Te Tuʼania Ki Te Nukeleʼea—Kua Puli Koa?

“NEʼE mole ʼi ai he temi, talu mai te Lua Tau Faka Malamanei, neʼe mālohi age ai te fealagia ʼaē ke fakatuʼu te tokalelei ʼi te Kele ohage ko totatou temi.” Ko te manatu fakaloto mālohi ʼaia ʼaē neʼe fai e te tagata ʼe gāue ki te sulunale ʼi te fakaʼosi ʼo te ʼu taʼu 1980, neʼe fakatafito ki te ʼu talaga ʼaē neʼe fai ʼo ʼuhiga mo te fakasiʼisiʼi ʼo te ʼu mahafu tau faka nukeleʼea pea mo te ʼu fetogi fakafokifā ʼaē neʼe hoko ʼi te faʼahi faka politike ʼo fakagata ai leva te Tau Momoko. Kae neʼe gata ai koa mo te tuʼania ʼo ʼuhiga mo te nukeleʼea, ʼaē neʼe ko he koga tāfito ʼo te fihi ʼaē ki te pule? Neʼe ʼamanaki hoko koa he tokalelei loaloaga pea mo he maʼuli fīmālie moʼoni?

Te ʼu Tuʼutāmaki ʼo ʼUhiga Mo Te Mafola ʼo Te Nukeleʼea

Lolotoga te Tau Momoko, logo aipe tana fakatafito ki he fakafuafua tatau ʼo te mataku, neʼe ʼio te ʼu mālohi lalahi ki te fakahaʼele ki muʼa ʼo te fakaʼaogaʼi ʼo te nukeleʼea, ko te faiga ʼaē ki te tokalelei, kae faka tuʼakoi tona fakaʼaogaʼi ki te faʼu ʼo te ʼu mahafu tau. ʼI te taʼu 1970 neʼe sinie te Fuakava ʼaē ʼe ina Tapuʼi te mafola ʼo te nukeleʼea; ki muli age neʼe fakamoʼoni kiai te ʼu fenua e 140. Kae, neʼe fakafisi kiai te ʼu fenua ʼe nātou maʼu te nukeleʼea ohage ko Initia, ko Alasatine, ko Pelesile pea mo Iselaele ʼo kaku mai ki te ʼaho nei.

Kae, ʼi te taʼu 1985 neʼe sinie te fuakava ʼaia e te tahi age fenua ʼe ina maʼu te nukeleʼea ko te fenua ʼaia ko Kolea ʼi te Potu Tokelau. Koia ʼi te temi ʼaē neʼe fakahā ai leva tana mavae kehe mai te fuakava ʼaia ʼi te ʼaho 12 ʼo Malesio 1993, ʼe mahino ia neʼe mole faʼa leleiʼia e te malamanei. Neʼe ʼui e te nusipepa Fakasiamani (Der Spiegel): “Ko te mavae mai te Fuakava ʼaē ʼe ina Tapuʼi te Mafola ʼo te Nukeleʼea ʼe ina fakatupu he ʼaluʼaga pe ko he tonu ʼe feala ke faʼifaʼitakiʼi e niʼihi age: ʼI te temi nei ʼe ʼi ai te tuʼania ʼo he faiga mālohi ki te ʼu mahafu tau faka nukeleʼea, ʼo kamata ʼi Asia, ʼe feala pe ke fakatupu tuʼutāmaki age ia ʼi te fakataupiepie ʼaē neʼe hoko ʼi te ʼu fenua mālohi ʼaupito ʼuhi ko te foʼi pulu.”

ʼE mahino papau ia ʼe kaugamālie age pe anai te ʼu fenua ʼaē ʼe nātou fakaʼaogaʼi te nukeleʼea ʼuhi ko te tapuke ʼo te ʼu fenua foʼou ʼe tupu mai te tauhi ʼaē ki te puleʼaga. (Vakaʼi te talanoa.) ʼE fakatokagaʼi fēnei e Charles Krauthammer ko he tagata ʼe faitohi ʼi te sulunale: “Ko te puli ʼo te tuʼania mai te fenua ko Lusia ʼe mole faka ʼuhiga ʼaki te kua puli ʼo te tuʼania ʼo ʼuhiga mo te nukeleʼea. Ko te meʼa ʼaē ʼe fakamataku ko te tuputupu ʼa te ʼu fenua ʼe nātou fakaʼaogaʼi te nukeleʼea, pea ko te mafola ʼaia neʼe hoki kamata age pe.”

