Ngaba Eli Dabi Liyaphunyelelwa?

“NYAMEKELANI esi sijikelezi-langa, asinasimbi.” Eli likhwelo elahlatywa yiNkosana uPhilip yaseBritani, umongameli weWorld Wide Fund for Nature.

Kumawaka eminyaka ngaphambili, umdumisi wabhala: “Amazulu ngamazulu kaYehova, ihlabathi ulinike oonyana babantu.” (INdumiso 115:16) UThixo usinike umhlaba njengekhaya lethu, yaye simele siwunyamekele. Oku koko kufundiswa yiecology.

Igama elithi “ecology” ngokoqobo lithetha “ukufundisisa ngekhaya.”a Enye ingcaciso enikelwa yiThe American Heritage Dictionary ithi “lufundisiso ngomonakalo obangelwa yimpucuko yezi mini kwimekobume, ngenjongo yokuyikhusela okanye ukuyilondoloza.” Ngamafutshane iecology kukufumanisa umonakalo owenziwe ngumntu kuze ke kufunwe iindlela zokuwulungisa. Asiyondlwan’ iyanetha ke leyo.

Iinyaniso Ezintathu Ezicacileyo Nge-ecology

Kwincwadi yakhe ethi Making Peace With the Planet, uBarry Commoner, isazinzulu ngebhayoloji, uchaza imithetho emithathu elula ye-ecology ecacisa isizathu sokuba umhlaba ube sisisulu sokuxhatshazwa.

Nto nganye ixhomekeke kwenye. Kanye njengokuba izinyo elibolileyo linokuchaphazela wonke umzimba wethu, ngoko ukonakala kobuncwane bemvelo obunye kunokubangela iingxaki ezininzi kwimekobume.

Ngokomzekelo, ebudeni beminyaka engama-40 edluleyo, ama-50 ekhulwini amahlathi aseNepal eHimalaya aye agawulwa mhlawumbi ukuze kufunyanwe iinkuni zokubasa okanye kuveliswe amaplanga. Ekubeni wawungasenamithi, umhlaba okumathambeka eentaba wakhukuliseka ngokukhawuleza kwakufika izandyondyo zemvula. Kuba umhlaba ongaphezulu ungekho, imithi emitsha yayingenakuntshula ngokulula, zitsho ke iintaba ezininzi zibe ngumqwebedu. Ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi, ngoku elaseNepal lilahlekelwa zizigidi zeetoni zomhlaba ongaphezulu minyaka le. Yaye ezi ngxaki aziphelelanga nje eNepal.

EBangladesh izandyondyo zemvula, ezazikade zifunxwa yimithi, ziqukuqela ngaphandle kokuthintelwa ukwehla iintaba eziyimiqwebedu zize ziye ngaselunxwemeni, apho zithi zenze izikhukula ezibangel’ intlekele. Ngaphambili, elaseBangladesh lalisiba nezikhukula eziyingozi kanye emva kweminyaka engama-50; sithetha nje zibakho rhoqo emva kweminyaka emi-4 okanye ngaphantsi.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kuye kwenza iindawo ezithile zehlabathi zabharha kwaza kwaguqula imozulu yazo. Amahlathi kuphela kobuncwane bemvelo obuxhatshazwa ngumntu. Ekubeni izazi nge-ecology zingekayazi ngokupheleleyo indlela ezinxibelelene ngayo izinto zendalo, zisenokuqabuka sekonakele. Oku kuyinyaniso ngemeko yokulahlwa kwenkunkuma, okwenza ucace kakuhle umthetho wesibini we-ecology.

Yonke into ifanele iye ndaweni ithile. Khawucinge ukuba beliya kuba njani ikhaya eliqhelekileyo engalahlwayo inkunkuma kulo. Ngenxa yokuba izinto zingenakuphuma kwisijikelezi-langa sethu—ngoko yonke inkunkuma yethu imele iphelele kwakulo mhlaba ulikhaya. Ukutshatyalaliswa kweendawo ezithile zocwecwe lweozone kubonisa ukuba kwaneegesi ezibonakala zingenabungozi, ezinjengeechlorofluorocarbon (ii-CFC), ikho ingozi eziyenzayo. Ii-CFC yeminye nje yamakhulu emichiza esenokuba yingozi ekhutshelwa esibhakabhakeni, emilanjeni nakwiilwandlekazi.

