Ukuqalisa Nokuwohloka Kwenkqubo Yorhwebo Lwehlabathi

Icandelo 4—Inguqulelo Kwezorhwebo​—⁠Iye Yakhokelela Entwenini?

INGUQULELO yezorhwebo yaqalisa ngenkulungwane ye-18 ibe zimbalwa izinto ezaliguqula njengayo ihlabathi ngaphambili. Isakhono sobugcisa, ubuncwane obaneleyo, ubukho bemveliso yendalo, iindleko eziphantsi zokuyithutha yona nezinto ezenziwe ngayo​—⁠ezi nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko ukuze ezorhwebo zihambele phambili ngoku zazifumaneka eNgilani. Oku kwabangela ulwando olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili nolukhawulezayo ekuveliseni iimpahla.

Noko ke, oku kwakutshayelelwe ziziganeko ezazenzeke ngaphambilana. Amalahle, awayefumaneka ngokulula eBritani, aqalisa ukusetyenziswa njengesibaso. Kwakhona, ngoxa iLizwekazi laseYurophu lalidlavulwa ziimfazwe egameni lonqulo, iNgilani yayinandipha umlinganiselo othile woxolo. Kwelo lizwe kwakukho inkqubo ephakamileyo yokulondoloza imali. Kwanokuqhekeka kwalo kwiCawa yamaRoma Katolika kwaba negalelo, ekubeni ubuProtestanti babugxininisa kwinkqubo ekhawulezileyo yokuzinza kwezoqoqosho, ngokungathi kunjalo, buzama ukuguqula umhlaba ube lizulu.

Ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1740, abemi baseBritani banda. Inkqubo yemizi-mveliso kwafuneka ifumane iindlela ezintsha zokuhlangabezana nentswelo engakumbi. Kwakubonakala kutyekelwe ngokubanzi ekufuneni oomatshini abangakumbi nabaphucukileyo. Njengoko iibhanki zenza kwaba lula ukufumana imali yokuqalisa amashishini amatsha, inginginya yabasebenzi yathontelana kwimizi-mveliso ezaliswe ngoomatshini. Imibutho yabasebenzi, ngaphambili eyayivalwe umlomo, yamkelwa ngokusemthethweni. Abasebenzi baseBritani, ababengacinezelwanga kangako yimiqathango engqongqo njengabasebenzi kwiLizwekazi laseYurophu, babehlawulwa ngokomsebenzi abawenzileyo. Oku kwabashukumisa ngakumbi ukuba bafune iindlela eziphucukileyo zokuvelisa izinto ngesantya esiphakamileyo.

Kwakhona iBritani yayinabasebenzi abaqeqeshwe kakuhle. UNjingalwazi uShepard B. Clough uthi “iyunivesithi yaseGlasgow neyase-Edinburgh zazingoomakhonya kwimibandela yophengululo nolingelo kwezenzululwazi ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo.” Ngaloo ndlela, njengoko iBritani yayinkqenkqeza phambili, inguqulelo kwezorhwebo yanwenwela kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseUnited States. Kumazwe asakhasayo isaqhubeka ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla.

Iinkalo Ezingathandekiyo

Ngenxa yezi nguqulelo, iThe Columbia History of the World ithi, “iidolophu zamaNgesi zaphumelela ngokuphawulekayo, nto leyo eyabonakala ngokuphucuka kwemigangatho yokuphila, ukwanda kwempucuko yasekuhlaleni nokuba nelunda nentembelo ngakumbi kwabantu.” IBritani yade “yangumakhonya kwezomkhosi, ngokukodwa kumkhosi waselwandle, nto leyo eyayibangela ukuba ibe ligunya elikhulu ‘kwimicimbi yamazwe ngamazwe.’” Ukuba nobuchule kwiinkqubo ezithile zorhwebo kwalibangela elo lizwe laba namandla kunamazwe awayekhuphisana nalo. Iimfihlelo zalo zorhwebo zazixabiseke kangangokuba kwamiselwa imithetho yokuqinisekisa ukuba zingaziwa nje nguye wonk’ ubani.