Ko He ʼu Foʼi Pulu Ke Fakatau

Ko nātou ʼaē ʼe lau ko te ʼu mālohi faka nukeleʼea ʼe nātou mānumānu ki te tuʼulaga māʼoluga pea mo te mālohi ʼaē ʼe foaki e te ʼu mahafu tau ʼaia. ʼE ʼui neʼe totogi e te fenua te ʼu foʼi pulu faka nukeleʼea e lua mai te fenua ʼaē ko Kazakhstan. Neʼe fakamoʼoni e te lepupilika ʼāfea ʼaia ʼo Lusia ki te “puli” ʼa te ʼu foʼi pulu nukeleʼea.

ʼI te māhina ʼo ʼOketopeli 1992 neʼe puke te ʼu tagata ʼi Francfort, ko he kolo ʼo Siamani, neʼe nofo mo nāua te 200 kalama ʼo te césium, ʼe ko he efuʼi ukamea ʼe fakatupu mahaki ʼaupito, ʼe feʼauga moʼo ʼulihi te matapuna vai ʼo he kolo katoa. Hili kiai te vāhaʼa katoa neʼe puke te ʼu tagata kaihaʼa mo kilo uranium e 2,2. Neʼe punamaʼuli te kau takitaki ʼi te maʼutokā ʼi te ʼu vāhaʼa pe e lua te ʼu kūtuga e lua ʼe nātou gāueʼi fakafūfū te nukeleʼea, koteʼuhi neʼe toe hoko tuʼa nima pe te meʼa ʼaia ʼi te malamanei lolotoga te taʼu katoa ʼaenī kua hili.

ʼE mole ʼiloʼi foki, pe neʼe tonu ke fakatau e te ʼu hahaʼi ʼaia te ʼu meʼa ʼaia ki he ʼu kūtuga fai fakapō pe ki he ʼu puleʼaga. Kae, ʼe ʼāsilisili pe te fealagia ʼaē ke fakaʼaogaʼi te nukeleʼea ʼi te fai fakapō. ʼE fakamahino e David Lowry (mai te European Proliferation Information Centre) te ʼaluʼaga ʼo te fakamataku ʼo te faʼahi ʼaia: “Ko te meʼa pe ʼaē ʼe tonu anai ke fai e he tagata fai fakapō ko te momoli ʼo he moʼi uranium ʼe mālohi ʼaupito ki he takitaki ʼe ʼiloa ke nātou ʼahiʼahiʼi, mo ina fakahā age, ʼe tapuke ia mātou te meʼa ʼaia, koʼena tona fakamoʼoni. ʼE hage pe ko te fakamolimoli e he tagata fai fakapō te taliga ʼo he tahi neʼe ʼave fakakinau moʼo fakamoʼoni ʼaki tana nofo mo te tagata pe ko te fafine ʼaē neʼe ʼave fakakinau.”

Te ʼu “Foʼi Pulu ʼAē ʼe ʼAmanaki Pā” Pea Mo Te ʼu “Hele Fakatupu Mate” ʼo Te Tokalelei

ʼI te kamata mai ʼo te taʼu 1992, neʼe fakaʼaogaʼi te ʼu masini faʼu nukeleʼea e 420 ki te faʼu ʼo te hila; neʼe lolotoga faʼu te tahi ʼu masini e 76. Kae ʼi te hoholo mai ʼo te temi, ko te ʼu tuʼutāmaki ʼaē neʼe hoko ki te ʼu masini faʼu nukeleʼea neʼe iku ki te ʼāsilisili ʼo te ʼu mahaki, ʼo te ʼu fatu tō, ʼo te ʼu toe ʼaē neʼe fānauʼi ʼaki te ʼu mahaki. ʼE ʼui fēnei e te fakamatala, ko te ʼu tuʼutāmaki ʼaē neʼe hoko ki te fale ʼe ina gāueʼi te plutonium ʼi Lusia ʼi te taʼu 1967 neʼe tuʼa tolu age te kovi ʼo te kasa ʼaē neʼe mavae ai ʼi te kasa ʼaē neʼe mavae ʼi te tuʼutāmaki ʼaē neʼe hoko ʼi Tchernobyl.