Enyanisweni, ezinye iimveliso—ekuthiwa “ziyabola”—ekuhambeni kwexesha zinokutyiwa ngumhlaba, kodwa ezinye azinako. Amanxweme ehlabathi azaliswe ziinkonxa zeplastiki eziya kuba ngoongqikana apho kangangamashumi eminyaka ezayo. Into engabonakaliyo yinkunkuma enetyhefu yemizi-mveliso, ngokuqhelekileyo engcwatywa ndaweni ithile. Nangona ingabonakali, akukho siqinisekiso sokuba iya kuhlala injalo. Isenokudibana namanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ize ibeke impilo yabantu neyezilwanyana emngciphekweni. KwiBudapest’s Institute of Hydrology isazinzulu saseHungary savuma sathi: “Asazi ukuba masithini na ngemichiza eveliswa yimizi-mveliso yezi mini. Asazi nto ngayo.”

Eyona nkunkuma iyingonzi kunazo zonke yinkunkuma enemitha yeathom, imveliso yezikhululo zamandla enyukliya. Amawaka eetoni zenkunkuma yenyukliya asaxhwarhe kwiindawo ezithile, nangona ezinye sele zilahlelwe kwiilwandlekazi. Nangona inzululwazi ibiphanda kangangeminyaka, ayikasifumani isicombululo sokugcinwa okanye sokulahlwa kwayo ngokukhuselekileyo nangokusisigxina, ibe akukabikho themba. Akukho namnye olaziyo ixesha ezinokudubula ngalo ezi zinto ziyingozi kwindalo. Ngokuqinisekileyo le ngxaki ayinakuphela—le nkunkuma iya kuhlala inemitha yeathom kangangeenkulungwane okanye kangangamawaka eminyaka ezayo, okanye de uThixo enze okuthile. (ISityhilelo 11:18) Kwakhona ukungakhathaleli komntu ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma kusikhumbuza ngomthetho wesithathu we-ecology.

Imvelo mayihambe ngeyibonayo. Ngamanye amazwi, umntu kufuneka asebenzisane nemvelo kunokuba azame ukusebenzisa izinto acinga ukuba zibhetele kunayo. Imichiza ethile yokubulala izinambuzane isenza sikuqonde oku. Ukuqala kwayo ukwenziwa, yayinceda abalimi basuse ukhula baze babulale izinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo ngokoqobo. Kubonakala ukuba babeqinisekile ukuba babeza kufumana intabalala yesivuno. Kodwa izinto zonakala. Imichiza ngemichiza yoyiswa lukhula nazizinambuzane, yaye kwabonakala ukuba le michiza ityhefa amaxhoba emvelo ezinambuzane, izilwanyana zasendle kwanomntu. Mhlawumbi uye wachatshazelwa yityhefu yokubulala izinambuzane. Ngoko ulelinye lamaxhoba ubuncinane asisigidi ehlabathini lonke.

Okokugqibela obekungalindelekanga bubungqina obandayo bokuba imichiza yokubulala izinambuzane isenokungaphuculi kwanesivuno ekuhambeni kwexesha. EUnited States, izinambuzane ngoku zitya isivuno esikhulu kunokuba zazisenza ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa kwemichiza yokubulala izinambuzane. Ngokukwanjalo, i-International Rice Research Institute, ekwiiPhilippines, iye yafumanisa ukuba imichiza yokubulala izinambuzane ayisayiphuculi imveliso yerayisi kuMzantsi-mpuma weAsia. Enyanisweni, inkqubo exhaswa ngurhulumente waseIndonesia engaxhomekekanga kakhulu kwimichiza yokubulala izinambuzane iye yafikelela kuchatha we-15 ekhulwini kwimveliso yerayisi ukususela ngowe-1987 phezu kwako nje ukunciphisa ukusebenzisa imichiza yokubulala izinambuzane ngama-65 ekhulwini. Sekunjalo, abalimi behlabathi basasebenzisa imichiza yokubulala izinambuzane kakhulu minyaka le.

