Ukwenza Uphando Ngezilwanyana—Iindlela Zokusabela Ngogonyamelo
UKUBA inani elichanileyo lezilwanyana ezizitho zine ezisetyenziswa kumalingelo enziwa kwilebhu nekuvavanywa kuzo ukusebenza kwamayeza athile belinokubalwa, isimbuku sehlabathi lonke ngonyaka besiya kuba sesikhwankqisayo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ubuncinane izilwanyana ezili-17 lezigidi—izinja, iikati, iiprimates, iiguinea pig nemivundla—zisetyenziswa nyaka ngamnye eUnited States kuphela. Kweli nani kusetyenziswa amabuzi neempuku ezingama-85 ekhulwini. Ekubeni kungekho zingxelo zichanileyo zeendawo ezisetyenziselwa kuyo ezi zilwanyana okanye ubungakanani bazo, zimbi iingcali ziwajonga la manani njengolona qikelelo lwakha lwaphantsi. Yimbi imithombo ithi isimbuku saseUnited States sisondele kwikhulu lezigidi. Ngaba la manani uwafumanisa esothusa?
Nangona ukwenziwa kwezi zilwanyana amadini bekukokwenjongo ethile, ngaba ukucinga nje ngako kuyakuhlasimlisa? Ngaba oku kubulawa kwazo ukujonga njengokungafanelekanga? Izigidi zabantu ziyakucekisa ukusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana ekwenzeni uphando. Bambi bema ngelithi ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwezilwanyana kulucalucalulo (speciesism). Umntu onolu hlobo localucalulo ngulowo “ocingela kuphela izilangazelelo zohlobo lwakhe nonekhethe kwizilangazelelo zolunye uhlobo.” (Point/Counterpoint Responses to Typical pro-Vivisection Arguments) Ngokutsho kwabantu abalwela amalungelo ezilwanyana, abo bantu banekhethe “bakholelwa kwelokuba isiqhamo siyayingxengxezela indlela esifikelelwa ngayo, nokuba kumelwe kwenziwe ububi [kwizilwanyana] ukuze kulungelwe [abantu].”
Kwelinye icala, imbono yenzululwazi ishwankathelwa kule mibuzo ilandelayo: Ngaba uyayicaphukela inkqubo ekhuthaza ukubulawa kwezilwanyana khon’ ukuze oogqirha babe nokufunda iindlela ezintsha zobugcisa zokutyanda abantu okanye zokuthintela ukusasazeka kwezifo ezibulalayo? Ngaba ukulungele ukuzikwaya iziyobisi namayeza amatsha okusindisa ubomi ngenxa yokuba usazi ukuba aqala ngokuvavanywa kwizilwanyana? Ngaba ubuya kukulungela, ude ukhethe ukuba kusetyenziswe umntwana okanye umzali wakho ophilayo kodwa ofe ingqondo ekwenzeni ulingelo lotyando kunokuba kusetyenziswe isilwanyana? Yaye okokugqibela, intsinda-badala yile: Ukuba uphando olwenziwa kwizilwanyana belunokusindisa wena okanye umntu omthandayo kwisifo okanye ukufa okuthuthumbisayo, ngaba ubuya kukubhebhetha unembono yokuba ukusebenzisa isilwanyana ukuze kusindiswe umntu kuyinto embi? Bambi bebeya kuthi ukucombulula esi sintsompothi asikokuphuca.
Umbutho Olwela Inkululeko Yezilwanyana
Sekunjalo, ebudeni beminyaka elishumi yee-1980, kwabakho uluvo olukhulayo oluchasene nokusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana ekwenzeni uphando. Namhlanje olo luvo luye lwaguqukela ekubeni luthotho lweentlangano ezikhutheleyo ehlabathini lonke neziya zisiba namandla yaye zisiba ninzi. Zithetha zophele zisithi mayipheliswe ngokupheleleyo into yokusetyenziswa kwazo zonke izilwanyana kulingelo lwezonyango okanye elebhu.