ʼE mahino papau ia, ko te tuʼutāmaki ʼaia ʼaē neʼe hoko ʼi te māhina ʼo ʼApelili 1986 ʼi Tchernobyl, ʼi Ukraine, neʼe lahi age tona fakatokagaʼi e te hahaʼi. ʼE fakamahino mai e Grigori Medwedew neʼe pule ki te kau aseniolo ʼo te fale gāue ʼo Tchernobyl ʼi te ʼu taʼu 1970 ko te “toe kasa kona pea mo tologa” ʼaē neʼe fefioʼaki mo te ʼaele ʼe feala “ke fakatatau ki te ʼu foʼi pulu e hogofulu ʼi te faʼahiga pulu ʼaē neʼe pā ʼi Hiroshima ʼo mulimuli pe kiai te loaloaga ʼo tona kona ki muli age.”

ʼI tana tohi (Tschernobylskaja chronika) ʼe talanoa Medwedew ki te ʼu tuʼutāmaki kovi e 11 neʼe hoko ʼi te Lusia ʼāfea ʼi te ʼu taʼu 1980 pea mo te tahi age ʼu tuʼutāmaki e 12 neʼe hoko ʼi te ʼAtu Fenua ʼo Amelika. ʼE kau ki te ʼu tuʼutāmaki ʼaē neʼe hoko ʼi te ʼAtu Fenua ʼo Amelika te tuʼutāmaki fakamataku ʼaē neʼe hoko ʼi Three Mile Island ʼi te taʼu 1979. ʼO ʼuhiga mo te tuʼutāmaki ʼaia ʼe ʼui fēnei e Medwedew: “ ʼE ko te ʼuluaki tuʼutāmaki ʼaia ʼaē neʼe ina fakakoviʼi te fakaʼaogaʼi ʼo te mālohi faka nukeleʼea pea neʼe ina toe fakatahi ʼalu ai foki mo te ʼu misi ʼa te tokolahi, ko he ʼu fale gāue faka nukeleʼea ʼe tāu mo te falala—kae ʼe mole ko te manatu ʼaia ʼa te hahaʼi fuli.”

Ko te tupuʼaga la ʼaia ʼo te kei tau hoko pe ʼo te ʼu tuʼutāmaki. Lolotoga te taʼu 1992 ko te ʼu tuʼutāmaki ʼi Lusia neʼe hiki ʼo teitei kaku ki te 20 ki te teau. ʼI te hili ʼo te tahi tuʼutāmaki, neʼe hoko ʼi te māhina ʼo Malesio ʼo te taʼu pe ʼaia 1992 ʼi te fale gāue ʼo Sosnovy-Bor ʼi te kolo ko St. Pétersbourg, ʼi Lusia, neʼe ʼāsili age te mafola ʼo te kasa ʼaē ʼe kovi ʼi te potu tokelau ʼo Pilitania ʼo aʼu ki te 50 ki te teau pea neʼe fakalaka tuʼa lua ʼi te tuʼakoi ʼaē ʼe faka fealagia, ʼi Estonia pea mo te potu toga ʼo Finilani. ʼE tala e te polofesea ko John Urquhart ʼo te Univelesitē ʼo Newcastle: “ ʼE mole feala ke ʼau fakamoʼoni neʼe ʼāsili age te mafola ʼo te kovi ʼuhi ko Sosnovy-Bor—kae ka na pau la neʼe mole ko Sosnovy-Bor, ko ai ʼapē?”