Imithetho emithathu echazwe ngasentla ye-ecology icacisa isizathu sokonakala kwezinto. Eminye imibuzo ebalulekileyo yile, Ungakanani umonakalo owenziweyo, yaye ngaba unokulungiswa?

Ungakanani Umonakalo Owenziweyo?

Imaphu yehlabathi ekwalapha (bona iphepha 8-9) ibalaselisa iingxaki eziphambili zemekobume nezona ndawo zimaxongo kakhulu kuzo. Ngokucacileyo, xa kulahleka indawo eziphila kuyo okanye abanye oothunywashe bebangela ukutshabalala kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo okanye zezilwanyana, umntu akanakuwulungisa loo monakalo. Omnye umonakalo—njengokonakala kocwecwe lweozone—sele wenziwe. Kuthekani ngokonakaliswa kwemekobume okuhambela phambili? Ngaba kuye kwenziwa inkqubela yokukuthintela okanye ubuncinane ukukuthomalalisa?

Ezona zinto zimbini ezinokusinceda sibone umonakalo okwimvelo zezolimo neshishini lokuloba. Ngoba kutheni? Ngenxa yokuba imveliso yazo ixhomekeke kwimekobume esemgangathweni nangenxa yokuba ubomi bethu buxhomekeke kwimveliso yokutya enokuthenjwa.

Yomibini le mibandela idiza ukudodobala okuthile. IUnited Nations Food and Agriculture Organization iye yaqikelela ukuba, ukuba amaqela abalobi behlabathi angaloba iintlanzi ezingaphezu kweetoni ezili-100 lezigidi angalicutha kanobom inani leentlanzi ezikhoyo. Loo mlinganiselo kwaqatyelwa ngaphaya kwawo ngowe-1989, ibe njengoko kwakulindelekile, kunyaka olandelayo ukubanjiswa kweentlanzi kwehla ngeetoni ezizizigidi ezine ehlabathini lonke. Iindawo zokuloba ziye zancipha ngokukhawuleza. Ngokomzekelo, kumntla-mpuma weAtlantic, ukubanjiswa kweentlanzi kwehla ngama-32 ekhulwini kwiminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo. Iingxaki eziphambili kukuloba ngokugqithiseleyo, ukungcoliswa kweelwandlekazi nokutshatyalaliswa kweendawo ezizalela kuzo.

Le ngxuba-kaxaka ibonakala nakwimveliso yezityalo. Ebudeni beminyaka yee-1960 neyee-1970, iintlobontlobo zezityalo eziphuculiweyo kunye nonkcenkcesho nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwemichiza yokubulala izinambuzane nezichumiso kwayinyusa ngokuphawulekayo imveliso yehlabathi yokutya okuziinkozo. Ngoku, imichiza yokubulala izinambuzane nezichumiso ayisebenzi kangako, ibe ukunqongophala kwamanzi nongcoliso nako kunegalelo kwisivuno esibi.

Nangona kukho abantu abongezelelekileyo abaphantse babe zizigidi ezili-100 abafuna ukondliwa nyaka ngamnye, ebudeni beshumi leminyaka edluleyo uye wancipha umhlaba olinyiweyo. Ibe lo mhlaba unemveliso awusachumanga kuyaphi. IWorldwatch Institute iqikelela ukuba ukhukuliso mhlaba lubenze abalimi baphulukana nomhlaba ongaphezulu oziitoni ezingama-500 zamawaka ezigidi ebudeni beminyaka engama-20 edluleyo. Ngokungathintelekiyo, imveliso yokudla iye yaqalisa ukwehla. Ingxelo yeState of the World 1993 igqabaza ithi “ukuhla kwemveliso yokutya okuziinkozo ngesi-6 ekhulwini kumntu ngamnye phakathi kowe-1984 nowe-1992 mhlawumbi yeyona nto ixhomis’ amehlo kwezoqoqosho ehlabathini namhlanje.”

