Hebri Bible Nsaano Nkyerɛwee Ho Nhwɛso Bi

ANSA na wɔrehu Po a Awu Nhoma Mmɔbowee no wɔ 1947 mu no, na Hebri Bible nsaano nkyerɛwee a akyɛ sen biara a wonim​—wɔ asinasin kakraa bi akyi​—no fi afeha 9 awiei besi afeha 11 Y.B. mu. Ɛbɛyɛ mfe apem pɛ a atwam ni. So eyi kyerɛ sɛ ansa na 1947 reba no na wonnim sɛ Bible no Hebri kyerɛwsɛm no yɛ nokware? Na dɛn nti na na tete Hebri nsaano nkyerɛwee kakraa bi pɛ na na ɛwɔ hɔ?

Sɛ yebedi kan asusuw asemmisa a etwa to no ho a, na wɔde Hebri Bible nsaano nkyerɛwee biara a wobu no sɛ asuw dodo sɛ wɔbɛkɔ so de adi dwuma no hyɛ genizah, hyiadan no mu adekoradan bi mu tom wɔ tete Yudafo nhyehyɛe no ase. Akyiri yi, woyii nsaano nkyerɛwee a asuw a wɔboaboaa ano no fii dan no mu de kɔhyɛɛ fam. Yudafo no yɛɛ saa na amma wɔanhura wɔn Kyerɛwnsɛm no ho anaa wɔamfa anni dwuma ɔkwammɔne so. Dɛn ntia? Efisɛ na Tetragrammaton, Hebri nkyerɛwde ahorow a egyina hɔ ma Onyankopɔn din kronkron a wɔtaa kyerɛw wɔ Twi kasa mu sɛ “Yehowa” no wom.

“Ahemmotiri” No

Ne titiriw no, wɔde nokwaredi akyerɛw tete Hebri kyerɛwsɛm fi teteete. Sɛ nhwɛso no, na Hebri nsaano nkyerɛwee titiriw bi a wɔfrɛ no Keter, “Ahemmotiri,” a kan no na Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm, anaa “Apam Dedaw” no nyinaa wom wɔ hɔ. Ná wɔbɔ ho ban wɔ tete Yudafo a wɔtraa Aleppo, kurow a Siria Nkramofo na wɔdɔɔso wom no mu hyiadan a akyɛ sen biara no mu. Mfiase no, wogyaw nsaano nkyerɛwee yi maa Karaite Yudafo no wɔ Yerusalem, nanso Mmeamudua ho Akofofo no ko fae wɔ 1099 mu. Akyiri yi wɔn nsa san kaa nsaano nkyerɛwee no, na wɔde kɔɔ tete Cairo, Egypt. Anyɛ yiye koraa no, ebeduu Aleppo wɔ afeha 15 no mu, na wɔfrɛɛ no Aleppo Nsaano Nkyerɛwee. Wobu nsaano nkyerɛwee yi a anyɛ yiye koraa no wɔkyerɛw no 930 Y.B. no sɛ Masoretfo nhomanimfo ahemmotiri, sɛnea ne din kyerɛ no. Ɛyɛ nhwɛso pa a wɔde kyerɛkyerɛ ahwɛyiye a wɔde trɛw Bible kyerɛwsɛm no mu, na nokwarem no, ɛyɛ Hebri nsaano nkyerɛwee no ho nhwɛso ampa.

Wɔ nnɛ mmere yi mu no, saa nsaano nkyerɛwee titiriw yi so ahwɛfo a gyidi hunu nti wosuro sɛ wobehura wɔn ade kronkron no ho no amma kwan sɛ nhomanimfo bɛhwɛ mu. Bio nso, esiane sɛ krataa no biako pɛ na na wɔatwa ne mfonini pɛn nti, wɔantumi antintim ebi a wɔahwɛ dedaw no so ayɛ na wɔde ayɛ nhwehwɛmu.

Bere a Britaniafo fii Palestina wɔ 1948 mu no, wɔsɔre hyɛɛ Yudafo no wɔ Aleppo. Wɔhyew wɔn hyiadan no; nsaano nkyerɛwee a ɛsom bo no yerae na wosusuwii sɛ wɔasɛe no. Nanso, hwɛ anwonwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ bɛyɛ mfe du akyi no, wɔtee sɛ emu nkyem anan mu abiɛsa ansɛe, na wɔde nam sum ase fi Siria baa Yerusalem! Awiei koraa no, wɔhwɛɛ dedaw no so pɛpɛɛpɛ yɛɛ mfuamfua 500 wɔ 1976 mu.