Abantu abalwela amalungelo ezilwanyana basebenzisa uqhankqalazo lwasezitratweni, amagunya ezobupolitika, amaphephancwadi namaphephandaba, oonomathotholo noomabonwakude, yaye, kuphawuleka ukuba ubukhulu becala, basebenzisa izigalo nogonyamelo ekuvakaliseni izimvo zabo. Omnye umntu olwela amalungelo ezilwanyana nodumileyo waseKhanada watyatyadula wenjenje ngalo mbutho wenkululeko : “Unwenwa okomlilo wedobo eYurophu, eOstreliya naseNew Zealand. Amazwana athabatha amanyathelo angqongqo. Wanda ngokuphawulekayo eKhanada. Kukho amaqela eentlangano zwenibanzi yaye ihlabathi liphela lime bume ekuxhaseni imibutho engakumbi ewalwela ngokungqongqo amalungelo ezilwanyana.”
Yimbi yale ‘mibutho ewalwela ngokungqongqo amalungelo ezilwanyana’ ikulungele ukusebenzisa ugonyamelo ekuxhaseni ikhondo layo. Ebudeni beminyaka embalwa edluleyo, ubuncinane ngamaziko ezophando angama-25 eUnited States athe atshatyalaliswa ngamaqela alwela amalungelo ezilwanyana. Amaziko olingelo aseyunivesithi aye aqhushunjiswa. Olu hlaselo luye lwabangela umonakalo odla izigidi zeerandi. Kuye kwatshatyalaliswa iingxelo ezibalulekileyo nenkcazelo exabisekileyo. Izilwanyana ebeziza kusetyenziselwa uphando ziye zabiwa zaza zakhululwa. Kwelinye lamanyathelo anjalo, kwatshatyalaliswa inkcazelo engophando oluxabisekileyo olungobumfama beentsana. Kuye kwakrotyozwa izixhobo ezibiza imali eninzi ezixabisa amakhulu amawaka eerandi.
Kwileta eyashicilelwa ngamaphephandaba eyayibhalelwa amagosa aseYunivesithi neziko leendaba, elinye iqela lomkhosi laliqhayisa ngelokuba ukutshabalalisa isibonakhulu esibiza ama-R25 000 ngemizuzwana nje emalunga neli-12 ngentsimbi ebiza i-R10 “kwakuyinzuzo encumisayo kuhlaselo lwethu.” Kwezinye iindawo ekwenzelwa kuzo uphando, oogqirha nezazinzulu bazifumana ifayile nezinto zokwenza uphando zinkone ligazi yaye izibhengezo zemibutho zibhalwe ngepeyinti ezindongeni. Enye ingxelo ithetha “ngokuhlaselwa, kuquka ukusongelwa ngokubulawa, kwezazinzulu neentsapho zazo.” EUnited States, abantu abalwela amalungelo ezilwanyana baye bakhupha izisongelo ezininzi zokufa okanye zokusebenzisa ugonyamelo kwizazinzulu. Kwiziko losasazo laseLondon iBBC kowe-1986, omnye umsasazi wathi: “Okwenza abalweli bamalungelo ezilwanyana babe yimbumba yamanyama lulweyiseko lokuba inyathelo elingqalileyo—ukutshatyalaliswa kwempahla, kwanobomi—kuyangxengxezeleka ngokokuziphatha kwidabi lokukhulula izilwanyana.”
Enye inkokeli yombutho wokulwela izilwanyana yathi: “Akukabikho mntu wenzakeleyo kodwa oko kukudlala ngomlilo . . . Ngathuba lithile omnye uya kuziphindezela yaye kusenokubakho iingxwelerha ebantwini.” Ngowe-1986, kudliwano-ndlebe olukwalunye, le nkokeli yombutho wenkululeko yezilwanyana yaxela kusengaphambili ukuba eBritani naseNtshona Jamani kobakho ugonyamelo. Iziganeko zokuqhushunjiswa kweebhombu nogonyamelo ziye zamngqina enyanisile. EUnited States, sele enziwe amalinge okubulala enye indoda enenkampani eyenza ulingelo ngezilwanyana. Inyathelo elikhawulezileyo elathatyathwa ngabakwantsasana lilo elayisindisayo ekubeni ingahlaselwa ngeebhombu. Noko ke, asingabo bonke abantu abalwela inkululeko yezilwanyana abahambisanayo nolu gonyamelo lungekho mthethweni.
Kutheni Bekuchasile Nje Oku?