Ngokucacileyo, ubomi bezigidi zabantu sele busesichengeni ngenxa yokungayikhathaleli komntu imekobume.

Ngaba Umntu Unokumelana Nezi Ngxaki?

Nakubeni umntu ngoku eqonda okuthile ngalo monakalo, akulula ukuwulungisa. Umqobo wokuqala ngowokuba kuya kufuna intywenka yemali—ubuncinane iirandi ezingamawaka amabini ezigidi ngonyaka—ukuphumeza zonke iziphakamiso ezathiwa thaca etafileni kwiNgqungquthela Yehlabathi yowe-1992. Kwakhona kuya kufuneka ukuzincama kokwenene—ukuzincama okunjengokunciphisa inkcitho kuze kusetyenziswe kwakhona izinto ngakumbi, kulondolozwe amanzi namandla, kusetyenziswe isithuthi sikawonkewonke kunokuba kusetyenziswe isithuthi sikabani, yaye okona kunzima ngakumbi, kucingelwe isijikelezi-langa kunokuba ubani acingele isiqu sakhe. UJohn Cairns, Omnci., usihlalo wekomiti yaseUnited States yokuhlangula izinto eziphila emanzini, wayibeka ngamazwi ambalwa le ngxaki wathi: “Ndiqinisekile ngoko sinokukwenza. Andiqinisekanga ngoko siya kukwenza.”

Ngenxa yokuphakama kweendleko zokucoca ngokupheleleyo amazwe amaninzi akhetha ukukubekela amangomso. Xa ezoqoqosho zikwimeko emaxongo, into yokulungiswa kwemekobume ijongwa njengesisisongelo emisebenzini okanye njengedodobalisa ezoqoqosho. Ukuthetha asikokwenza. Incwadi ethi Caring for the Earth ukuza kuthi ga ngoku le mpendulo iyifanisa “nokucikoza kakhulu uze ungenzi nto.” Kodwa phezu kwako nje oku kurhuq’ iinyawo, ngaba ubugcisa obutsha—ukuba bebunikwe ixesha—bebungenako ukuyifumana indlela engekho buhlungu yokunyanga izifo zesijikelezi-langa? Kuyabonakala ukuba abunako.

Kwingxelo eyenziwa ngamxhelo mnye, i-U.S. National Academy of Sciences neRoyal Society yaseLondon zakuvuma ngeliphandle oku zathi: “Ukuba abemi bayanda njengokuba kuthenjiswa njalo nomntu uyaqhubeka esenza ezi zinto azenzayo kwisijikelezi-langa, inzululwazi nobugcisa zisenokungakwazi ukukuthintela ukonakaliswa kwemekobume okungathintelekiyo okanye ubuhlwempu obuqhubekayo kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi.”

Intsinda-badala eyoyikekayo yenkunkuma yenyukliya engaziwayo indawo emayilahlwe kuyo isikhumbuza ukuba inzululwazi inamandla asikelw’ umda. Kangangama-40 eminyaka izazinzulu beziphanda ngendawo ekhuselekileyo yokugcina ngokusisigxina inkunkuma enemitha yeathom ekumgangatho ophezulu. Eli phulo libonakala linzima gqitha kangangokuba amazwe athile, anjengeItali neArgentina, agqibe ekubeni akayi kubanayo indawo elungileyo ubuncinane de kube ngunyaka we-2040. IJamani, elona lizwe liqinisekileyo ngalo mbandela, linethemba lokuqoshelisa amalungiselelo ngonyaka we-2008.

