan no ase. Baabi a na wɔdɔɔso sen Katolekfo no, wɔsɛee ahoni, mmeamudua, ne afɔrepon horow a na ɛwɔ Katolek asɔredan ahorow mu no, na wokunkum nnipa mpo. Franse Protestantsom mu kannifo, John Calvin kae wɔ ne nhoma Declaration to Maintain the True Faith mu sɛ: “Onyankopɔn mpɛ sɛ mugyaw nkurow anaa nnipa biara.”
Nyamesom mu akodi horow anan dii akyi. Nea ɛto so anum no baa awiei wɔ 1576 mu maa Ɔhene Henry III de ne nsa hyɛɛ asomdwoe apam a ɛmaa Huguenotfo no ɔsom mu ahofadi koraa wɔ Franse baabiara no ase. Bere bi akyi no, wɔtew atua pamoo Henry III a na wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ Huguenotfo no asɛm dodo no fii Paris a na ɛyɛ kuropɔn a Katolekfo agye afa no. Katolekfo no hyehyɛɛ ɔsɔretia aban, Katolek Apam Kronkron a na Henry a ofi Guise di anim no.
Awiei koraa no, wɔ ɔko a ɛto so awotwe anaa Henryfo Baasa no ntam Akodi mu no, Henry III (Katolekni) ne nea na obedi n’ade, Henry a ofi Navarre (Protestantni) yɛɛ biako ko tiaa Henry a ofi Guise (Katolekni) no. Henry III tumi maa wokum Henry a ofi Guise no, nanso wɔ August 1589 mu no, Dominica kokorani bi kum Henry III ankasa. Ne saa nti, Henry a ofi Navarre a mfe 17 a atwam no na wɔde ne ho akyɛ no wɔ okunkɛse a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ “Ɔhoteni” Bartholomew Da no mu no, bɛyɛɛ Ɔhene Henry IV.
Esiane sɛ na Henry IV yɛ Huguenotni nti, Parisfo annye no antom. Katolek Apam Kronkron no hyehyɛɛ asraafo a wɔsɔre tiaa no wɔ ɔman no mu nyinaa. Henry dii ako pii mu nkonim, nanso awiei koraa no, bere a Spania asraafo bae sɛ wɔrebegyina Katolekfo akyi no, osii gyinae sɛ obegyae Protestantsom akɔyɛ Katolekni. Wosii Henry hene February 27, 1594, na ɔkɔɔ Paris ma nkurɔfo a na ɔko afono wɔn no bɔ gyee ne so sɛ ɔhene.
Enti bɛboro mfe 30 a Katolekfo ne Protestantfo kunkum wɔn ho wɔn ho wɔ bere ne bere mu akyi no, Franse Nyamesom mu Akodi no baa awiei. Wɔ April 13, 1598 no, Henry IV hyɛɛ Nantes Mmara titiriw a ɛmaa Protestantfo ahonim ne ɔsom mu ahofadi no. Sɛnea pope no kae no, na mmara no ne “ade bɔne a ɛsen biara a wobetumi asusuw ho efisɛ ɛmaa obiara ahonim mu ahofadi a na enye mma wiase koraa no.”
Wɔ France nyinaa no, Katolekfo susuwii sɛ na mmara no yɛ huammɔ a Henry dii wɔn wɔ bɔ a ɔhyɛɛ wɔn sɛ obegyina wɔn gyidikasɛm no akyi ho. Asɔre no annyae mu kosii sɛ bɛyɛ mfe ɔha akyi no, Louis XIV betwaa Nantes Mmara no mu, maa ɔtaa a ano yɛ den sen biara a ɛbaa Huguenotfo so no fii ase.
Nea Efii Akodi no Mu Bae
Ebeduu afeha a ɛto so 16 no awiei no, na France ahonya atu ayera. Ná wɔatow ahyɛ ahemman no fã so, afow no, de asi awowa, anaasɛ wasɛe no pasaa. Asraafo no sisii nkurɔfo no, na ɛma nkuraasefo no tew atua. Protestantfo a na kumfɔ, okunkɛse, twa a wotwaa wɔn asu, ne ɔwae ama wɔn so atew no hyɛnee afeha a ɛto so 17 no mu a na wɔaka kakraa bi.
Wɔ nnipa ani so no, na ɛte sɛ nea na Katolekfo no adi nkonim wɔ Franse Ɔsom mu Akodi no mu. So Onyankopɔn hyiraa wɔn nkonimdi no so? Dabida. Esiane sɛ na Onyankopɔn din mu a wokunkum nnipa no afono wɔn no nti, Fransefo pii gyaee nyamesom akyidi. Wɔbɛyɛɛ wɔn a wɔfrɛ wɔn afeha a ɛto so 18 mufo a wokyi Kristosom no mu adikanfo.
