Olokiheriwa wa Maloko Wira ‘Yiixuttihiwe ni Yehova’
“Governatoro . . . ahamini, atikinihiwene n’itthu sixuttihiwa s’Apwiya [Yehova]”.—MIT. 13:12.
MWAAROWA WAAKHULA SAI?
Awiixutti a Yesu yaattottenle sai mureerelo Pax Romana, wala Murettele wa oRoma?
Mwa inamuna xeeni maKristau oopacerya yaattottenle aya mureerelo makhalelo yaakhweiherya weetta mikwaha ni osuweliwa wa nttaava na eGriki?
Moota xeeni muteko wa awiixutti a Kristu waaronwe awe vahoolo mwaha wa nlamulo na oRoma ni omwareela wa aYuda valaponi?
1-3. Mixankiho xeeni awiixutti a Yesu yaatthuneya aya ovikana wira yaalaleerye ihapari sooreera atthu “a maloko othene”?
YESU KRISTU aahaavaha awiixutti awe muteko muulupale. Owo aarumme so: “Vano, murowé, mwawixuttiheke atthu a maloko othene”. Okathi waarowa aya ovaraka muteko owo, nto ‘ehapari yorera ya Omwene yarowa olaleiwaka mulaponi mothene’.—Math. 24:14; 28:19.
2 Awiixutti ale yaanimphenta Yesu ni ihapari sooreera. Masi awo yaanitikinihiwa mwaha woohisuwela moota yaarowa aya ovara muteko ole yaavahiwe aya. Nave awo yaari vakhaani. Yesu yoowo yaamulaleya aya okhala Mwaana a Muluku, aahiiviwa. Awiixutti ale yooniwa okhala “atthu yahasomme ni yahoneliwa vatthu”. (Mit. 4:13) Masi awo yaanilaleya muhupi waavikana soowiixuttiha sa awiixuttihi a itiini oottittimihiwa a okathi ole, yaawo yaasomme ixikola suulupale seiyo saapacenrye khalai owiixuttiha atthu. Awiixutti ale, khiyooneliwa vatthu ni atthu a mmuttettheni mwaya. Ni muhina mwa omwene wa oRoma yoowo waari woovuwa, nloko na Isarayeli khinooneliwa vatthu.
3 Masi,Yesu aahaalopola awiixutti awe vahinatthi wira yaarowa onyokhiwaka, olupatthiwa ni akina yaarowa wiiviwa. (Luka 21:16, 17) Awo yaarowa owananaka anamalupattha, maprofeta oowoka ni wuncerereya wa itthu sootakhala. (Math. 24:10-12) Hata muhupi aya waarowa waakheliwa saana khula nipuro yaarowa aya olaleerya, nto yaarowa owerya sai orowa olaleerya mpakha “omalenle elapo”? (Mit. 1:8) Mixankiho iye sooneya okhala suulupalexa!
4. Exeeni enniiriha ohimyaka wira muteko woolaleerya wa awiixutti a eseekulu yoopacerya waahikhumela saana?
4 Mwa khula etthu yaakhumelela, awiixutti ale yaahikhalela nthiti muteko woolaleerya ohiya paahi oYerusalemu ni oSamariya, awo yaahilaleerya ilapo sotheene saasuweliwa okathi ole. Nnaamwi awiixutti ale saakhumelela mixankiho sinceene, muhina mwa iyaakha 30, ihapari sooreera ‘sahimwarela mulaponi mothene’ saanikumiherya mireerelo ni saahilaleeriwa “khula mutthu vathí-va”. (aKol. 1:6, 23) Mwa ntakiheryo: Mwaha wa ele yaalavuliwe ni yaapakiwe ni Paulo oryeene esisiro ya oKiipero, Governatoro a oRoma Sergio Paulo “ahamini, atikinihiwene n’itthu sixuttihiwa s’Apwiya”.—Musome Miteko 13:6-12.
5. (a) Etthu xeeni Yesu yaahimeeryale awe awiixutti awe? (b) Okathi oniweha aya itthu saakhumelenle eseekulu yoopacerya, anamunceene anoonela sai?
5 Awiixutti a Yesu yaanisuwela wira khiyaarowa owerya ovara muteko ole ni ikuru saya paahi. Yesu aahaahimeerya wira aarowa okhala hoothe ni awiixutti awe ni munepa wootteela waarowa waakhaliherya. (Math. 28:20) Mwa inamuna sinceene, olumwenku wa mahiku ale waahikhalana makhalelo ooreerela wira olaleeriwe Omwene. Eliivuru Evangelism in the Early Church (Olaleiwa wa Evangelyo Ekerexa Yoopacerya) enihimya so: “Woonasa wene khuuvo okathi waari wooreerela wa olaleiwa eKristau ovikana eseekulu yoopacerya AD . . . Nto eseekulu yanenli maKristau . . . yaahipacerya weemererya ahimyaka wira ale yaari marehereryo a Muluku wira eKristau erowe vahoolo”.