Ɔbenfo Bi Adwuma

Dɛn nti na nsaano nkyerɛwee yi ho hia saa? Efisɛ Aaron ben Asher, nhomanimfo a wɔtetee wɔn ma wɔhwɛɛ Hebri Bible no so kyerɛw bi, na wɔma ɛtrɛw a wɔagye din sen biara no mu biako siesiee sɛnea na emu nsɛm a wɔde anom nnyigyei nkyerɛwde na ɛkyerɛwee no te no, na ɔde nkyerɛwee mu agyiraehyɛde hyehyɛɛ mu wɔ 930 Y.B. mu. Enti ɛyɛ nsaano nkyerɛwee ho nhwɛso, na ɛyɛɛ nhwɛso maa afoforo a akyerɛwfo a wɔn ho nkokwaw kɛse kyerɛwee no.

Mfiase no na ekura nkrataa 380 (nkratafa 760), na na wɔakyerɛw agu mmoa nhoma a wɔakyem afã horow abiɛsa so. Mprempren ekura nkrataa 294, na Pentateuch no mu dodow no ara ne ne fã a etwa to a Kwadwom, Nnwom mu Dwom, Daniel, Ester, Esra ne Nehemia ka ho nnim. Wɔfrɛ no “Al” wɔ New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures​—Reference Bible (Yosua 21:37, ase hɔ asɛm) no mu. Moses Maimonides (a ne mfonini wɔ ha no), mfinimfini mmere no mu Yudani nhomanimfo a wagye din a ɔtraa ase wɔ afeha 12 Y.B. mu no kaa Aleppo Nsaano Nkyerɛwee no ho asɛm sɛ nea ɛsen biara a wahu pɛn.a

Ná Hebri kyerɛwsɛm no a wɔde nsa kyerɛw fi afeha 13 kosii 15 no yɛ nea adi afra a woyi fii Masoretfo kyerɛw nsɛm abien a ɛne Ben Asher ne Ben Naptali de no mu. Afeha 16 mu no, Jacob ben Hayyim na ɔde kyerɛw nsɛm a wɔde tintim Hebri Bible a woyii emu nsɛm no fii nea adi afra yi mu no mae, na ɛno na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔde tintim Hebri Bible ahorow a wotintimii wɔ mfe 400 a na edi hɔ no mu no.

Bere a wɔyɛɛ Biblica Hebraica (Hebri kyerɛwsɛm no a wɔatintim) no mu nea ɛto so abiɛsa wɔ 1937 mu no, wɔkɔhwɛɛ Ben Asher de no mu, efisɛ na wɔakora so wɔ nsaano nkyerɛwee bi a na wɔde asie wɔ Rusia a na wɔfrɛ no sɛ Leningrad B 19^A no mu. Wɔyɛɛ Leningrad B 19^A no wɔ 1008 Y.B. mu. Yerusalem Hebri Sukuupɔn no ayɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ ebetintim Aleppo Hebri kyerɛwsɛm no nyinaa wɔ bere bi mu de aka nsaano nkyerɛwee ne nkyerɛase afoforo a ɛho hia nyinaa, a Po a Awu Nhoma Mmɔbowee no ka ho mu nsɛm ho. Bible kyerɛwsɛm a wɔde di dwuma nnɛ no yɛ nokware. Wofi soro na wɔma wɔkyerɛwee, na akyerɛwfo a wɔde ahokokwaw kɛse dii dwuma na wɔkyerɛwee wɔ mfehaha a atwam no mu. Wohu akyerɛwfo yi ahwɛyiye kɛse no, efisɛ Yesaia nhoma mmɔbowee a wohui wɔ Po a Awu no ano wɔ 1947 mu a wɔde totoo Masoretfo nkyerɛwee ho kyerɛ nsonsonoe kakraa bi ma ɛyɛ nwonwa, ɛwom mpo sɛ Po a Awu Nhoma Mmɔbowee no akyɛ sen Masoretfo Bible a ɛwɔ hɔ a akyɛ sen biara no bɛboro mfe apem de. Afei nso, mprempren a nhomanimfo nsa tumi ka Aleppo Nsaano Nkyerɛwee no, ɛbɛma wɔanya biribi kɛse a wobegyina so anya ahotoso sɛ Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm no mu asɛm yɛ nokware. Ampa, “Onyankopɔn asɛm tim hɔ daa.”​—Yesaia 40:8.

[Ase hɔ asɛm]

[Mfonini Fibea wɔ kratafa 28]

Bibelmuseum, Münster

[Mfonini Fibea wɔ kratafa 29]

Jewish Division / The New York Public Library / Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations