A3
Bhaibheri Rakaguma Kudini Katiri
Muridzi we Bhaibheri akaita kuti irona ricengetedzwe. Iyena ndiye akaita kuti masoko anoteera atarhwe mu Matarhwa:
“Soko ra Mwari wedu rinorumbwa ririyo nokusikaperi.”—Isaya 40:8.
Masoko aya ngee zvirokwazvo, kunyazi hazvo mazuwa ano pasisina matarhwa e pakutanga e Matarhwa e Cihebheru uye e Ciaramaiko,a kana e Matarhwa e Cigrego e Cikristu. Hino, tingagara kudini no rugondo rokuti masoko ari mu Bhaibheri ratinaro mazuwa ano, anonyasa kubhuya zvainga zviri mu Matarhwa e kutanga akafemerhwa?
ANHU AKAKOPIYARI BHAIBHERI AKACENGETEDZA SOKO RA MWARI
Panocokuita no Matarhwa e Cihebheru, cimwe ce zviro cakaita kuti acengetedzwe yainga iri tsika yakagadzwa na Mwari, yekuti masoko ari mu Matarhwa aidikana kukopiyarhwi.b Ngo muezaniso, Djehovha akabvunza madzimambo e Israeri kuti aite kopiya yawo kamare yo Mutemo. (Dheuteronomiyo 17:18) Uyewo, Mwari akapasa Arevhi basa re kucengetedza Mutemo uye kuufundisa anhu. (Dheuteronomiyo 31:26; Neemiya 8:7) Mumasure mekuti Adjudha aendeswa ku utaphwa ku Bhabhironi, pakamuka cikwata cimweni ce anhu aikopiyari kana kuti aitara (Soferins). (Esdra 7:6, masoko e pasi) Nokuhamba ke nguwa, atari aya akaita makopiya akawanda maningi anokwana kuita 39 e mabhuku e Matarhwa e Cihebheru.
Zvakadiniwo no mabhuku 27 e Matarhwa e Cigrego e Cikristu? Mabhuku aya akatarhwa no aphostori anganani a Djesu Kristu uye no afundi amweniwo anganani ekutanga. Akristu ekutanga akaita makopiya e mabhuku awona, eciteedzera tsika yo atari e Cidjudha. (Akorosi 4:16) Kunyazi no kuedza kakaita Mutungamiriri we Roma Diocleciano uye no amweni kuti atsakatise Matarhwa e Akristu epakutanga, mamiriyonji e zvimatimbu uye e matarhwa o kare akanyasa kucengetedzwa dakara mazuwa edu ano.
Matarhwa e Cikristu akaturikirhwawo mu mireketero imweni. Turikiro dzokutanga dzo Bhaibheri dzakaizwa mu mireketero yo kare, yakaita hinga Ciarmeniya, Cikopita, Cietiyopi, Cijeorjiyano, Ciratino, uye Cisiriyako.
AIZOZIYA KUDINI MATARHWA E CIHEBHERU KANA KUTI E CIGREGO AAIZOSEENZESA PA KUTURIKIRA
Amakopiyapi ese e matarhwa e kare e Bhaibheri ano masoko akaezana. Tingaziya kudini zvainga zvakatarhwa mu matarhwa okutanga?
Tingaezanisa izvi no muezaniso unoteera: Mufundisi unokumbira afundi ake 100 kuti akopiyari kapituro imwe yo bhuku. Kunyazi kapituro ii yokutanga ikapsveteka nokuhamba ke nguwa, kuezanisa makopiya aya 100 kaizopangidza masoko ainga arimo pakutanga. Mufundi umwe na umwe ungakwanisa kushaisha mu matii manganani, asi ese aashaishi mu matii amwe-amwewo. Nge mushobo umwewo, azii paanoezanisa mamiriyonji e matimbu uye makopiya e mabhuku e kare e Bhaibheri, anokwanisa kuona zvishaishi zve aya akakopiyari uye oziya kuti ndizvipi zvainga zvecibhuiwa no matarhwa okutanga.
“Tingakwanisa kubhuya no rugondo rese kuti akuna bhuku rimweni rakakopiyarhwi nge mushobo wakagondeka hinga awona.”
Tingagara kudini no rugondo rokuti masoko akafemerhwa pakutanga ari mu Bhaibheri akatarhwa hinga zvaari kamare? Ecibhuya ngezve Matarhwa e Cihebheru, muzii umweni unozwi William H. Green wakati: “Tingakwanisa kubhuya no rugondo rese kuti akuna bhuku rimweni rakakopiyarhwi nge mushobo wakagondeka hinga awona.” Ecireketa ngezve Matarhwa e Cigrego e Cikristu kana kuti anozwi Testamento Ipsva, muzii F. F. Bruce wakatara kuti: “Upupuri unopangidza kugondeka ke matarhwa edu e Testamento Ipsva, wakakura maningi kupinda upupuri we zviro zvakawanda zvakatarhwa no atari o kare, izvo zvisina munhu anoramba kuti ngezve zvirokwazvo. Kudai Testamento Ipsva yainga iri mubatanidzwa we matarhwa asiripi e magereja, anhu akawanda ainga asikazombodi kuramba kuti zvirimo ngezve zvirokwazvo.”
Kapituro 40 ye bhuku ra Isaya mu Matarhwa akaoneka mu Bahari Rakafa (ngee gore ra 125 dakara 100 K.A.A.)
Kana tikaezanisa no matarhwa e Cihebheru akatarhwa paa padarika makore 1000, panooneka musiyano padoko basi, wakawanda wakhona ngewe mushobo we kutara
Kapituro 40 ye bhuku ra Isaya mu Códice de Alepo, i tsamba inodikanwa maningi ya Masoreti yakatarhwa mu makore 930 K.A.
Matarhwa e Cihebheru: Bhaibheri re Cingezi re Bhaibheri re Nyika Ipsva re Matarhwa e Cihebheru (1953-1960), rakaturikirhwa kubva mu Biblia Hebraica ra Rudolf Kittel. Kubvira ipona, matarhwa akagadziriswa e Cihebheru akaita hinga Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia uye Biblia Hebraica Quinta, akagadziriswa peciseenzeswa psvakisiso yakaizwa mu Matarhwa akaoneka mu Bahari Rakafa, uye mu matarhwa amweni e kare. Zvakaoneka no azii aya, ndizvo zvakaabetsera pa kutarazve Códice de Leningrado uye kubatanidza no masoko akaezana no matarhwa amweni, akaita hinga Pentateutico Samaritano, Mipumburu yo Bahari Rakafa, Septuaginta grega, Targum Aramaico, Vulgata latina, uye Peshitta siríaca. Matarhwa akaita hinga Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia uye Biblia Hebraica Quinta zvakaseenzeswawo paiturikirhwa Bhaibheri re Nyika Ipsva rataanaro mazuwa ano.
Matarhwa e Cigrego: Mu kupera ke makore 1800, azii anozwi B. F. Westcott uye F.J.A. Hort akaezanisa matarhwa uye zvimatimbu zve Bhaibheri zvainga zviripo kuti abudise mubatanidzwa we Matarhwa e Cigrego waizoseenzeswa pa kuturikira, waairangarira kuti wainyasa kupangidza zvainga zviri mu Matarhwa epakutanga. Pakati pe makore 1950, Dare re Kuturikira Bhaibheri re Nyika Ipsva rakaseenzesa masoko ari mu mubatanidzwa uu pa kuturikira kaaiita. Pakaseenzeswawo matarhwa ainga akatarhwa kare pa nhokwe, pamweni akatarhwa mu makore 100 uye 200 K.A. Kusiya izvona, mibatanidzwa yakaita hingana Nestle na Aland uye no yo Sociedades Bíblicas Unidas inopangidza psvakisiso yo zvino yo azii. Psvakisiso dzimweni dzakhona dzakaseenzeswawo pa Bhaibheri rino.
Kuongorora mubatanidzwa we tsamba idzi, kakapangidza pamhene mavhersikuro amweni e Matarhwa e Cigrego e Cikristu akaoneka mu turikiro dzo kare, hinga tradução Almeida, zvezvirokwazvo akaizwa zve kutunhudzirhwa no atari uye aazi kutomboita dii re Matarhwa akafemerhwa. Sezvo kugurhwa ke mavhersikuro pa kuturikira Bhaibheri kakatanga kuizwa mu makore 1500, kubviswa ke mavhersikuro aya kakaita kuti mavhersikuro e Mabhaibheri akawanda asagare no masoko. Tsamba dzakhona ndi idzi: Mateu 17:21; 18:11; 23:14; Marko 7:16; 9:44, 46; 11:26; 15:28; Ruka 17:36; 23:17; Juau 5:4; Zviito 8:37; 15:34; 24:7; 28:29; uye Aroma 16:24. Mu Bhaibheri rino, pa mavhersikuro ese asina masoko, pakakandwa masoko e pasi mu mbuto dzese dze mavhersikuro aya.
Panocokuita no masoko akawanda ekupedzesera a Marko 16 (mavhersikuro 9-20), uye no masoko padoko ekupedzesera mu kapituro iyona, kutobatanidzawo no masoko ari pana Juau 7:53–8:11, zviri pamhene kuti mavhersikuro aya ainga asikabatanidzwi mu matarhwa okutanga. Ndiyo ndaa, matsamba aya akatunhudzirhwa kana kuti ainga asikabatinidzwi pa matarhwa okutanga, aazi kubatanidzwa mu Bhaibheri rino.
Mu mbuto dzimweni, masoko akagadziriswa kuti abudisewo zviro zvaitendwa no azii kuti zvinonyasa kupangidza zviro zvainga zviri mu matarhwa okutanga. Hinga muezaniso, maererano no matarhwa amweni, Mateu 7:13 inoti: “Pindai nge pamusuwo wakadodoka, ngokuti musuwo wakapamhama ne gwanza rakakura, zvinoendesa mukutsakatiswa.” Mu turikiro dzo kare dzo Bhaibheri re Nyika Ipsva mu Cingezi, soko rokuti “musuwo” rainga risikazi kubatanidzwa mu tsamba ii. Ongororo dzakaizwa dzo matarhwa dzakapangidza kuti soko rokuti “musuwo” rainga riri mu matarhwa okutanga. Hino, irona rakahwirinzwa mu Bhaibheri rino. Patori no zviro zvakawanda zvakaita hinga izvi zvakagadziriswa. Asi zvakagadziriswa izvi azvizi kukura, uye apana ciro cinocinja pa zviro zvinorekethwa no Soko ra Mwari.
Citarhwa co nhokwe cakatarhwa 2 Akorinti 4:13–5:4 ce mu gore ringakhwedera muna 200 K.A.
a Aya ndiwona anozwi Matarhwa e Cihebheru kubvira pa ndima ino zvecienda mberi.
b Cikonzero cimweni cakaita kuti matarhwa okutanga akopiyarhwi i ndaa yekuti izvona zvakatarirhwa pa zviro zvinoora.