6. Ninrowa othokorerya exeeni (a) muru ola? (b) muru onittharelana?
6 Biibiliya khonihimya itthu sotheene Muluku aapanke awe eseekulu yoopacerya wira muteko woolaleerya orowe vahoolo. Masi ekeekhai tiila: Yehova aaniphavela wira ihapari sooreera silaleiwe, masi Satana khaaphavela. Muru ola ninrowa othokorerya itthu saakhweihenrye ovariwa muteko woolaleerya eseekulu yoopacerya ovikana okathi mukina ohoolo waya. Muru onittharelana, ninrowa othokorerya itthu siniiraneya mahiku ahu ala sinikhweiherya muteko woolaleerya olumwenku wotheene.
MOOTA PAX ROMANA WAAKHALIHENRYE AYA MUTEKO WOOLALEERYA
7. Pax Romana yaari exeeni, nthowa xeeni yaaryaaya etthu yooloka?
7 Mwa inamuna soovirikana, olamulelo wa oRoma eseekulu yoopacerya waahaaphwanyiha mureerelo maKristau. Mwa ntakiheryo, yaahikhala ele yiireliwa Pax Romana, wala Murettele wa oRoma. Omwene Muulupale wa oRoma waahikumiherya makhalelo ooloka wa atthu otheene yaalamulela aya. Ikwaha sikina saanikhumelela ni saanilavuliwa ikhotto, ntoko Yesu aahimyale awe vahinatthi. (Math. 24:6) Anakhotto a oRoma yaahipwetexa muttetthe wa oYerusalemu mwaakha wa 70 EC, nto saahikhala ikhotto saamukhaani saawaniwa mmukanoni mwa olamulelo wa oRoma. Mwa iyaakha 200, soottharelana nuumala okathi wa Yesu, mpantta wa Mediteraaneo waahikhala murettele nlelo. Eliivuru emosa enihimya so: “Khonakhumelele okathi woowitthyaaleya woowaatta ovikana yoole, ni okhuma vaavale khonakhale murettele siisaale eriyari ya atthu anceene”.
8. Moota xeeni makhalelo a murettele yaaphwanyinhe aya mureerelo maKristau oopacerya?
8 Ohimyaka moonelo awe, musuweli mmosa oniireliwa Origene a eseekulu ya neeraru aalempe so: “Vaakhanle wira yaahikhala mamwene manceene yaalamulela olumwenku okathi ole, vaarowa okhala voovila omulaleya Yesu . . . okhala wira atthu a khula nipuro yaarowa okhanyereriwaka okela etoropa wira yaakiherye elapo aya. . . . Tthiri khivaarowa oweryaneya olaleya muhupi wa murettele yoowo wahaawemererya atthu wunla ikuhu, tivonto murettele ole waakhanle ilapo sinceene waahikumiherya munepa wa wiiwanana yoowo waakhalihenrye olaleiwa Yesu”. Ekeekhai wira anamalaleerya yaanilupatthiwa ni olamulelo wa oRoma, awo yaari atthu a murettele ni yaahittottela mureerelo makhalelo ale a murettele yaakhanle okathi ole.—Mmusome aRoma 12:18-21.
OKHWEYA WEETTA MIKWAHA WAAKHALIHENRYE SAI MUTEKO WOOLALEERYA?
9, 10. Xeeni vaaryaaya vookhweya awiixutti a Yesu opaka mikwaha ilapo saalamuleliwa ni aRoma?
9 Makristau yaahirumeela saana iphiro sooloka saapakiwe ni aRoma. Okathi ole aRoma yaahikhalana anakhotto anceene wira aweryeke ohoolela olamulelo aya. Wira atoropa awo aweryeke waakuva weetta saanitthuneya iphiro sooloka, nto aRoma yaanisuwela opaka iphiro. Manxinyero a oRoma yaahiteka iphiro saavikana ikhiloomu 80.000 saarowa khula eprovinsia ya elapo ele. Iphiro iyo saanivira mutakhwani, moothakoni ni myaakoni.
10 Ohiya iphiro iyo paahi, aRoma yaanirumeela ikhiloomu saaphiyerya 27.000 sa miro ni mapuro makina yaari maasi yaavireya. Ikalawa sa aRoma saanivira iphiro saaphiyerya 900 mphareya seiyo saaphiya iporto imiya sinceene. Makristau yanwerya weetta arowaka khula elapo yaalamuleliwa ni omwene wa oRoma. Ekeekhai wira saahikhala mixankiho, masi oreera waya okhala wira murummwa Paulo ni akina yaaniwerya weetta arowaka khula nipuro na olamulelo wa oRoma vahitthuneyaka omukuxa pasaporte. Khisaakhanle ikontrole ni mapuro yaakohaniwa pasaporte. Okhala wira atthu anceene yaanoova ohukhummwa ni aRoma, nto khiyaakhala alavilavi mphironi mmo. Vaanikhweya weetta mphareya okhala wira anakhotto a oRoma yaahaamala-maliha alavilavi yiiya mphareya. Nnaamwi Paulo samphwannye mixankiho sinceene sa osama ni ekalawa mphareya, Biibiliya khonihimya wira aahitoko wiiyeriwa eettaka mikwaha iyo.—2 aKor. 11:25, 26.
MOOTA NTTAAVA NAAKHALIHENRYE AYA
11. Moota xeeni awiixutti a Yesu yaarumenle aya nttaava na eGriki?
11 Egriki yiireliwa eKoine, naari nttaava naalavuliwa wira atthu alavulihane ni wiiraaniha miloko sa eKristau. Mwaha wa oxintta wa Alexandre, o Grande, eGriki yaanilavuliwa mapuro manceene. Nto, arumeyi a Muluku yaaniwerya waalavuliha atthu otheene, eyo yaahikhaliherya muteko woolaleerya omwareela mulaponi. Nave, aYuda yaakhala wEjiitu yaahitaphulela Soolempwa sa eHeeberi ni eGriki. Atthu anceene yaanisuwela eversau ya Biibiliya yiireliwa Septuaginta, ni awiixutti a Yesu yaanirumeela soolepa iyo ntoko siira awe Kristu. Makristau yaahoona eGriki okhala yookhweya okathi waamulepa aya Biibiliya. Nle naari nttaava naarina masu manceene ni naahikhalana inamuna sinceene saakhweiherya otthokiheriwa Nuulumo na Muluku.
12. (a) Códice exeeni, ni mureerelo xeeni waarina awe woovirikana ni eroolu? (b) Opacenrye silini orumeeliwa códice ni maKristau manceene?
12 Moota xeeni maKristau yaarumeela aya Soolempwa okathi yaalaleerya aya? Orumeela iroolu waanikhulumula okhala wira saavekela otapuruxiwa ni okhuniwa khula okathi, ni saaweryaneya paahi olempwa mpantta mmosa. Ehapari ya Matheyo paahi yanwerya osareya eroolu yotheene. Nto aahikumiheriwa códice, eyo piiyo, enamuna ya iliivuru soopacerya. Eyo yaakhala ipaphelo soottotthiwa. Mulipa oosoma anwerya omukhunula códice ni ophwanya khula Yoolepa yaaphavela awe. Nnaamwi nihisuwelexaka okathi ene maKristau apacenrye aya omurumeela códice, eliivuru emosa enihimya so: “MaKristau anceene yaanimurumeela códice eseekulu yanenli nto vannooneya wira aapacenrye ovariheliwa muteko mwakha wa 100 AD”.
MOOTA NLAMULO NA OROMA NAAKHALIHENRYE AYA
13, 14. (a) Moota xeeni Paulo aarumenle awe ehakhi awe ya okhala mutthu a oRoma? (b) Moota xeeni nlamulo na aRoma naaphwanyinhe aya mureerelo maKristau?
13 Nlamulo na oRoma naahikhalana ikuru momweneni motheene, ni atthu a oRoma yaahikhalana iparakha sinceene ni saahikhala itthu sinceene yeemereriwa aya opaka voohitthekela nlamulo. Murummwa Paulo aahirumeela ehakhi awe ya okhala mutthu a oRoma ikwaha sinceene. Okathi waamaniwe awe oYerusalemu, murummwa Paulo aahimukoha mukhulupale a anakhotto a oRoma wira: “Nyuwo munnemiheriwa ommana muRoma, hatá ahinalamuliwe?” Tthiri eyo yaari etthu yookhoottihiwa. Okathi waahimmye awe wira aari mutthu a oRoma, “atthu yarowa ommana Paulo yahimwareya nananoru. Kapitau uwo, anòva-tho, vasuwenlyawe wira Paulo ari muRoma, okhala wira ahimutthukwa n’ikwirinti”.—Mit. 22:25-29.
14 Mwaha wookhala mutthu a oRoma, waahimwiiriha Paulo othokoreriwa saana oFilipo. (Mit. 16:35-40) Oryeene wEefeso, mulipa oolepa a muttetthe ole aahirumeela nlamulo na oRoma nuumala waamaaliha atthu yaavirunwe. (Mit. 19:35-41) Okathi waaryaawe oKesareya aahirumeela nlamulo na oRoma wira orowe aakiherye waamini wawe ohoolo wa Seesari. (Mit. 25:8-12) Tthiri nlamulo na aRoma naahikhaliherya “wakiha n’ulipiha Ehapari Yorera”.—aFil. 1:7.
MUREERELO WAAKUMIHENRYE AYA WUULAANA WA AYUDA
15. Yaamwarenle sai aYuda mulaponi eseekulu yoopacerya?
15 Mwa inamuna soovirikana, maKristau yaanoona okhala vookhweya ovara muteko woolaleerya okhala wira yaaniphwanyaneya aYuda anceene yaamwarenle moolamuleloni wa aRoma. Iseekulu sinceene ottuli, Asiria ni aBabilonia yahaavarakasa aYuda khwaakumiha mulaponi mwaya. Ehinatthi ophiya eseekulu ya neethanu AEC, yaaniphwanyaneya aYuda iprovinsia 127 sa Omwene wa oPersia. (Esth. 9:30) Okathi Yesu aaryaawe valaponi, yaahikhala aYuda wAsia Menor, wEjiitu, oGresia, oMesopotamia, ni Mpantta Onikela epheyo wa Afrika. Vanihimmwa wira mwa atthu 60.000.000 yaakhala Momweneni wa oRoma, wa khula atthu 14, mmosa aari muYuda. Nto khula nipuro yaarowa aya aYuda, awo yaanirowana etiini aya.—Math. 23:15.
16, 17. (a) Mwa enamuna xeeni wuulaana wa aYuda waakhalihenrye aya atthu yahaakhanle aYuda? (b) Yoolema xeeni ya aYuda yaatthariwa ni awiixutti a Yesu?
16 Mwaha woowi aYuda yaahuulaana okathi ole, atthu anceene yahaakhanle aYuda yaanisuwela Soolempwa sa eHeeberi. Awo yaanisuwela wira Muluku ori mmosa ni wira atthu otheene yaamurumeela yaanittittimihiwa mwaha wa wiiwelela waya malamulo awe. Ohiya-vo, Soolempwa sa eHeeberi saahikhalana iprofesia sinceene voohimya sa Mesiya. (Luka 24:44) Nto aYuda ni maKristau yaanisuwela wira Soolempwa sa eHeeberi saari Nuulumo Nowuupuxeriwa na Muluku, eyo yaahimwiiriha murummwa Paulo owerya waalavuliha atthu ale yaarina murima wooloka. Nave Paulo aahikhalana yoolema ya okela musinagoga sa aYuda onaatthokiherya Soolempwa.—Musome Miteko 17:1, 2.
17 Tthiri aYuda yaahikhalana enamuna aya ya okokhorela. Awo yaanithukumana khula esumana musinagoga mwaya wala mapuro makina yaathukumaniwa vate. Awo yaaniipa isipo, opaka mavekelo ni othokorerya Soolempwa. Mweettelo mmosaru onnitthariwa mmulokoni wa eKristau olelo-va.
SOTHEENE SAAWERYANENYE NNIKHALIHERYO NA YEHOVA
18, 19. (a) Moota xeeni makhalelo a eseekulu yoopacerya yaakhalihenrye aya muteko woolaleerya? (b) Nuumala othokorerya itthu iya voohimya sa Yehova, vano munimoonela sai?
18 Tthiri vannooneya wira yaari makhalelo yaale yaakumihenrye wuulaana wa muteko woolaleerya ihapari sooreera okathi ole. Pax Romana, okhweya weetta mukwaha, olavuliwa wa nttaava nimosa, nlamulo na aRoma, ni wuulaana wa aYuda, wahaakhaliherya awiixutti a Yesu waakhwaniherya muteko yaavahiwe aya.
19 Iseekulu xexe ohinatthi ophiya okathi ole, musuweli mmosa muGriki Platão, aahilepa eliivuru emosa yaahimya so: “Ti voovila omusuwela ole opattunxe olumwenku ola onikhala ahu, ni hata nimusuwelaka, vaarowa okhala voovila waaleela atthu otheene”. Masi, Yesu aahimmye so: “Etthu enarikela atthu, Muluku omukhwèla”. (Luka 18:27) Mpattuxa a olumwenku ola oniphavela wira atthu amphwanye ni amusuwele. Yesu aahaahimeerya-tho awiixutti awe wira: “Mwawixuttiheke atthu a ilapo sothene”. (Math. 28:19) Nto akhaliheriwaka ni Yehova Muluku, vanooweryaneya ovara muteko owo. Muru onittharelana onrowa wooniherya moota muteko owo onivariwa awe mahiku ala.