Ngokutsho kweJournal of the American Medical Association, “intlaninge yabantu abaxhalatyiswe kukusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana ekwenzeni uphando lwezonyango inokwahlulahlulwa ibe ngamaqela amabini: (1) ngabo baxhalabele impilontle yezilwanyana abangayichasanga into yokwenziwa kophando lwezonyango kodwa bafuna ukuqinisekiswa ukuba izilwanyana ziphathwa njengabantu kangangoko kunokwenzeka, into yokuba inani lezilwanyana ezisetyenziswayo lelona lincinane nelifuneka ngenene, nokuba izilwanyana zisetyenziswa kuphela xa kuyimfuneko.” Ngokutsho kophengululo lwakutshanje, eli qela alithethi kakhulu.
Iqela lesibini, ngokutsho komthombo ofanayo, “ngabo bazixhalabise ngamalungelo ezilwanyana nabeme entla bengayifuni kwaphela into yokusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana kuphando lwezonyango.” Omnye wababambiseneyo kulwalathiso lweqela elinjalo wathi, “Izilwanyana zinamalungelo asisiseko nangenakohluthwa kuzo. Ukuba isilwanyana siyakwazi ukuva iintlungu okanye imvakalelo yokoyika, ngoko sinalo ilungelo lokuba zingenziwa ezo zinto kuso.” Omnye ummeli wathi, “Akukho sizathu sisengqiqweni sokuthi umntu unamalungelo akhethekileyo. Umntu, ihagu, inja nenkwenkwe kuyinto nje enye. Zonke zizilwanyana ezanyisayo.”
Abantu abaninzi abalwela inkululeko yezilwanyana nabeyiseke ngokupheleleyo abahambisani nokusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana ukulungiselela ukutya, izambatho, imidlalo kwanokuba nje zibe zizilwanyana ezingamaqabane. Ababambisi beentlanzi baye bantywiliselwa emanzini ngabo bachaseneyo nokubanjiswa kweentlanzi zize zityiwe. Abantu abanxiba iidyasi zoboya nezambatho zezikhumba baye bathukwa ezitratweni. Kuye kwaqhekezwa kwiivenkile kwaza kwatshatyalaliswa iidyasi ezinoboya nezibiza imali ngabo banembono ebaxiweyo ngokusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana nokuxhatshazwa kwazo. Omnye wathi, “Kwisidlo sam sakusasa andisoze ndiwatye amaqanda okanye ndinxibe impahla eyenziwe ngesikhumba.” Incwadi eyathunyelelwa amalungu nguMbutho Wezobuntu welaseUnited States yalumkisa ngelithi, “Phantse kuyo yonke ibacon nakuwo onke amaqanda abonakala emsulwa, kukho imbali ende efihlakeleyo yentlungu enganyamezelekiyo.” Izaliswe yimifanekiso yeehagu neenkuku ezivalelwe kwiihoko nakwizindlwana ezincinane, le ncwadana yathi ezi meko, eziqhelekileyo kwimizi-mveliso yenyama yehagu neyenkuku, zenza ukuba “isidlo sebacon namaqanda sibe ‘sisidlo sakusasa senkohlakalo.’” Ngokucacileyo, kukho iimvakalelo ezinamandla nezokunyaniseka ezibandakanyekileyo ekukhuselweni kwamalungelo ezilwanyana.
Amabali Ahlasimlisayo
Inyambalala yabantu ikholelwa kwelokuba ukuchaswa kokusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana ekwenzeni uphando kungxengxezeleka ngokupheleleyo. Enye yeemeko ezingathandeki gqitha yayibandakanya iLebhu Ephanda Ngokwenzakala Kwentloko kwiyunivesithi edumileyo yaseMerika. Iikhasethi zevideo ezabiwayo ezathatyathwa ebudeni bokuhlasela kweqela elimela inkululeko yezilwanyana zabonisa “iinkawu zibethekiswa ngeentloko kumatshini wokuntlitha, abantu abenza uphando bomile yintsini ngenxa yokuxhuzuxhuzula kwezi zidalwa zonakaliswe ubuchopho,” ngokutsho kwengxelo yephephancwadi iKiwanis kaSeptemba 1988. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni urhulumente arhoxe ekuxhaseni le lebhu ngemali.