Ko ʼihi kau takitaki ʼe nātou ʼui ʼe mole lelei te ʼu faʼahiga masini faʼu nukeleʼea ʼo Tchernobyl pea ʼe fakatupu tuʼutāmaki fau tona fakaʼaogaʼi. Kae logope la te faʼahi ʼaia, ko te ʼu masini e hogofulu-ma-lua tupu ʼe kei fakaʼaogaʼi nei moʼo tali ki te ʼu tuʼuga kole ʼo ʼuhiga mo te hila. Neʼe tukugakoviʼi te tahi ʼu kau gāue ʼo te masini faʼu nukeleʼea he neʼe nātou matehi te ʼu faʼahi ʼo te masini ʼaē ʼe nātou fakaʼutaʼuta tona mālohi ke feala ai he hikihiki ʼo te mālohi ʼaē ʼe ina faʼu. Ko te ʼu fakamatala ʼaia ʼe fakatupu mataku ki te ʼu fenua ohage ko Falani, ʼaē ko te 70 ki te teau ʼo te hila ʼaē ʼe fakaʼaogaʼi e te fenua ʼaia ʼe faʼu ʼi te ʼu fale gāue faka nukeleʼea. Kapau ʼe hoko he tahi age tuʼutāmaki ohage ko “Tchernobyl,” pea e lahi anai te ʼu fale gāue hila ʼi Falani e lagi tonu anai ke pupunu ʼo talu ai.

Māʼia mo te ʼu masini faʼu nukeleʼea ʼaē ʼe hage mai “ ʼe tāu mo te falala,” ʼaki te temi ʼe liliu te ʼu masini ʼaia ʼo fakatupu tuʼutāmaki. ʼI te kamata ʼo te taʼu 1993, lolotoga te sivisivi ʼe fai māhani, neʼe maʼu te ʼu makafaʼafaʼa e teau tupu ʼi te ʼu tuio ukamea ʼo te masini faʼu nukeleʼea ʼo Brunsbüttel, ko he masini ʼe kau ki te ʼu masini faʼu nukeleʼea ʼāfea ʼo Siamani. ʼO toe feiā aipe neʼe maʼu te ʼu makafaʼafaʼa feiā ʼi te ʼu masini faʼu nukeleʼea ʼi Falani pea mo Suisi. Neʼe hoko te ʼuluaki tuʼutāmaki kovi ki te fale gāue Saponia ʼi te taʼu 1991, ko he tahi tupuʼaga ʼo te tuʼutāmaki ʼaia ʼaē neʼe hoko, lagi ko te kua ʼāfea ʼo te masini. Ko te meʼa ʼaia ʼe ina fakahā ʼaki mai ʼe feala pe ke toe hoko he ʼu tuʼutāmaki feiā ʼi te ʼAtu Fenua ʼo Amelika, heʼe teitei pe ko te masini e lua ʼi te ʼu masini faʼu nukeleʼea e tolu ʼaē ʼe fakaʼaogaʼi ki te gāue, ʼe kua taʼu hogofulu tupu.

Ko te ʼu tuʼutāmaki faka nukeleʼea ʼe feala pe ke hoko ʼi he koga meʼa pe, ʼi he temi pe, ʼe mole tou ʼiloʼi. ʼE ʼāsilisili pe te tuʼania ʼi te tapuke ʼo te ʼu masini faʼu nukeleʼea, pea ʼe lahi age pe te fealagia ʼaē ke hoko he tuʼutāmaki ʼi te ʼāsili age pe ʼo te ʼāfea ʼo he masini. ʼE mole fakapuna’maʼuli te haga ʼa te nusipepa ʼo fakahigoaʼi te ʼu masini ʼaia ko ni ʼu foʼi pulu ʼe ʼamanaki pā, pe ko ni ʼu hele ʼe fakatupu mate ʼuhi ko tona kasa.

Kofea Te Faʼahi ʼAē ʼe Tonu Ke Nātou Laku Kiai Te ʼu ʼOtaʼota Faka Nukeleʼea?