Ngokomzekelo, xa uSamuel Slater wemkayo eBritani ngowe-1789, waliguqula igama neenkcukacha zakhe kuba abantu abasebenza kwimizi-mveliso yempahla eyolukiweyo babengavunyelwa ukufudukela kwamanye amazwe. Wayiphepha imithetho eyayisalela ukuthunyelwa kweeplani zokuvelisa impahla eyolukiweyo kwamanye amazwe ngokugcina engqondweni yonke into eqhubekayo kumzi-mveliso wempahla waseBritani. Oku kwamnceda wakwazi ukwakha umzi-mveliso wokuqala eUnited States owawusenza imisonto yomqhaphu.

Inkqubo yokukhusela iimfihlo zezorhwebo isekho. Iphephancwadi iTime lithi “iinkampani namazwe asukela iimfihlo zokurhweba njengookrebe abagilanayo ngexesha lokudla.” Ukuba ubuchule obaziwa ngomnye umntu kunokonga iminyaka yokwenza uphando neendleko ezingathethekiyo. Ngoko “enoba kuveliswa amayeza okanye amaqebengwana, iinkampani zizixakekise ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili zizama ukufumana iindlela zokukhusela iimfihlo zazo zokurhweba.” Igosa eliqeshayo kumzi-mveliso osebenza ngezinto zee-elektroniki livuma oku: “Kukho ukubawa okugqithiseleyo kwezoshishino. Ukuba unokufumana ikroba elililo, uya kuzibona sele ungusozigidi.”

Inkqubo yemveliso yempahla eyolukiweyo ibonisa enye inkalo engathandekiyo yenkqubela yezoqoqosho. Xa iindlela ezintsha zokuthunga zenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuveliswa kweempahla zomqhaphu ngomatshini, wafuneka ngakumbi umqhaphu. Kodwa kwakufuneka ixesha elininzi gqitha lokuwusebenza ngezandla kangangokuba abavelisi bawo babengakwazi ukuhlangabezana nomlinganiselo ofunwa ngawo. Ngoko, ngowe-1793, uEli Whitney wayila umatshini wokuhlenga umqhaphu. Kwisithuba nje seminyaka engama-20 isivuno somqhaphu eUnited States sasande ngokuphindwe kangangama-57 kunoko sasikuko! Kodwa njengoko uNjingalwazi Clough esitsho, umatshini kaWhitney wawukwabekek’ ityala “ngokwandiswa kwenkqubo yokulima nokukhotyokiswa kwamaNegro.” Lo kaClough uthi nangona wawuluncedo, lo matshini wokuhlenga umqhaphu “wafak’ isandla kakhulu ekujonganeni ngezikhondo zamehlo okwakukho phakathi kwamazwana aseMantla nawaseMazantsi, okwathi ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela kwiMfazwe eyayiphakathi kwaloo Mazwana.”

Inguqulelo yezorhwebo yaba luncedo ekusekweni kwenkqubo yemizi-mveliso emikhulu nelawulwa zizinhanha. Yayizizityebi kuphela ezazinokubahlawulela oomatshini ababiza imali eninzi, ekwakufuneka ukuba ngenxa yobukhulu nobunzima babo bafakwe kwizakhiwo ezingoosoze nezakhiwe kakuhle. Ezi zakhiwo zazisakhiwa kwiindawo awayefumaneka ngokulula kuzo amandla nalapho izinto zendalo zazinokuthunyelwa khona ngeendleko eziphantsi. Ngoko inkqubo yoshishino yathanda ukujoliswa kumaziko amakhulu ezorhwebo.

