Ukuqalisa Nokuwohloka Kwenkqubo Yorhwebo Lwehlabathi
Icandelo 1a—Ukulawulwa Ziingxaki Zemali
“Nangona ingoomama nootata abasinika ubomi, ekuphela kwento ebulondolozayo yimali.”—IThe Japanese Family Storehouse; okanye, iThe Millionaires’ Gospel, nguIhara Saikaku.
NGABA wakha waxakeka kakhulu ufuna imali? Okanye ngaba uye wafumanisa ukuba akunamali yaneleyo yokuthenga into ethile eyimfuneko? Okanye ngaba wakha wayibona intsapho yakho ithwaxwa linxele likaKhetsekile okanye idlakazela? Izigidi zabantu namhlanje zinamava eemeko ezinjalo. Ziyazazi iingxaki zemali.
Khawucinge ngonxunguphalo lotata ongaqeshwanga onabantwana afanele abondle namatyala ekufuneka awahlawule. Cinga ngendlela akhathazeka ngayo umama odiniweyo omi kunye nabantu abakrozileyo elindele ukuthenga izinto ekunzima ukuzifumana suke nje emva kwayo yonke loo nto angazifumani kuloo venkile okanye afike amaxabiso azo exhomile. Khawucinge ngokunxunguphala komphathi weshishini onkampani yakhe esesichengeni sokubhanga okanye ngokunxunguphala kukarhulumente ozabalazela ukuzikhupha ematyaleni afikelela kumawaka ezigidi zeerandi.
Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje kwanamagama athile abangel’ ixhala. Ingeniso yethu (ukuzuza imali, impahla okanye ukwenzelwa imisebenzi yaseburhulumenteni okuyimbuyekezo yomsebenzi oye wawenza okanye yobuncwane oye wabusebenzisa) inokuba ncinane ngokokude umgangatho wokuphila kwethu (umgangatho wezoqoqosho esiqhele ukuphila ngawo) usongelwe ngokunzulu. Oku kunokubangelwa kukungaqeshwa, ukubhanga kwamashishini okanye ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho (amaxesha okuhla kwenkqubo yezoshishino, ukubhanga kwamashishini akukubi kangako, ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho kubi kakhulu), okanye kukunyuka kwamaxabiso ezinto (okubangelwa kukuba izinto ezifunwayo zingaphaya kwezinto eziveliswayo, ngokokude imali yethu ithenge okuncinane). Ukuba sinemali encinane asinako ukumelana neendleko zokuphila (iindleko zezinto nezemisebenzi yaseburhulumenteni esiyenzelwa mihla le).
Amandla Eengcinezelo Zezoqoqosho
Enye incwadi ithi, ukuDodobala Kwezoqoqosho Okukhulu ngeyee-1930, kwakuyintlekele yezoqoqosho ‘eyachaphazela onke amazwe nazo zonke iinkalo zobomi, ezentlalo nezobupolitika, ezasekuhlaleni nezamazwe ngamazwe.’ Ngokomeleza amaqela ezobupolitika aneengcamango ezingqongqo eJamani naseItali, kwafak’ isandla koko kwabangela iMfazwe Yehlabathi II, nto leyo ebonakalisa ukuba namandla kweengcinezelo zezoqoqosho. Kwaba njengokuba uJohn K. Galbraith wabhala kwincwadi yakhe ethi Money: Whence It Came, Where It Went: “UAdolf Hitler waqalisa ukulawula eJamani ekuqaleni kowe-1933. Impumelelo yakhe ifanele ukuba ubukhulu becala yabangelwa kukungaqeshwa kwabantu abaninzi, intlungu enzulu yokuhla kwemivuzo yeveki, eyenyanga nokunyuka kwamaxabiso ezinto nawemihlaba.” Ethetha ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso ezinto eUnited States ngelo xesha, uGalbraith walek’ umsundulo esithi: “Enoba ibaluleke kangakanani imali, akukho mntu unokukuthandabuza ukubaluleka koloyiko eyalubangelayo.”