Kutheni inkunkuma yenyukliya iyingxaki kangaka? Isazinzulu ngokwakhiwa komhlaba uKonrad Krauskopf sachaza: “Asikho isanzinzulu okanye unonjineli onokunikela isiqinisekiso sokuba ngaminazan’ ithile inkunkuma enemitha yeathom eninzi ayinakuvuza ngokuyingozi kwanaleyo igcinwe kwezona ndawo zifanelekileyo zokuyilondoloza.” Kodwa phezu kwazo nje izilumkiso zangaphambili ngokuphathelele ingxaki yokulahlwa kwenkunkuma, oorhulumente neshishini lenyukliya batyhalela phambili ngokungenankathalo, becinga ukuba ubugcisa bangomso buya kuza nesicombululo. Elo phupha alizange lizaliseke.

Ukuba ubugcisa abunasicombululo sikhawulezileyo kwingxaki yemekobume, ziziphi ezinye izinto ezinokwenziwa eziseleyo? Ngaba ekugqibeleni kuya kubakho imfuneko yokuba amazwe abambisane ukuze akhusele esi sijikelezi-langa?

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 7]

Iphulo Lokufuna Imithombo Yamandla Enokuphinda Ihlaziywe

Uninzi lwethu luwathabatha lula amandla—de kumke umbane okanye kunyuke ixabiso leoli. Phofu ke, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngomnye wabona nobangela babalaseleyo bongcoliso. Amandla amaninzi asetyenziswayo avela kwiinkuni ezibasiweyo okanye kumafutha ezinto ezaziphila mandulo, nkqubo leyo eyenza kulahlwe izigidi zeetoni zekharbon diokside kumoya osingqongileyo ize itshabalalise namahlathi ehlabathi.

Amandla enyukliya, lolunye ukhetho oluya luduma kakubi ngakumbi nangakumbi ngenxa yeengozi nengxaki yokugcina inkunkuma enamandla eathom. Ezinye izinto ezinokukhethwa zaziwa njengemithombo yamandla enokuhlaziywa, ekubeni isebenzisa amandla emvelo afumaneka ngokulula. Kukho iintlobo ezintlanu eziphambili.

Amandla afumaneka elangeni. La mandla anokusetyenziswa ngokulula ekufudumezeni, yaye kumazwe athile, njengelakwaSirayeli, izindlu ezininzi zinezixhobo eziguqula imitha yelanga ibe ngumbane ukuze kufudunyezwe amanzi. Ukuvelisa umbane ngokusebenzisa ilanga kunzima gqitha, kodwa iiphotovoltaic cell zezi mini sele zibonelela amaphandle ngombane yaye zinoqoqosho ngakumbi.

Amandla afumaneka emoyeni. Amaphiko amanzi amakhulu ngoku azalise iindawo eziliqela zehlabathi ezinomoya. Umbane oveliswa ngala mandla omoya, njengoko ebizwa, ixabiso lawo liye lehla ngokuthe ngcembe ibe ngoku uxabisa kancinane kwimimandla ethile kuneendlela eziqhelekileyo zokuvelisa amandla ombane.

Umbane ofumaneka emanzini. Ama-20 ekhulwini ombane wehlabathi sele evela kwiindawo ezivelisa umbane ngamanzi, kodwa okulusizi kukuba uninzi lweendawo ezinik’ ithemba kumazwe ahambele phambili sele zisetyenziswa kakubi. Kwakhona amadama amakhulu anokwenza umonakalo omkhulu kwindalo. Ithemba elibhetele, ngokukodwa kumazwe asakhasayo, libonakala lilelokwakha iindawo ezininzi ezivelisa umbane ngamanzi.

Amandla obushushu bomhlaba. Amanye amazwe, ngakumbi elaseIceland nelaseNew Zealand, aye akwazi ukusebenzisa “inkqubo yamanzi ashushu” engaphantsi komhlaba. Izinto ezenzeka kwintaba-mlilo ngaphantsi komhlaba zenza kufudumale amanzi, manzi lawo anokusetyenziselwa ukufudumeza izindlu aze aphehle umbane. I-Itali, iJapan, iMexico, iiPhilippines neUnited States nazo ziye zavelisa lo mthombo wamandla emvelo ukusa kumlinganiselo othile.