Ukusetyenziswa ngoqoqosho kwamandla​—⁠ekuqaleni amanzi yaza kamva yangumphunga (steam)⁠—​awayefuneka ukuze kuhanjiswe oomatshini kwafunisa ukuba oomatshini abaliqela basebenze ngaxeshanye. Ngoko imizi-mveliso yandiswa. Yaye okukhona yayisiba mikhulu, kokukhona yayiyeka ukuba phantsi komntu omnye. Abaqeshwa babengasasebenzeli abantu; babesebenzela iinkampani.

Okukhona lisiba likhulu ishishini, kokukhona yayisiba nkulu ingxaki yokulinyamekela ngemali. Abantu abaninzi baqalisa ukumanyana kwezoshishino, yaye iindawo zokuthengisa nokuthenga izahlulo zamashishini, ezasungulwa okokuqala ngenkulungwane ye-17, zathi zazimela. (Bona ibhokisi.) Kodwa ezi zanceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba igunya lihlala lisezandleni zabambalwa, ekubeni abatyali-mali, okanye abo banezahlulo emashishinini, babengenanto ingako banokuyenza ngokulawulwa kwamashishini. Oosomashishini ababesebenza njengabaphathi beenkampani okanye iibhanki eziliqela ngaxeshanye babesebenzisa igunya elikhulu. UClough uthetha “ngamaqumrhu abalathisi” abathi babumbe “iqela elincinane elalinokumisela ingeniso enokufunyanwa ngamashishini, elalinokungavumi ukuboleka abo bakhuphisana nalo, nelalinokuba namandla gqitha kangangokuba lalinokumisela iinkqubo ezimele zilandelwe ngoorhulumente lide libhukuqe noorhulumente ababelichukela.”​—⁠Akekeliswe sithi.

Ngaloo ndlela, inguqulelo yezorhwebo yabangela ukuba inkqubo yezorhwebo ibe negunya elingakumbi. Ngaba laliya kusetyenziswa kakuhle?

Urhwebo Olukhululekileyo Okanye Uqoqosho Olulawulwayo?

Ubukapitali babubalasele eNgilani. Kwaye busaziwa njengenkqubo yorhwebo olukhululekileyo okanye uqoqosho lweemarike, ubukapitali buye bavelisa oosozigidi abaninzi gqitha kwaneyona migangatho iphakamileyo yokuphila embalini.

Noko ke, kwanabona baxhasi bathembekileyo benkqubo yobukapitali bayavuma ukuba inobuthathaka bayo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuhambela phambili kwezoqoqosho kubukapitali akunakuthenjwa. Ukungazinzi kwabo ngamathub’ athile kubangela amahla-ndinyuka kwezoqoqosho, ukuchuma kwamashishini nokubhanga kwawo. Ukungazinzi ngaphambili okwakubangelwa ngoothunywashe abangabandakanyekanga kwezorhwebo njengeemfazwe okanye imozulu kunokubangelwa yinkqubo yezoqoqosho ngokwayo.

Ubuthathaka besibini bukukuba ngoxa kuveliswa iimpahla, ngokufuthi oko kwenziwa ngobukapitali kunemiphumo engathandekiyo​—⁠umsi, inkunkuma enetyhefu, okanye iimeko ezingekho mgangathweni zokusebenza. Inguqulelo yezorhwebo yakwenza oku kwacaca gqitha, ifak’ isandla koko kuthiwa kukufudumala komoya ojikeleze umhlaba nemiphumo yako engafunwayo.a

Ubuthathaka besithathu bobokuba ubukapitali abuqinisekisi ukuba ubutyebi okanye iimveliso ziya kwabiwa ngokulinganayo. Ngokomzekelo, qwalasela iUnited States. Ngowe-1986 amashumi amabini ekhulwini ezona ntsapho zihlwempuzekileyo apho zazifumana imali engaphantsi kwesihlanu ekhulwini sayo yonke ingeniso yelo lizwe, ngoxa ezingamashumi amabini ekhulwini ezimi kakuhle zazisamkela phantse ama-45 ekhulwini.