Kukwakho novavanyo lwenkohlakalo lweDraize, oluqheleke gqitha kwimizi-mveliso yeziqholo, isepha yeenwele, isicocisisi nesoda. Olu vavanyo lusetyenziselwa ukulinganisa umonakalo ezi mveliso ezisenokuba nawo emehlweni omntu. Ngokomzekelo, imivundla eluhlobo lwealbino emithandathu ukusa kwesithoba ibekwa koomatshini abavumela ukuba kuvele iintloko neentamo zayo kuphela. Oku kubangela ukuba ingakwazi ukuzityikitya amehlo emva kokuba kugalelwe loo mchiza uvavanywa kuyo. Ingxelo ithi le mivundla iyagxwala ngenxa yeentlungu. Kwanabaphandi abaninzi baluthiy’ egazini olu hlobo lovavanyo yaye bazama ukukuphelisa ukusetyenziswa kwalo. Imibutho elwela amalungelo ezilwanyana iye yabhala amabali amaninzi ahambis’ umzimba avela kwiilebhu ezenza uphando ngokusebenzisa izilwanyana.
Abantu abalwela inkululeko yezilwanyana abanayo ingcamango ephakamileyo kaGqr. Robert White ocatshulwe ngaphambili. UMbutho Ochasene Nokutyandwa Kwezilwanyana Eziphilayo eMerika wabhala ukuba yena “ungumtyandi wezilwanyana eziphilayo waseCleveland ongathandwayo nofakele iintloko zeenkawu yaye ugcine ubuchopho beenkawu buphila bukulwelo, ebususile emzimbeni.”
Njengokuba kudla ngokuba njalo kumaqela aphikisanayo, kukho izimvo ezibaxiweyo macala omabini, kuze ke kubekho abo bazama ukubona okona kulungileyo baze bashenxise eyona miphumo mibi. Ngokomzekelo, ngaba kukho naziphi na ezinye iindlela ezisebenzayo kunokwenza ulingelo ngezilwanyana? Ngaba ukugatywa ngokupheleleyo kokusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana ekwenzeni uphando kuphela kwesicombululo esisebenzayo nesilungeleleneyo? Inqaku lethu elilandelayo liya kuqwalasela le mibuzo.
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Iimbono Ezahlukahlukeneyo
“NDIKHOLELWA kwelokuba izilwanyana zinamalungelo lawo, nangona ahlukile kwawethu, nawo angenakuhluthwa kuzo. Ndikholelwa kwelokuba izilwanyana zinelungelo lokungangcungcuthekiswa, lokungoyikiswa okanye ukuhluthwa into ethile emzimbeni loo nto isenziwa sithi. . . . Zinelungelo lokungathuthunjiswa nangayiphi na indlela ukwenzela ukutya, ukuzonwabisa okanye nayiphi na enye injongo.”—NguRoger Caras, oyingcali kwezendalo, kwiZiko Leendaba iABC-TV, eUnited States (Newsweek, kaDisemba 26, 1988).
“Xa sikhangela ngeliso elingenagxeke, andinakuyibetha ngoyaba impumelelo enkulu nentle ebekho ngenxa yophando. Ukugonya, ukunyanga, ubugcisa botyando nemigaqo eveliswe kwiilebhu iye yalandisa ngokuphawulekayo ithuba lobude bobomi kwinkulungwane edluleyo . . . Ngenxa yoku, ukungazisebenzisi izilwanyana ekwenzeni uphando kunokubonwa njengokhetho olungelolwabuntu: Sasinayo indlela yokufunda ukuphelisa izifo kodwa asayisebenzisa.”—NguMarcia Kelly, kwiHealth Sciences, eKwindla ngowe-1989, kwiYunivesithi yaseMinnesota.
“Ndithi ‘Mayiphele’ into yokwenza ulingelo ngezilwanyana. Kungekuphela nje ngenxa yemilinganiselo efanelekileyo, kodwa ngokuyintloko ngenxa yezizathu ezingokwenzululwazi. Kuye kwabonakaliswa ukuba imiphumo ebakho ngenxa yolingelo ngezilwanyana ayisebenzi nangayiphi na indlela ebantwini. Kukho umthetho wemvelo onxulumene nemetabolism [ukuguquka kokutya emzimbeni kube yimichiza] . . . ekuthi ngayo ukusebenza kwamachiza kwizidalwa zohlobo oluthile, kungafani nendlela asebenza ngayo kwizidalwa zolunye uhlobo. . . . Ukwenza ulingelo ngezilwanyana kuphosakele, akuloncedo, kubiz’ imali yaye ngokungakumbi kuyinkohlakalo.”—NguGianni Tamino, onguMphengululi kwiYunivesithi yasePadua, isikolo esiphambili sezonyango eItali.
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Imivundla egciniweyo nesetyenziselwa uvavanyo lwakwaDraize emehlweni
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