Te Tohi-Tapu Faka ‘Gothique’—Ko He Gāue Fakaofoofo
KO TE kau Goths neʼe ko te kautahi ʼo te ʼu telepi Siamani, ʼe mahino ia ʼe nātou haʼu mai Scandinavie. ʼI te ʼu ʼuluaki sēkulō ʼo totatou temi, neʼe nātou folau ki te potu hihifo ʼo te Tai ʼUli pea mo te vaitafe ʼo te Danube, ki te ʼu tuʼakoi tonu ʼo te Puleʼaga Loma.
Ko te ʼuluaki tohi ʼaē neʼe fai ʼi te faʼahiga lea faka Siamani neʼe ko te Tohi-Tapu faka Gothique. ʼI te temi nei ʼe kei maʼu te ʼu koga ʼo te Tohi-Tapu ʼaia. Kae, ʼe ko he fakaliliu makehe foki ʼo te Tohi-Tapu pea mo maʼuhiga ʼaupito. Koteā tona tupuʼaga?
Ia Ulfilas—Ko He Misionea Pea Ko He Tagata Fakaliliu Tohi-Tapu
Ko te tagata fai fakaliliu tohi ʼo te Tohi-Tapu ʼaia neʼe ko Ulfilas, ʼaē neʼe ʼiloʼi lelei age ʼaki tona higoa faka Gothique ʼaē ko Wulfila. ʼI te manatu ʼa te tagata fai hisitolia ko Philostorgius, neʼe hifo mai Ulfilas mai te kūtuga ʼaē neʼe puke e te kau Goths ʼi te ʼohofi ʼaē ʼo Cappadocie, ko he koga nei ʼo te potu hahake ʼo Tulukia. Neʼe tupu ʼi te taʼu 311 ʼo totatou temi, hili kiai taʼu e 30 neʼe fakanofo ia ia pea mo teuteuʼi ke liliu ko he misionea ʼi te lotolotoiga ʼo te kau Goths.
ʼE ʼui e te tagata fai hisitolia ko Will Durant “moʼo akoʼi pea mo fakatuputupu tana ʼu tisipulo, neʼe faʼa kātaki ʼo ina fakaliliu mai te faka Keleka ki te lea faka Gothique te Tohi-Tapu katoa ʼo gata pe ki te ʼu tohi ʼo te ʼu Hau.” (The Age of Faith) Ia ʼaho nei, gata pe ki he koga ʼo te tohi ʼo Nehemia, ko te ʼu tohi ʼo te Tohi-Tapu faka Gothique ʼaē neʼe mole puli ʼe ko he ʼu koga ia ʼo te ʼu Tohi Faka Keleka ʼo te Tohi-Tapu.
Ko te lea faka Gothique neʼe mole ko he lea ke tohi. Koia ko te fakaliliu ʼaē neʼe fai e Ulfilas, neʼe ko he toe gāue ia neʼe fakamaʼua kiai he ʼatamai makehe. Ko te ʼu tagata fai hisitolia ʼo te lotu ʼo te temi ʼaē, ʼe nātou ʼui ko ia ʼaē neʼe ina maʼu te ʼu mataʼi tohi faka Gothique, ʼaki ʼona ʼu mataʼi tohi ʼaē e 27, neʼe fakatafito ʼuluaki ki te ʼu mataʼi tohi faka Keleka pea mo faka Latina. ʼO toe hilifaki ki te faʼahi ʼaia, ʼe fakatokagaʼi fēnei mai e te tohi (The New Encyclopædia Britannica) “neʼe ina faʼu te tikisionalio faka Kilisitiano ʼo Siamani, pea ko ʼihi kupu ʼe kei fakaʼaogaʼi ʼi te temi nei.”