ʼE mole heʼeki faʼa fualoa neʼe punamaʼuli te hahaʼi ʼi tanatou maʼu atu te koga meʼa mālōlō ʼe ōvi ki te vaitafe ʼi te ʼu moʼuga ʼo Falani ko te Alpes, neʼe lokaʼi pea neʼe leʼoleʼo ai te kau polisi. Neʼe fakamahino fēnei e te nusipepa (The European): “Neʼe fai te fakatuʼutuʼu ʼaia mai tona ʼaluʼaga ʼaē, kua hili kiai māhina e lua, ko te mate ʼa te fafine ʼo te koga meʼa pe ʼaia ʼuhi ko te kasa kona ʼaē haʼu mai te béryllium neʼe ina fakahā ʼaki mai ko te fakafuafua ʼo te kovi ʼo te kasa ʼaē ʼe maʼu ʼi te koga meʼa mālōlō ʼaia, e tuʼa 100 age tona kovi ʼi te ʼaele ʼo te ʼu koga meʼa ʼaē ōvi kiai.”

Ko te béryllium, ko he ukamea ʼe maʼamaʼa neʼe faʼu ʼaki te ʼu faʼahiga fai kehekehe, ʼe fakaʼaogaʼi ʼi te faʼu vakalele, pea mokā ʼe fai kiai he radiation ʼe fakaʼaogaʼi leva ʼi te ʼu fale gāue nukeleʼea. ʼE mahino papau ia, ko he fale gāue ʼe ina faʼu te béryllium ʼaē neʼe ina huaʼi te toe ʼo te béryllium ʼaē neʼe mole fakaʼaogaʼi ki te koga meʼa mālōlō ʼaia peʼe ki he koga meʼa neʼe ōvi age kiai, koteʼuhi ke mamaʼo mai te procédé de radiation ʼe ko he meʼa ʼe fakatupu tuʼutāmaki. Kae neʼe ʼui fēnei e te nusipepa (The European), māʼiape la mo kapau neʼe mole “gāueʼi te efu ʼo te béryllium, ʼe ko he ʼotaʼota ia ʼo te ʼu fale gāue ʼe kau ki te ʼu faʼahiga ʼotaʼota ʼaē ʼe kua ʼiloʼi papau ʼe fakatupu mate ʼaupito.”

Lolotoga taʼu e tolugofulu, ko te ʼu vaka ʼe nātou fetuku te ʼu kotenea ʼotaʼota faka nukeleʼea e 17 000 neʼe huaʼi ʼi te ʼu tai ʼo te mata fenua ʼo Novaïa Zemlia, ʼaē neʼe fakaʼaogaʼi e te kau Lusia ko he koga meʼa moʼo ʼahiʼahiʼi te ʼu meʼa faka nukeleʼea ʼi te kamataʼaga ʼo te ʼu taʼu 1950. ʼO toe hilifaki atu kiai, ko te ʼu kasa ʼo te ʼu faʼahi ʼo te ʼu vaka uku pea mo ʼihi age ʼu faʼahi ʼo te ʼu masini faʼu nukeleʼea e 12 neʼe laku ki te lakuʼaga ʼotaʼota lelei ʼaia.

Ko te ʼulihi ʼaē ʼo te kele ʼaki te ʼu meʼa faka nukeleʼea ʼe fakatupu tuʼutāmaki, tatau aipe pe neʼe fai ʼaki te loto peʼe kailoa. ʼO ʼuhiga mo te vaka uku neʼe moū ʼi te mata fenua ʼo Nolovesi ʼi te taʼu 1989, neʼe fakatokagaʼi fēnei e te nusipepa (Time): “ ʼE puna mai te ʼu toega ʼo te vaka te kasa ʼe ina fakatupu te kosea ʼe higoa te kasa ʼaia ko te césium-137. ʼE ʼui pe foki ko te kasa ʼaia ʼe mole feʼauga ia moʼo ʼulihi te maʼuli ʼo te lalo tai peʼe ko te maʼuli ʼa te hahaʼi. Kae neʼe feʼāveʼaki foki ʼi te Komsomolets, te ʼu foʼi pulu nukeleʼea neʼe fakafonu ʼaki te ʼu kilo plutonium e 13 pea ʼe hoki hili taʼu e 24 000 pea hoki vaelua te mālohi ʼo te plutonium, moʼo fakafuafua te kona ʼo te kasa ʼaia ko te kiʼi mosiʼi efu pe e tahi ʼe feʼauga moʼo matehi he tahi. Neʼe fakatokagaʼi mai e te kau popoto ʼo Lusia ʼe feala ke mafola te plutonium ʼi te vai pea mo ina ʼulihi he ʼu koga maʼuhiga ʼo te moana ʼi te kamata ʼo te taʼu 1994.”

