Yintoni Ubuhlanga?

UBUHLANGA! Likucingisa ntoni elo gama? Kwabathile lithetha ucalucalulo nengcinezelo. Kwabanye, lithetha intiyo, izixholo-xholo, kwanokubulala.

Ukususela kwizixholo-xholo zobuhlanga kwelaseUnited States kuse kucalucalulo lwaseMzantsi Afrika, ukususela kwiimfazwe phakathi kwamaqela obuzwe eMpuma Yurophu kuse kwimizabalazo kwiindawo ezifana neSri Lanka nePakistan—ubuhlanga buye bangunobangela wokubandezeleka nokubulawa kwabantu.

Kodwa kutheni kunjalo nje? Kwanakumazwe apho abantu babonakala benyamezela yonke into, kutheni ubuhlanga ingumbandela onobuzaza ngolo hlobo? Yintoni eyenza ubuhlanga buphembelele isiphithiphithi nokungabikho kokusesikweni okungaka? Ngokuphandle, kutheni abantu beentlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo bengavisisani?

Ukuze siphendule le mibuzo, kufuneka sazi okungakumbi ngoko ubuhlanga bukuko nendlela iintlanga ezahluka ngayo. Sikwafanele siqonde oko bekusenzeka embalini ngolwalamano olukhoyo lweentlanga. Noko ke, okokuqala, makhe sibone oko sinokukuxelelwa yinzululwazi ngalo mbandela.

Iingxaki Ekwahluleni Abantu

Abantu abahlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi baneempawu ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ezi ziquka ibala lolusu, ubume beempawu zobuso, uhlobo lweenwele, njalo njalo. Iimpawu ezinjalo zahlula olunye uhlanga kolunye.

Ngaloo ndlela, ngokuqhelekileyo abantu bathetha ngabamhlophe nabantsundu, benikela ingqalelo kwibala lolusu. Kodwa abantu bakwathetha nangeeHispanics (abantu abathetha isiPhuthukezi neSpanish), abantu baseAsia, abantu baseScandinavia, amaYuda namaRashiya. Ezi ndlela azibhekiseli kangako kwiimpawu zobuntu kodwa zibhekisela kwilizwe abahlala kulo, ubuzwe, okanye kumahluko okhoyo kwimpucuko. Ngoko kubantu abaninzi, ubuhlanga abubangelwa ziimpawu zobuntu kuphela kodwa ngamasiko, ulwimi, impucuko, unqulo nobuzwe.

Noko ke, okubangel’ umdla kukuba, abanye ababhali bayathingaza ukusebenzisa kwaigama elithi “ubuhlanga”; eli gama balifaka iimpawu zocaphulo sihlandlo ngasinye livela. Bambi bayaliphepha ngokupheleleyo eli gama baze endaweni yalo basebenzise amabinzana afana nelithi “amaqela obuzwe,” “amaqela,” “abemi,” nelithi “iintlobo ngeentlobo.” Kutheni? Kungenxa yokuba igama elithi “ubuhlanga,” njengokuba lisaziwa ngokuqhelekileyo, lineentsingiselo ezininzi ezifihlakeleyo kangangokuba ukulisebenzisa, ungalicacisanga kakuhle, ngokufuthi kuyayifihla eyona ngongoma kuthethwa ngayo.

Iingcali zebhayoloji neengcali ngembali yeentlanga, ngokufuthi ubuhlanga zibuchaza ngokulula “njengokwahlulahlulwa kweentlobo zabantu ezithi zibe neempawu ezifanayo nezizahlulayo kwezinye iintlobo.” Noko ke, umbuzo ngulo, Ziziphi iimpawu ezinokusetyenziswa ukuchaza umahluko wamaqela eentlobo zabantu?

Kuye kwathethwa ngezinto ezifana nebala lolusu, ibala nohlobo lweenwele, ukuma kwamehlo nempumlo, ubungakanani bobuchopho nohlobo lwegazi, kodwa akukho nanye kwezi eye yangqineka isanelisa ukwahlula iintlobo zabantu ngokupheleleyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba akukho qela labantu ngokwemvelo amalungu alo afana ngokuthe ngqo kwiimpawu ezinjalo.

Qwalasela ibala lolusu. Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba abantu banokwahlulahlulwa ngokulula babe ziintlanga ezintlanu ngebala lolusu: elimhlophe, elintsundu, eligwangqa, elimthubi nelibomvu. Uhlanga olumhlophe ngokuqhelekileyo lubonwa ngokuba nolusu olumhlophe, iinwele ezikhanyayo ngebala namehlo aluhlaza. Kanti, eneneni kukho imibala emininzi yeenwele, yamehlo neyolusu phakathi kwamalungu ohlanga ekuthiwa lumhlophe. Incwadi ethi The Human Species ithi: “Akukho nokuba ibenye indawo eYurophu apho bonke abemi baluhlobo olunye yaye oko akuqali namhlanje; akuzange kukhe kubekho ndawo injalo.”

Eneneni, ukwahlulahlula iintlobo zabantu kunzima, njengoko incwadi ethi The Kinds of Mankind isithi: “Ekuphela kwento ekubonakala sinako ukuyithetha nantsi: nangona ingengabo bonke abantu abafanayo, kwaye nangona sinokubona ngokucacileyo iindlela ezininzi abantu abahluka ngazo, izazinzulu azikavumelani ncam ukuba zingaphi iintlobo zabantu ezikhoyo. Azikafikeleli nakwisigqibo sokuba umntu othile ngowohlanga oluthile. Zimbi izazinzulu zifuna ukunikezela yaye zithi le ngxaki inzima—akukho sicombululo!”

Konke oku kusenokubonakala kumangalisa. Ekubeni izazinzulu zibonakala zingenangxaki ingako ekwahlulahluleni izilwanyana nezityalo ngokweendidi neentlobo zazo, kutheni zinengxaki engaka ekwahlulahluleni abantu ngokweentlanga zabo?

“Eyona Ntsomi Iyingozi Emntwini”

Ngokutsho kwengcali ngembali yeentlanga uAshley Montagu, abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba “iimpawu zomzimba nezengqondo zinxibelelene, ukuba umahluko womzimba unxulunyaniswa nomahluko ekuthiwa ukho kwindlela ingqondo esebenza ngayo nasekuthini lo mahluko ubonwa ngovavanyo lweqondo lobukrelekrele [IQ tests] nenkqubela kwimpucuko yabemi.”

Ngaloo ndlela, abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ngenxa yokuba iintlanga zineempawu ezingafaniyo, iintlanga ezithile zinengqondo ukodlula ezinye. Noko ke, lo kaMontagu ukucinga okunjalo ukubiza ngokuba “yeyona ntsomi iyingozi emntwini.” Ezinye iingcaphephe ziyavumelana noko.

UMorton Klass noHal Hellman bathi kwiThe Kinds of Mankind: “Abantu banawo umahluko; kubo bonke abemi kukho abantu abakrelekrele nabantu abazizidenge. Kodwa, emva kwalo lonke uphando, abaphandi abafumananga bungqina abanokubamkela obungomahluko wokwemvelo phakathi kwabemi ngokubhekisele kubukrelekrele okanye ekwazini ukwenza okuthile.”

Noko ke, kutheni abaninzi beqhubeka bekholelwa ukuba ukwahluka ngembonakalo kweentlanga kuthetha ukuba zahlukile ngokwenene? Eneneni, kwenzeka njani ukuba ubuhlanga bube yimbambano engaka? Le mibandela siza kuyiqwalasela kwinqaku elilandelayo.