Amandla afumaneka kumaza. Amazwe anjengeBritani, iFransi neRashiya, asebenzisa iilwandlekazi ukuphehla umbane. Noko ke, ehlabathini lonke zimbalwa iindawo apho kunokuba lula kuze kwenzeke ukubonelela ngala mandla ombane ngexabiso eliphantsi.

[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 8, 9]

Ezinye Iingxaki Zehlabathi Eziphambili Zemekobume

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi. Sele kuphulukwene nesithathu kwisine samahlathi anemozulu epholileyo nesiqingatha samahlathi ehlabathi akweleenjiko, ibe umlinganiselo wokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi uye wanda ngokothusayo ebudeni beshumi leminyaka elidluleyo. Uqikelelo lwakutshanje lubeka ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi akweleenjiko phakathi kwe-150 000 nama-200 000 lezikwe khilomitha minyaka le, malunga nobukhulu beUruguay.

Inkunkuma enetyhefu. Isiqingatha semichiza engama-70 000 eyenziwayo ngoku sigqalwa njengesiyityhefu. ElaseUnited States kuphela livelisa iitoni ezingama-240 lezigidi zenkunkuma enetyhefu minyaka le. Ukunqongophala kobungqina kwenza kube nzima ukubala inani elipheleleyo lehlabathi lonke. Ukongezelela, ngonyaka wama-2000, kuya kube kukho iitoni eziphantse zibe ngama-200 000 zenkunkuma enemitha yeathom ezigcinwe kwiindawo zokwexeshana.

Ukonakaliswa komhlaba. Isithathu sommandla ongaphezulu wehlabathi siba ngumqwebedu. Kwezinye iindawo zaseAfrika, iNtlango iSahara iye yasondela ngeekhilomitha ezingama-350 kwiminyaka nje engama-20. Sele isongela ukuphila kwezigidi zabantu.

Ukunqaba kwamanzi. Abantu abamalunga namawaka amabini ezigidi baphila kwimimandla apho amanzi anqabe ngokuqhubekayo. Okwenza anqongophale ngakumbi kukutsha kwamawaka amaqula ngenxa yokuhla kwamanzi emithombo engaphantsi komhlaba axhomekeke kuwo.

Iintlobontlobo zezinto eziphilayo zisengozini. Nangona la manani ethelekelelwa ngandlel’ ithile, izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba phakathi kwama-500 000 nesi-1000 000 seentlobontlobo zezilwanyana, nezityalo, nezinambuzane ziya kube zitshatyalalisiwe ngonyaka wama-2000.

Ukungcoliswa komoya osingqongileyo. Uhlolisiso olwenziwa ziZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ebutsheni beminyaka yee-1980 lwafumanisa ukuba ngabantu abaliwaka elinye lesigidi abahlala kwimimandla yasezidolophini mihla le abasesichengeni samasuntswana omle okanye iigesi ezinetyhefu ezisongela impilo, ezinjengesulfur dioxide, initrogen dioxide necarbon monoxide. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukwanda kwezixeko ngokukhawuleza kwishumi leminyaka elidluleyo kuko okuyenze mandundu le ngxaki. Ngaphezu koko, iitoni zekharbon diokside ezingama-24 amawaka ezigidi minyaka le zikhutshelwa kumoya osingqongileyo, yaye kukho uloyiko lokuba le “gesi ye-greenhouse” isenokubangela kufudumale umhlaba wonke.

[Imaphu]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi

Inkunkuma enetyhefu

Ukungcoliswa komoya osingqongileyo

Ukunqaba kwamanzi

Iintlobontlobo zezinto eziphilayo zisengozini

Ukonakaliswa komhlaba

[Inkcazelo]

Mountain High Maps™ copyright© 1993 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

Photo: Hutchings, Godo-Foto

Photo: Mora, Godo-Foto