Ukuvela Nokuwa “Kweenqanawa ZaseTarshishe”
“Iinqanawa zaseTarshishe zazinqumla ulwandle zisiya kurhweba.”—HEZEKILE 27:25, THE JERUSALEM BIBLE
IINQANAWA zaseTarshishe zamenza wasisityebi uKumkani uSolomon. Abantu abazakhayo baba negalelo ekuyilweni koonobumba besiGrike nesiRoma. Bakha isixeko abasithiya igama lokuba yiByblos, gama elo ekwathiywa ngalo iBhayibhile kwiilwimi ezininzi.
Ngoobani abakha iinqanawa zaseTarshishe nababheqi bazo? Zawafumana njani amagama azo? Iziganeko ezenzeka kwaba bantu neenqanawa zabo zikungqina njani ukuchana kweBhayibhile?
Izidwangube Zolwandle IMeditera
AmaFenike akha iinqanawa ezazibizwa ngokuba ziinqanawa zaseTarshishe. Malunga neminyaka eliwaka ngaphambi kukaKristu, amaFenike ayesele eziingcali zolwandle. Ilizwana lawo elaligudle ulwandle libufana neLebanon yanamhlanje. Ngasentla, empuma, nangezantsi kwakuhlala ezinye iintlanga. Ngasentshona kwakukho uLwandle olukhulu lweMeditera. AmaFenike ayeza kufumana ubutyebi kolu lwandle.
Oomatiloshe baseFenike bakha iinqanawa zokurhweba ezabazisela ubutyebi. Njengoko babefumana imali yaye behambela phambili kwezobugcisa bakha iinqanawa ezinkulu ezazikwazi ukuhamba imigama emide. Emva kokuba efikelele imimandla enjengeSipro, iSardinia neziqithi zeBaleares, amaFenike atyhutyha ulwandle oluseMntla Afrika esinge ngasentshona ade aya kufika eSpeyin. (Bona imaphu ekweli nqaku.)
Abakhi benqanawa baseFenike bakha iinqanawa eziziimitha ezingama-30 ubude. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ezi nqanawa zazibizwa ngokuba “ziinqanawa zaseTarshishe” kuba zazinokuhamba umgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-4 000 ukusuka eFenike ukuya kumazantsi aseSpeyin, ummandla ekucingelwa ukuba yayiyiTarshishe.a
Kusenokwenzeka ukuba amaFenike ayengafuni ukulawula ihlabathi, kodwa ayefuna ukwenza imali. Oku akwenza ngokumisela amaziko orhwebo. Ngoko ke, njengabarhwebi baba zizidwangube zolwandle lweMeditera.
Ukudlulela Ngapha Kolwandle LweMeditera
Kwiphulo labo lokufumana ingeniso, oomatiloshe baseFenike batyhutyha uLwandle lweAtlantiki. Iinqanawa zabo zagudla unxweme olukumazantsi eSpeyin de zaya kufika eTartessus. Malunga nonyaka we-1100 B.C.E., bakha isixeko abasibiza ngokuba yiGadir. Le dolophu ingaselunxwemeni, eyaziwa ngokuba yiCádiz, eSpeyin, yaba sesinye sezixeko zokuqala ezikhulu eNtshona Yurophu.
AmaFenike ayerhweba ngetyuwa, iwayini, intlanzi eyomisiweyo, umsedare, umpayina, izinto ezenziwe ngesinyithi, iglasi, amalaphu amahle, ilinen ecikizekileyo nempahla yaseTire edaywe ngebala elimsobo. Yintoni eyayifanele irhwebe ngayo iSpeyin ukuze ifumane ezi zinto?
Amazantsi eSpeyin ayeyeyona ndawo inesilivere namanye amatye exabiso amaninzi kulo mmandla weMeditera. Ngokuphathelele iTire, esona sixeko samaFenike sasikufutshane nolwandle, umprofeti uHezekile wathi: “Warhweba neSpeyin waza wathabatha isilivere, intsimbi, inkcenkce nelothe zaba yintlawulo yeempahla zakho zexabiso.”—Hezekile 27:12, Today’s English Version.