Njengoko ubukapitali babukhula ngokupheleleyo ebudeni benguqulelo yezorhwebo, ubuthathaka babo babudandalazile. Amadoda anjengoKarl Marx abugxeka, esithi mabuthatyathelwe indawo luqoqosho olulawulwayo okanye olucetywe ngurhulumente. Ayekhuthaza ukuba urhulumente amisele imveliso, alawule amaxabiso, yaye ubukhulu becala awalawule ngokwakhe amashishini angalawulwa ngabantu ngabanye. Ukanti namhlanje, emva kwamashumi eminyaka le nkqubo izanywa eSoviet Union naseMpuma Yurophu, abantu abasenamdla kuyo. Ucwangciso lukarhulumente lusebenza kakuhle xa kufuneka kucetywe into yelo xesha, njengasekulweni iimfazwe okanye ekuveliseni iinkqubo zasemajukujukwini. Isilela ngokunzulu kwinkqubo yemihla ngemihla nesisiseko.

Phofu ke, abaxhasi bobukapitali baya kuvuma, njengoko noAdam Smith, lowo ubukapitali busekelwe kanobom kwiimfundiso zakhe, wavumayo, ukuba urhulumente akanakuphuma kuphele kwinkqubo yoqoqosho. Ukuba iingxaki ezinjengokunyuka kwamaxabiso nokungaqeshwa kwabantu ziza kusingathwa ngokuphumelelayo, zimele zisingathwe ngurhulumente. Ngoko ke, inkoliso yamazwe asebenzisa inkqubo yorhwebo olukhululekileyo iye ayalandela ubukapitali obupheleleyo yaza yalandela inkqubo exutyiweyo okanye ehlengahlengisiweyo.

Ngokuphathelele olu tyekelo i-1990 Britannica Book of the Year ixela kwangaphambili oku: “Kubonakala kunokwenzeka . . . [ukuba] iinkqubo zoqoqosho zisenokuziyeka ezinye zezinto ezibalulekileyo ezizahlukanisayo nebezibonwa ngazo ngaphambili zize endaweni yoko zisebenzise inkqubo efanayo ekukho kuyo oothunywashe bentengiso nocwangciso ngemilinganiselo eyahlukahlukeneyo. Amaqumrhu asebenzisa loo nkqubo asenokuqhubeka ezibiza ngobukapitali nangobusoshiyali, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba anokuchazelana ngeenkalo ezininzi eziqhelekileyo zokucombulula iingxaki zawo zoqoqosho njengoko esenokuqhubeka ebonakalisa iiyantlukwano ezibalulekileyo anazo.”

Ifak’ Isandla Ezingxakini

Ngowe-1914, kwaqalisa iMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Xa yaqalayo, inkqubo yezorhwebo ebawayo yayingxangile ilungele ukuvelisa imipu, iinqwelo zokulwa neenqwelo-moya ezazifunwa ngamazwe awayesilwa nezazifumaneka ngoncedo lwenguqulelo yezorhwebo.

IThe Columbia History of the World iphawula ukuba ngoxa “inkqubo yemveliso iye yanegalelo ekucombululeni iingxaki zabantu ezininzi zokwenyama,” kwakhona iye “yafak’ isandla kwiingxaki ezinzulu nezintsonkothileyo kwezentlalo.”

Namhlanje, iminyaka engama-78 emva kowe-1914, sinezizathu ezingakumbi kunanini na zokuvumelana nala mazwi. Ngokufanelekileyo, icandelo elilandelayo lolu ngcelele liya kuba nomxholo othi “Inkqubo Enkulu Yezorhwebo Iyaluqinisa Ulawulo Lwayo.”