Iinguqulelo kwezobupolitika ezagungqisa elaseMpuma Yurophu ekupheleni kweyee-1980 zaziphenjelelwa kakhulu ngoothunywashe bezoqoqosho. Ngokufuthi ikwangaba thunywashe abagwebayo ekwenziweni kwezigqibo kunyulo lolawulo-melo lwaseNtshona, apho abantu kudala kusithiwa, bavota beqhutywa yiloo mibandela ichaphazela imali yabo.
Ingcinezelo yezoqoqosho ngokufuthi isetyenziselwa ukuzama ukunyanzela oorhulumente ukuba baguqule imithetho yabo. Ngaloo ndlela, ngamanye amaxesha, ukwayo lwezoqoqosho lwale mihla luye lwafana ncam nokurhangqwa kwamandulo kweedolophu yimikhosi. Ngowe-1986, iYurophu, iJapan neUnited States zawukwaya ngezoqoqosho uMzantsi Afrika ukuze zibonakalise ukungavumelani kwazo nenkqubo yawo yocalucalulo, oko kwabonakala kunempumelelo ethile. Ngowe-1990, amazwe ehlabathi, njengoko emelwa ziZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, athwaxa i-Iraq ngengcinezelo yezoqoqosho, nto leyo ebonakala ingazange ibe nampumelelo ingako.
Sekunjalo, injongo ibonakala icacile. UJacques Attali, umbhali nomcebisi womongameli waseFransi, uthi ‘abaphumi-mkhosi bathatyathelw’ indawo ngabarhwebi ekulawuleni imicimbi yehlabathi.’ Yaye elinye iphephandaba lathi: “[Kumazwe amaninzi] amandla ezoqoqosho aye awathabathel’ indawo amandla omkhosi njengento ebalulekileyo.”
Ngaba Ulawulo Luyaphela?
Iintlekele ezingokwemvelo, izifo nolwaphulo-mthetho ziyazidubaduba ezoqoqosho. Kusenokuba njalo ngokungahlawulwa kwamatyala nokungaphumeleli koqingqo-mali. NgokweThe Collins Atlas of World History, “ityala lamazwe ngamazwe [kumazwe asakhasayo] likhulu kangangokuba ihlabathi, ngamaxesha athile, liye lasondela kwintlekele yezoqoqosho ngomlinganiselo ongazange ubekho ngaphambili, yaye ukwanda kobuhlwempu, nako konke ukuphelelwa lithemba nezoyikiso obuzibangelayo, kuye kothusa ngokwenene.”
Nangona oorhulumente abathile bekhathazwa kukunyuka kwamaxabiso ezinto okwandayo, abanye bazama ngamandla ukukuphelisa. Ukunganqabiseki kubonakala kurhwebo lwezahlulo zamashishini olunganqabisekanga. Ukugula kwequbuliso kwenkokeli yobupolitika, okanye kwanamarhe angenasiseko, anokubuphelisa ubutyebi nje kwiiyure ezimbalwa. Intlekele yaseWall Street ngo-Oktobha 1987—eyayimbi ukodlula kwanaleyo yowe-1929—yabizwa njengeyona veki imbi kwimbali yezoqoqosho. Kwabakho ilahleko yemali emalunga ne-1 059 lamawaka ezigidi zeerandi eUnited States. Imeko yezoqoqosho yabuyela esiqhelweni, kodwa iingcali ezininzi zithi intlekele yokwenene iseza. Umcholacholi weendaba uGeorge J. Church wabhala oku: “Ihlabathi linqwenela ukuba alingefumanisi uhlobo eya kuba lulo loo ntlekele inkulu yezoqoqosho.”
Kunokuba luphele, ulawulo lwengcinezelo yezoqoqosho namaxhala oluwabangelayo lubonakala luhambela phambili. Ngoko ngaba kusengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba ukuphela kwalo kusenokwenzeka ukuba kusondele?