AmaFenike afumana intabalala yezi zimbiwa kufuphi nomlambo iGuadalquivir engekude neCádiz. Ezi zimbiwa zisafumaneka kulo mmandla, ngoku obizwa ngokuba yiRío Tinto. Kule migodi bekusembiwa isinyithi esisemgangathweni kangangamawaka amathathu eminyaka.
Ekubeni iinqanawa zamaFenike zazithutha isilivere eSpeyin, amaFenike ayelawula imigodi yesilivere yaseSpeyin. Kwabakho intabalala yesilivere eFenike nakwaSirayeli. UKumkani uSolomon wakwaSirayeli washishina noKumkani uHiram waseFenike. Ngenxa yoko, ngemihla kaSolomon isilivere yayigqalwa “njengengento konke konke.”—1 Kumkani 10:21.b
Nangona amaFenike ayengabarhwebi abaphumelelayo, ayekhohlakele. Kuthiwa maxa wambi, ayerhwebesha abantu ezinqanaweni esenza ngathi ababonisa impahla, kanti afuna ukubenza amakhoboka. Maxa wambi, ayede ajikele nabantu awayerhweba nabo, amaSirayeli, awathengise ebukhobokeni. Ngenxa yoko, abaprofeti abangamaHebhere baprofeta ngentshabalalo yesixeko saseFenike, iTire. Ezi ziprofeto zazalisekiswa ngokupheleleyo nguAleksandire Omkhulu ngowama-332 B.C.E. (Yoweli 3:6; Amosi 1:9, 10) Le ntshabalalo yabangela isiphelo sexesha lamaFenike.
Imbali YamaFenike
Njengabo bonke oosomashishini abaphum’ izandla, abarhwebi baseFenike bazibhala phantsi izivumelwano zabo. Babesebenzisa oonobumba abafana nababesetyenziswa ngamaHebhere amandulo. Ezinye iintlanga zakubona ukufaneleka kwaba nobumba bamaFenike zaza zabasebenzisa. Baphuculwa kancinane, basetyenziswa ngamaGrike, baza emva koko basetyenziswa ngamaRoma, yaye ngabona basetyenziswayo namhlanje.
Ukongezelela, isixeko esibalulekileyo samaFenike, iByblos saba liziko elithengisa umpapiri, owawusetyenziswa ngaphambi kokuba kusetyenziswe iphepha lanamhlanje. Ukubhala kumpapiri kwabangela ukuba kuveliswe iincwadi. Igama lesiNgesi leyona ncwadi isasazeke ehlabathini namhlanje, iBhayibhile, lithatyathwe kwigama elithi Byblos. Ingxelo yembali yamaFenike neenqanawa zawo isenza siqiniseke ukuba iBhayibhile ichanile.
[Imibhalo esemazantsi]
a Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ibinzana elithi “iinqanawa zaseTarshishe” lalibhekisela kuhlobo lwenqanawa ekwaziyo ukuhamba umgama omde elwandle.
b “Umkhosi weenqanawa zaseTarshishe” zikaSolomon wawusebenza neenqanawa zikaHiram, ngaphandle kwe-Etsiyon-gebhere yaye zazirhweba kuLwandle Olubomvu nakwezinye iindawo.—1 Kumkani 10:22.
[Imaphu ekwiphepha 27]
(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)
IINDAWO AWAYERHWEBA KUZO AMAFENIKE
SPAIN
TARTESSUS
Guadalquivir River
Gadir
Corsica
Balearic Isls.
Sardinia
Sicily
Crete
Cyprus
Byblos
Tyre
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Ezion-geber
Red Sea
AFRICA
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 27]
Ingqekembe enomfanekiso wenqanawa yaseFenike, ngenkulungwane yesithathu neyesine ngaphambi Kwexesha Eliqhelekileyo
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 27]
Intsalela yezinto ezazisetyenziswa ngamaFenike, eCádiz, eSpeyin
[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 26]
Museo Naval, Madrid
[Inkcazelo Ngemifanekiso ekwiphepha 27]
Coin: Museo Arqueológico Municipal. Puerto de Sta. María, Cádiz; remains: Yacimiento Arqueológico de Doña Blanca, Pto. de Sta. María, Cádiz, España