[Asɛm a wɔafa aka wɔ kratafa 9]
Franse Protestantsom kannifo no kae sɛ: “Onyankopɔn mpɛ sɛ mugyaw nkurow anaa nnipa biara”
[Kratafa 6 adaka/mfonini]
Waldensefo No Gyinaa Pintinn Dɛn na Efii Mu Bae?
NÁ PIERRE VALDES, anaa Peter Waldo yɛ oguadifo a ɔwɔ sika pii wɔ France wɔ afeha a ɛto so 12 no mu. Saa bere yi a na Roma Katolek Asɔre no ahyɛ da de Bible mu nimdeɛ asie nkurɔfo no, Waldo tuaa Asɛmpa no ne Bible mu nhoma foforo a wɔkyerɛɛ ase kɔɔ France kesee fam apueifo kasa mu no ho ka. Afei ogyaee n’adwuma na otuu ne ho sii hɔ de kaa Asɛmpa no. Ankyɛ na nnipa pii bɛkaa ne ho, na wɔ 1184 mu no, Pope Lucius III tuu ɔne n’ahokafo fii asɔre no mu.
Bere kɔɔ so no, wɔbɛfrɛɛ Bible asɛnkafo kuw ahorow no, Waldensefo. Ná saafo yi pɛ sɛ wɔsan de tete Kristofo gyidi ne amanne horow si hɔ. Wɔpoo Katolek amanne ne gyidi horow, a na bɔnesrɛ, mpae a wɔbɔ ma awufo, ahodwiragya, Maria som, mpae a wɔbɔ “ahotefo,” mmofra asubɔ, mmeamudua som, ne Awurade adidi ase abodoo ne nsa a wose ɛdan Yesu honam ne mogya ankasa, ka ho no. Ne saa nti, na Waldensefo no taa hu amane yiye wɔ Katolek Asɔre no nsam. Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Will Durant kyerɛkyerɛ tebea no mu bere a Ɔhene Francis I tuu wɔn a wɔnyɛ Katolekfo so sa no mu:
“Ɔsɔfopɔn de Tournon a ɔkyerɛe sɛ na Waldensefo no rebɔ pɔ atu aban no agu, hyɛɛ Ɔhene a na ɔyare a na n’adwene nsi no pi no maa ɔde ne nsa hyɛɛ mmara bi (January 1, 1545) a na ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wokum Waldensefo a wodi asɔre mu atuatew ho fɔ nyinaa, ase. . . . Wɔ dapɛn biako pɛ mu (April 12-18) no, wɔhyew nkuraa pii pasaa; wɔ emu biako mu no, wokunkum mmarima, mmea, ne mmofra 800; wɔ asram abien mu no, wokunkum nnipa 3,000, sɛee nkuraa aduonu abien pasaa, na wɔde mmarima 700 guu po so hyɛn mu. Wɔde ogya too buw bi a na mmea aduonu anum a ehu aka wɔn ma wɔakɔpɛ guankɔbea wom no ano de tuaa wɔn ahome ma wowuwui.”
Ɛdefa nsɛm a ɛtete saa a esisii ho no, Durant kaa ho asɛm sɛ: “Ɔtaa horow yi ne ade titiriw a ɛmaa Francis nniso no bɔɔ fam.” Nanso nkɛntɛnso bɛn na enyae wɔ wɔn a wohuu Waldensefo pintinnyɛ wɔ ɔtaa horow a ɔhene no ma wɔde baa wɔn so no mu so? Durant kyerɛwee sɛ: “Mogyadansefo no akokoduru no hyɛɛ wɔn gyidi no anuonyam; ɛbɛyɛ sɛ ɛkaa nnipa mpempem a wogyina nkyɛn no, na ɛhaw saafo no a, sɛ ɛnyɛ kum a wokum wɔn maa ɛyɛɛ nwonwa yi a, anka ebia wɔrenhaw wɔn ho sɛ wɔbɛsakra gyidi a wɔwoo wɔn wom no da.”
[Kratafa 5 mfonini]
Vassy okunkɛse no na efii nyamesom mu akodi horow no ase
[Asɛm Fibea]
Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
[Kratafa 7 mfonini]
Okunkɛse a ɛkɔɔ so “Ɔhoteni” Bartholomew Da, a Katolekfo kunkum Protestantfo mpempem pii no
[Asɛm Fibea]
Photo Musée cantonal des Beaux-Arts, Lausanne
[Kratafa 8 mfonini ahorow]
Protestantfo sɛee asɔre nneɛma, na wokunkum Katolekfo (atifi ne ase hɔ)
[Nsɛm Fibea]
Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris