Oko Sikwaziyo Ngobuzwe

XA AMANGESI ahambahamba ngenqanawa ehlola ilizwe kwiminyaka emalunga nengama-500 eyadlulayo, ayezibuza enoba luhlobo luni lwabantu awayeza kudibana nabo. Kwakukho iintsomi ezingezigebenga ezazinokuhamba emanzini olwandlekazi zize ziyityoboze inqanawa ngesandla esinye. Kwakukho amabali angamadoda anentloko yenja nawayephefumla amadangatye omlilo. Ngaba ayeza kudibana “nabantu abangenabuhlobo,” ekuthethwa ngabo kwiintsomi ezidumileyo abadla inyama ekrwada nabanomlebe omkhulu, ojingayo owawubenzela umthunzi ukuze bangatshi lilanga? Okanye ngaba ayeza kubona abantu abangenamilomo, abaphila ngokujoja ama-apile? Yaye kuthekani ngabo baneendlebe ezinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba zisebenze njengamaphiko okanye abo kuthiwa balala ngemiqolo yabo phantsi komthunzi wonyawo lwabo olunye olukhulu?

Abantu bazihamba iilwandle, besihla benyuka ezintabeni, bawatyhutyhatyhutyha amahlathi, bafathula kozintlango, kodwa ayikho indawo abafumana kuyo izidalwa ezingaqhelekanga ngolo hlobo. Endaweni yoko, ezo ntlola zamangaliswa kukufumana abantu abafana nazo. UChristopher Columbus wabhala esithi: “Kwezi ziqithi [iiWest Indies] ukuza kuthi ga ngoku andifumananga bantu boyikekayo, njengoko abaninzi bebelindele, ngokwahlukileyo koko, zonke ezi ntlanga zinenkangeleko entle. . . . Ngaloo ndlela andifumananga bantu boyikekayo ndingafumananga nayiphi na ingxelo engabo, ngaphandle . . . kwabantu . . . abadla inyama yomntu . . . Nabo abadalwanga ngokwahlukileyo kwabanye.”

Ukucalucalulwa Koluntu

Ngaloo ndlela, lakuba lihlolahloliwe ilizwe, imbono yokungafani kwabantu esemabalini naseziintsomi yashenxiswa. Iintlanga zazinokuqwalaselwa kuze kufundwe ngazo. Kungekudala, izazinzulu zazama ukubacalucalula.

Ngowe-1735 ingcaphephe yezityalo yaseSweden uCarolus Linnaeus yapapasha incwadi yayo ethi Systema Naturae. Kuyo umntu wanikwa igama elitsha lokuba yiHomo sapiens, gama elo elithetha “umntu osisilumko,” binzana elo omnye umbhali wathi kunokwenzeka ukuba lelona lilelokuzidumisa okububudenge elakhe lasetyenziswa kuso nasiphi na isidalwa esiphilayo! OkaLinnaeus wabahlulahlula abantu bangamaqela amahlanu, maqela lawo awawachaza ngale ndlela ilandelayo:

UM-AFRIKA: Umnyama, uyanambuza, uziyekelele. Iinwele zimnyama, ziqathalala; ulusu lugudile; impumlo ithe natya; imilebe mikhulu; unamaqhinga, udangele, akakhathali; uzinyhibhela ngamafutha; ulala neli avuke neli.

UMMERIKA: Ibala liyakhanya, untshingintshingi, unesithomo; iinwele zimnyama, zikhula zibe nde, zishinyene; imingxuma yempumlo ibanzi; ubuso bungwanyalala; akanazindevu zingako; uneenkani, akaneliseki; uziqaba ngezinto ezimenza imigca emincinane ebomvu; ulawulwa ngamasiko.

UM-ASIYA: Umnyama thsu ngebala, ulukhuni; iinwele zimnyama; amehlo amnyama; ungqongqo, unekratshi, ulibawa; unxiba izambatho eziyokozelayo; ulawulwa ziimbono ezithile.

UMYUROPHU: Mhle, unebala elibomvu, unezoso; iinwele zigwangqa, zimdaka ngebala, zinde ziyajinga; amehlo aluhlaza; ulinene, ukrelekrele, unobuchule bokuyila; unxiba impahla ethe nca; ulawulwa yimithetho.

UMNTU WASENDLE: Uneenyawo ezine, usisimumu, uxhonti.

Phawula ukuba ngoxa okaLinnaeus wabahlulahlula abantu ngokwemizila engokwemfuza (ibala lolusu, uhlobo lweenwele, neminye), kwakhona wenza ugwebo lweempawu zobuntu olubonakalisa ukuba nomkhethe. ULinnaeus wathi amaYurophu ngamanene, akrelekrele, anobuchule bokuyila,’ ngoxa wachaza ama-Asiya ‘njengangqongqo, anekratshi, angamabawa’ nama-Afrika ‘njenganamaqhinga, adangeleyo, angakhathaliyo’!