Te Hisitolia ʼo Te Kamataʼaga Mai ʼo Te Tohi-Tapu Faka Gothique
Neʼe fakaʼosi e Ulfilas tana fakaliliu ʼo te Tohi-Tapu ʼi muʼa ʼo te taʼu 381 ʼo totatou temi pea neʼe mate taʼu e lua peʼe tolu ki muli mai. Ko te ʼiloa ʼo tana gāue neʼe fakamoʼoni kiai te tohi (The Encyclopedia Americana), ʼaē ʼe ina ʼui fēnei: “ ʼI te agamāhani ko te fakaliliu ʼaia ʼo te Tohi-Tapu neʼe fakaʼaogaʼi e te kau Goths ʼaē neʼe folau ki Sepania pea mo Italia.” Koia, ʼaki te fakasiosio ʼaē ʼo te lahi ʼo te ʼu koga neʼe hāo, ʼe hā ʼaki mai neʼe lahi ʼaupito te ʼu Tohi-Tapu faka Gothique neʼe fai. ʼE mahino ia, neʼe lahi te ʼu tohi neʼe hiki nima neʼe fai ʼi te ʼu scriptoria ʼo te kolo ko Ravenne pea mo te kolo ko Vérone, ʼi te koga meʼa ʼaē neʼe fakatuʼu ai e te kau Goths tonatou puleʼaga. Ko te ʼu scriptoria neʼe ko te ʼu koga fale ʼi te ʼu nofoʼaga ʼa te kau monike ʼaē neʼe hiki nima ai te ʼu tohi.
Ko te kau Goths neʼe fakagata leva tonatou ʼuhiga puleʼaga ʼi te taʼu 555 ʼo totatou temi, ʼi te toe ʼohofi ʼaē e te tuʼi Byzantin ko Justinien 1 te fenua ko Italia. ʼE ʼui e Tönnes Kleberg ʼi te hili ʼaē ʼo te lavā ʼo te kau Goths, “ko te lea faka Gothique feiā ki te ʼu talatuku faka Gothiques neʼe puli leva ia ʼi Italia, ʼo teitei pe la ke mole nātou tuku he kiʼi fakaʼiloga. Ko te ʼu tohi faka Gothiques ʼaē neʼe tohi nima neʼe mole kei ʼi ai hona ʼaoga. . . . ʼI hona ʼaluʼaga lahi neʼe tuku keheʼi leva te ʼu tohi ʼaia pea neʼe molehi moʼo fetogi ʼo te faitohi. Neʼe toe fakaʼaogaʼi te takaiga tohi totogi kovi, moʼo tohi kiai ni ʼu meʼa foʼou.”
Ko Te ʼu Hiki Tohi ʼAē Neʼe Hāo
ʼI te tahi ʼu tohi ʼo te ʼu tohi ʼaia ʼaē neʼe hiki nima, neʼe mole lelei te molehi ʼaē neʼe fai, ʼo toe ʼasi lelei mai pe te meʼa ʼaē neʼe ʼuluaki tohi. Neʼe lahi te ʼu meʼa ʼaē neʼe fakahigoaʼi ko te ʼu takaiga tohi ʼaē neʼe maʼu pea neʼe lava tona fakamahinoʼi. Ko te takaiga tohi, ko te Codex Argenteus, ʼaē ʼe tuʼu ai te ʼu Evaselio e fā ʼaki te fakahoahoa ʼaenī ʼo Mateo, Soane, Luka, pea mo Maleko, neʼe mole hoko kiai he meʼa.
Ko te tohi ʼāfea fakaofoofo ʼaia ʼe ʼui neʼe tohi ʼi te scriptorium ʼo Ravenne ʼi te kamataʼaga ʼo te ono sēkulō ʼo totatou temi. ʼE fakahigoaʼi ko te Codex Argenteus, ko tona faka ʼuhiga “Tohi Siliva,” he neʼe tohi ʼaki te vai tohi siliva. Ko te ʼu pasina ʼo te takaiga tohi neʼe lanu huʼa lotuma, ʼo hā ʼaki mai neʼe gali fai te potu ʼaia maʼa he tagata ʼaliki. Ko te ʼu mataʼi tohi aulo lalahi neʼe nātou fakamataleleiʼi te ʼu tolu laini ʼuluaki ʼo te ʼu Evaselio fuli ʼo toe feiā aipe ki te kamataʼaga ʼo te tohi. Ko te ʼu higoa ʼo nātou ʼaē neʼe nātou tohi te ʼu Evaselio neʼe toe tohi ʼaki te aulo ʼi ʼoluga ʼo te ʼu “paki fakamatalelei” e fā ʼaē neʼe tohi ʼi lalo ʼo te ʼu kolona takitokotahi ʼo te ʼu tohi. Ko te ʼu meʼa ʼaia ʼe nātou hinoʼi te tahi ʼu vaega ʼe maʼu ʼi te ʼu Evaselio.