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 18]

Inkqubo Yokuthengisa Izahlulo Zamashishini​—⁠Ukuqala Nokuphela Kwayo

Ngenkulungwane ye-17, kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuqalisa amashishini amatsha ngokudibanisa imali yabatyali-mali abaliqela. Izahlulo kumashishini zazithengiswa ngexabiso eliqingqiweyo. Eli lungiselelo lokuthenga izahlulo kumashishini liye labizwa ngokuba yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwezakha zasungulwa kwinkqubo yezoshishino. AmaNgesi alinga iindlela eziliqela ezinjalo kwiminyaka yee-1500, kodwa zanwenwa emva kokusekwa kwe-English East India Company ngowe-1600.

Njengoko inani leenkampani ezithengisa ngezahlulo zamashishini lalikhula, kwaba njalo nangentswelo yabantu abarhweba ngezahlulo zamashishini. Ekuqaleni babebonana nabaxumi kwiindawo ngeendawo, maxa wambi kwiikhefi. Kamva, kwasekwa amaziko athile ukuze kubekho indawo eqinisekileyo yokuthengisa izahlulo zamashishini. Ngowe-1773 kwasekwa iLondon Stock Exchange. Kodwa elona ziko lidala ehlabathini lisenokuba lelo liseAmsterdam, bambi abathi lavulwa ngowe-1642, okanye isenokuba lelo liseAntwerp, abanye abathi lasekwa ngowe-1531.

Iinkampani ezithengisa izahlulo zamashishini zineengenelo ezithile njengezi zilandelayo: kubakho imali eyaneleyo yokunyamekela ishishini elikhulu; kuba lula ngowonke wonke ukutyala nezixa ezincinane zemali; asingomtyali-mali omnye olahlekelwa kakhulu xa kukho ukubhanga kweshishini; abantu abanezahlulo bayakwazi ukufumana imali ngokukhawuleza ngokuthengisa inxalenye okanye zonke izahlulo zabo; yaye izahlulo zinokudluliswa njengelifa.

Noko ke, ukuhla ngequbuliso kwamaxabiso ezahlulo kusenokuthetha intlekele. Kwakhona, njengoko iingxelo ezibangel’ iintloni zoko kwenzeke kutshanje eWall Street zibonisa, inkqubo yokuthengisa inokusetyenziswa ngokungekho mthethweni, mhlawumbi ngokurhweba ngoondlela-mnyama, nto leyo eyandayo. Abantu basebenzisa okanye bathengisa inkcazelo engekaziwa nebalulekileyo​—⁠mhlawumbi ulwazi lokuba iinkampani ezimbini ziza kumanyaniswa⁠—​ngaloo ndlela bezuza ngokuthengiswa kwezahlulo zamashishini ezo nkampani. Umhlobo wendoda eyamangalelwa ngokwenza oku ngowe-1989 wathi oku kubangelwa kukubawa. Nangona kumazwe amaninzi kukho inyathelo lokuthintela ukurhweba ngoondlela-mnyama, iphephancwadi iTime lathi: “Imithetho iyodwa ayiyi kwanela ukucombulula le ngxaki.”

Ngemini yomgwebo kaYehova esondela ngokukhawuleza, le ngxaki iya kuconjululwa ngokupheleleyo. Isilivere negolide aziyi kuba luncedo, yaye imali neebond aziyi kuba naxabiso kanye njengaloo maphepha zishicilelwe kuwo. UHezekile 7:19 uthi: “Isilivere yabo baya kuyiphosa ezitratweni, negolide yabo ibe yinto engcolileyo kubo.” Ngokubhekele phaya uZefaniya 1:​18 uthi: “Nesilivere yabo negolide yabo ayisayi kuba nako ukubahlangula ngemini yokuphuphuma komsindo kaYehova.”

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 17]

Ukuyilwa komatshini wokuhlenga umqhaphu kwakhokelela ekwandeni kokukhotyokiswa kwabantu

[Inkcazelo]

The Old Print Shop/Kenneth M. Newman