Kodwa uLinnaeus wayengachananga. Imizila yobuntu enjalo ayinanto yakwenza nocalucalulo lwanamhla lobuzwe, ekubeni uphando olungokwenzululwazi luye lwabonisa ukuba kuhlanga ngalunye lwabantu, kukho umahluko ofanayo ongokwemvelo ndawonye nomlinganiselo ofanayo wobukrelekrele. Ngamanye amazwi, sifumana iimpawu ezifanayo ezintle nezimbi kuzo zonke izizwe zabantu.

Iinkqubo zanamhla ngokufuthi zicalucalula uluntu ngokwamaqela amathathu asekelwe ngokungqongqo kwiiyantlukwano ezingokwasemzimbeni: (1) AmaCaucasian, anolusu oluhle neenwele ezinde okanye eziyephu-yephu; (2) AmaMongolian, anolusu olugwangqa nezazinge ezingqonge amehlo; (3) namaNegro, anolusu olumnyama neenwele ezishinyeneyo. Kodwa asinguye wonke umntu ofaneleka kakuhle kwelinye lala maqela.

Ngokomzekelo, amaLawu namaQhakancu asemazantsi eAfrika anolusu olukhanyayo, iinwele ezishinyeneyo neempawu zobuso ezifana nezomMongolian. Zimbi iintlanga zamaIndiya zinolusu olumnyama kodwa zibe neempawu zobuso bamaCaucasian. Abemi baseOstreliya bomthonyama banolusu olumnyama, kodwa iinwele zabo ezishinyeneyo ngokufuthi zigwangqa. Wambi amaMongolian anamehlo anjengawamaCaucasian. Akukho ziimpawu zicacileyo ezahlulayo.

Ezi ngxaki ziye zabangela ukuba izazinzulu ezininzi ngabantu ziwancame amalinge okucalucalula uluntu, zisithi ibinzana elithi “ubuzwe” alinantsingiselo okanye ixabiso elingokwenzululwazi.

Izibhengezo ZeUNESCO

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ezona zibhengezo zigunyazisiweyo ezingokwenzululwazi zobuzwe zezo zenziwa liqela leengcali ezazihlanganiswe yiUNESCO (Intlangano YeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Yezemfundo, Inzululwazi Nempucuko.) Kwakukho iintlanganiso ngowe-1950, ngowe-1951, ngowe-1964 nangowe-1967 apho iqela lezizwe ngezizwe leengcali ngabantu, iingcali ngezilo, oogqirha, iingcali ngamalungu omzimba nabanye bedibene banikela iingxelo ezine ngobuhlanga. Inkcazelo yokugqibela yagxininisa iingongoma ezintathu ezilandelayo:

A “Bonke abantu abaphilayo namhlanje ngabodidi olunye yaye bavela kumlibo omnye.” Le ngongoma iqinisekiswa naligunya elibalasele ngakumbi. IBhayibhile ithi: “[UThixo] wazenza ngagazi-nye zonke iintlanga zabantu, ukuba zime phezu kwawo wonke umhlaba.”​—⁠IZenzo 17:⁠26.

Inkcazelo yeUNESCO iyaqhubeka isithi:

B “Ukwahlulahlulelwa kweendidi zabantu ‘kwizizwe’ ngokuyinxenye kungokwamasiko nezithethe yaye ngokuyinxenye kukokokuzithandela yaye akubonisi ukuba ezinye ziphakamile kunezinye. . . .

C “Ulwazi lwangoku olungokwebhayoloji alusivumeli ukuba sithi izinto eziphunyeziweyo zempucuko zibangelwe ziiyantlukwano zamandla angokwemfuza. Iiyantlukwano kwizinto eziphunyezwa ziintlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo zifanele ngokupheleleyo zibalelwe kwimbali yazo engokobuzwe. Namhlanje iintlanga zehlabathi zibonakala zinamandla angokwebhayoloji alinganayo okufikelela nawuphi na umgangatho wempucuko.”

Isibetho Somoya Wobuzwe

Ngoko asikho isiseko sokukholelwa ekubeni nasiphi na isizwe ngokwemvelo siphakamile kwezinye okanye sinelungelo lokulawula ezinye. Kodwa abantu ngokufuthi baye abenza ngokuvisisana nezi zibakala. Ngokomzekelo, cinga ngorhwebo olwalusenziwa ngamakhoboka aseAfrika.