ʼE mahino papau ia, ko te ʼu ʼotaʼota faka nukeleʼea ʼe mole ko he fihifihia ʼe ʼāteaina pe ia ki te ʼu fenua ko Falani pea mo Lusia. ʼE fakahā e te nusipepa (Time), ʼe nofo ia ʼi te ʼAtu Fenua ʼo Amelika mo tana ʼu “moʼuga ʼotaʼota faka nukeleʼea pea ʼe mole ina maʼu he koga meʼa ʼe feala ke fetuku ʼo tānaki kiai tuʼumaʼu te ʼotaʼota.” ʼE ina toe ʼui pe foki ko te miliona foʼi poe ʼe fonu ʼi te ʼu meʼa kona ʼe fakatupu mate, ʼaē ʼe tuku ʼi te ʼu tānakiʼaga faka temi, ʼo ʼāʼāsili aipe ʼi te temi nei “te tuʼania naʼa hoko he tuʼutāmaki, naʼa fokifā ʼe kaihaʼa te ʼu ʼotaʼota ʼaia pea mo fakatupu kovi ki te kele ʼuhi ko te mole lelei ʼo tona gaohi.”

Ohage la moʼo fakatā te tuʼania ʼaia, ko te vaka fetuku ʼotaʼota faka nukeleʼea ʼo te fale faʼu mahafu tau ʼi Tomsk ʼi te fenua ko Sipelia, neʼe paʼulu ʼi te māhina ʼo ʼApelili 1993, ʼo fakatupu ai ʼi te tuʼania fakamataku naʼa toe hoko he lua tuʼutāmaki ohage ko ʼaē ʼo Tchernobyl ʼi te fakakaukau ʼa te hahaʼi.

ʼE mahino papau ia, ʼe mole he ʼu talaga ʼo ʼuhiga mo te tokalelei pea mo te maʼuli fīmālie ʼaē ʼe fakatafito ki te lau ʼaē kua puli te tuʼania ʼo ʼuhiga mo te nukeleʼea ʼe moʼoni. Kae ko te tokalelei pea mo te maʼuli fīmālie kua ōvi mai pe. E feafeaʼi tatatou ʼiloʼi te faʼahi ʼaia?

[Talanoa ʼo te pasina 4]

KO TE ʼU MĀLOHI FAKA NUKELEʼEA

E 12 Pea ʼe Kei Tuputupu Pe

KUA FAKAMOʼONI peʼe KUA ʼILOʼI PAPAU: Biélorussie, Pilitania, Siaina, Falani, Initia, Iselaele, Kazakhstan, Pakisitani, Lusia, Afelika ʼo te Potu Toga, Ukraine, ʼAtu Fenua ʼo Amelika.

KO TE ʼU FENUA ʼE FEALA KE MAʼU IA NĀTOU TE NUKELEʼEA: Aleselia, Alasatine, Pelesile, Ilane, Ilake, Lipea, Kolea ʼo te Potu Tokelau, Kolea ʼo te Potu Toga, Silia, mo Taiuani

[Paki ʼo te pasina 5]

Māʼiape la mo te fakaʼaogaʼi ʼo te mālohi faka nukeleʼea ki he ʼu meʼa ʼe mole kovi ʼe feala pe ke fakatupu tuʼutāmaki

[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki]

Background: U.S. National Archives photo

[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki pasina 3]

U.S. National Archives photo