Te Toe Fakafoʼou ʼo Te ʼu Kupu ʼo Te Tohi-Tapu Faka Gothique
ʼI te hili pe ʼaē ʼo te molehi ʼo te kau Goths, neʼe puli ai leva te Codex Argenteus maʼuhiga. Neʼe mole toe ʼasi mai ʼo kaku ki tona toe hā mai ʼi te vaelua ʼo te 16 sēkulō ʼi te nofoʼaga ʼo te kau monike ʼaē ʼi Werden, ʼe ōvi ki Cologne, ʼi Siamani.
ʼI te taʼu 1569, neʼe tā te fakaliliu faka Gothique ʼo te Faikole ʼa te ʼAliki, ʼo fakatokagaʼi ai te Tohi-Tapu ʼaē neʼe toʼo mai ai. Ko te higoa Codex Argenteus neʼe ʼuluaki tā muʼa ʼi te taʼu 1597. Neʼe ʼaumai leva mai te koga meʼa ʼaia ko Werden te tohi ʼaia ke kau ki te ʼu meʼa matalelei ʼaē ʼe tatānaki e te tuʼi pule ʼi Prague. Kae ʼi te fakaʼosi ʼo te tau ʼaē neʼe hoko ia taʼu e tolugofulu talu mai te 1618 ki te 1648, ko te kau Suédois ʼaē neʼe mālo neʼe nātou ʼave mo nātou te Codex Argenteus pea mo te tahi age ʼu meʼa. Talu mai te taʼu 1669 ko te takaiga tohi ʼaia neʼe nofo maʼu aipe ʼi te fale tohi faka univelesitē ʼo Uppsala, ʼi Suède.
Ko te ʼuluaki faʼufaʼu ʼo te Codex Argenteus neʼe ko te ʼu pasina e 336, pea ʼe ko pasina e 187 ʼaē ʼe tuku ʼi Uppsala. Ko te tahi pasina—te pasina fakaʼosi ʼo te Evaselio ʼo Maleko—neʼe maʼu ʼi te taʼu 1970 ʼi te kolo ko Speyer, ʼi Siamani.
Talu mai te temi ʼaē neʼe toe ʼasi mai ai te takaiga tohi ʼaia, ko te ʼu hahaʼi popoto neʼe nātou kamata ako te ʼu meʼa ʼaē ʼe tohi ʼi loto ke nātou mahino ki te faka ʼuhiga ʼo te lea faka Gothique ʼaē ʼe mole kei fakaʼaogaʼi. ʼAki tana fakaʼaogaʼi ʼo te ʼu tohi ʼaē neʼe maʼu ʼi te temi ʼaia pea mo te ʼu ʼuluaki faiga moʼo toe fakatuʼu te ʼu kupu, ko te tagata poto Siamani ko Wilhelm Streitberg neʼe ina fakahokohoko pea mo tā ʼi te taʼu 1908 te “Die gotische Bibel” (Te Tohi-Tapu Faka Gothique), ʼaki te ʼu tohi faka Keleka pea mo te ʼu tohi faka Gothique ʼi te tahi ʼu pasina.
Ia ʼaho nei, ko te Tohi-Tapu faka Gothique ʼaia ʼe maʼuhiga ʼaupito ki te kau popoto. Kae ʼi te ʼaluʼaga ʼaē neʼe fai pea neʼe leleiʼia ʼi te kamakamata mai ʼo te fakaliliu ʼo te Tohi-Tapu, ʼe nātou fakamoʼoni ki te holi ʼaē ʼa Ulfilas pea mo tana faiga mālohi ʼaē ke maʼu te Folafola ʼa te ʼAtua ʼi te lea ʼaē neʼe fakaʼaogaʼi ʼi tona temi. Neʼe ina ʼiloʼi lelei, ko te faʼahi pe ʼaia ʼaē neʼe feala ai ki te kau Goths ke nātou mahino ki te moʼoni faka Kilisitiano.
[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki pasina 9]
Courtesy of the Uppsala University Library, Sweden