Xa amazwe aseYurophu aqalisa ukuyila ubukhosi bamathanga, kwakuyingeniso kwezoqoqosho kuwo ukuxhaphaza iintlanga ezizalelwe kwelo lizwe. Kodwa kwakukho into eyayahlukile. Izigidi zabemi base-Afrika zaziqweqwediswa zikhutshwe emakhayeni azo, zihluthwa kwabathandekayo bazo, zikhonxwa, zibethwa, ziphawulwa ngeentsimbi ezishushu, zithengiswa oku kwezilwanyana ibe zinyanzelwa ukuba zisebenze ngaphandle kokuhlawulwa de zife. Kwakunokwenzeka njani ukuba oku kugqalwe njengobulungisa ziintlanga ezazizibanga zingamaKristu nezazifanele zithande ummelwane wazo njengoko zizithanda?​—⁠Luka 10:⁠27.

Isicombululo ezasikhethayo yayikukuthoba umgangatho wobuntu wamaxhoba azo. Le yindlela eyaqiqa ngayo enye ingcali ngabantu ngeminyaka yee-1840:

“Ukuba umNegro nommi waseOstreliya abazozidalwa ezingoowethu nezentsapho enye kunye nathi kodwa zingabantu bohlobo oluphantsi, yaye ukuba izinto esifanele sizenze kubo bezingakhankanywanga . . . kuyo nayiphi na imiyalelo emihle nekusekelwe kuyo ukuziphatha kwamaKristu, ulwalamano lwethu nezi zizwe luya kubonakala lungahlukanga kwaphela kolo lusenokuthelekelelwa lukho phakathi kwethu nesizwe sohlobo oluthile lweenkawu eziziiorangutan.”

Abo bafuna ukuxhasa imbono yokuba abantu abangengabo abamhlophe babengengabo abantu ngokupheleleyo basebenzisa imbono yemfundiso kaDarwin engendaleko. Baphikisa ngelithi, abantu abahlala kumathanga babekwinqwanqwa elingaphantsi kwileli yendaleko kunokuba kunjalo ngabamhlophe. Abanye bathi abantu abangengabo abamhlophe babengumphumo wenkqubo eyahlukileyo kweyendaleko yaye babengengobantu ngokupheleleyo. Abanye bacaphula iBhayibhile, begqwetha izibhalo ukuze baxhase iimbono zabo zobuzwe.

Kambe ke, abantu abaninzi abazange bayibethelele ezingqondweni zabo le ngcamango. Ubukhoboka buye bapheliswa kwiintlanga ezininzi zehlabathi. Kodwa ucalucalulo, ubuhlanga nomoya wobuzwe uye wakho yaye uye wasasazeka kuwo onke amaqela eentlanga awayezizizwe kwiingcinga zabantu kuphela. Omnye unjingalwazi ngezilwanyana wathi: “Ekubeni bekuya kubonakala ukuba wonk’ ubani unelungelo lokwenza izizwe zifanelekele oko akuthandayo, abezobupolitika, abaqhankqalazi namadela-ngozi aqhelekileyo baye babandakanyeka kucalucalulo olungokobuzwe. Baye bayila amagama athile angokobuzwe alahlekisayo ukuze baxubushe ngomoya ongokundileka ‘kwenzululwazi’ ngeengcinga abazithandayo nekhethe labo.”

Iinkqubo zobuzwe zeJamani yamaNazi zingumzekelo oyintloko. Nangona uAdolf Hitler wasibalaselisayo isizwe sama-Aryan, ngokwebhayoloji akukho nto injalo. Ayizange ibekho. Kukho amaYuda aneenwele ezigwangqa anamehlo aluhlaza eSweden, amaYuda amnyama kwelamaTopiya, namaYuda angamaMongolian eTshayina. Sekunjalo, amaYuda, nabanye abantu, ayengamaxhoba enkqubo yobuzwe. Loo nkqubo yakhokelela kwiinkampu zoxinaniso, kumagumbi okubulala ngeegesi nokubulawa kwezigidi ezithandathu zamaYuda nabanye abaninzi, njengeentlanga ezingamaSlav zasePoland nezaseRashiya.

[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 5]

Uphando olungokwenzululwazi luye lwabonisa ukuba kuhlanga ngalunye lwabantu, kukho ukwahlukahlukana okufanayo ngobukrelekrele

[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 6]

‘Abezobupolitika, abaqhankqalazi namadela-ngozi aqhelekileyo baye bayila amagama angokobuzwe alahlekisayo ukuze baxubushe ngomoya ongokundileka “kwenzululwazi” ngeengcinga abazithandayo nekhethe labo’

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 7]

Njengokuba ezi zaziso zibonisa, abemi baseAfrika babebhengezwa baze bathengiswe ngokungathi ziinkomo