Amazwe Ahlwempuzekileyo Aba Yindawo Yokulahlela Inkunkuma Yamazwe Atyebileyo

NJENGENKEDAMA engenabani, umthwalo onetyhefu wawusuka kule inqanawa uye kuleya usuke kwelinye izibuko uye kwelinye ukhangela indawo onokuyenza ikhaya. Imigqomo eli-11 000 echichima yintlaka enetyhefu, imichiza yokubulala izinambuzane neminye imichiza eyingozi eyayithuthwa isuka eDjibouti, eAfrika, yasiwa eVenezuela yasiwa eSiriya yasiwa eGrisi. Ekugqibeleni imigqomo evuzayo yabangela ingxaki kwelinye iqela labasebenzi elisenqanaweni. Enye indoda yafa, yaye amaninzi aba nesifo sesikhumba, izintso nesifo sokuphefumla ngenxa yemichiza enetyhefu eyayikhweliswe enqanaweni.

Iinqanawa, iilori noololiwe abazele bema ngeembambo kwayile nkunkuma ibulalayo basityhutyha sonke esi sijikelezi-langa befuna indawo abanokuyenza ikhaya. Amaxesha amaninzi amazwe ekugquba kuwo ubuhlwempu, indlala nezifo aba ziindawo zokulahlela iitoni zetyhefu nenkunkuma engcolileyo. Uloyiko lwezazi ngemekobume yingxaki yokonakaliswa kwendalo kuphela.

Iipeyinti ezindala, izinyibilikisi, amatayara, iibhetri, inkunkuma enemitha yeathom, ilothe nodaka lwe-PCB, zisenokungabi namtsalane kuwe, kodwa zinomtsalane kwishishini lenkunkuma elikhulayo. Okumangalisayo kukuba, okukhona urhulumente esiba ngqongqo ngokuphathelele imekobume, kokukhona imizi-mveliso yakhe isasaza inkunkuma enetyhefu kumazwe asemzini. “Phantse izigidi ezingama-20 zeetoni zemichiza enetyhefu ngobuqhetseba zithuthwa ngeenqanawa minyaka le ziye kulahlwa kuMazwe Asakhasayo” ziinkampani zamazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino, yatsho njalo iThe Observer yaseLondon ephuma veki nganye. Ukuyekelela nokungabingqongqo komthetho kuthetha ukuba kulahlwa amawaka eetoni zenkunkuma enetyhefu eAfrika, eAsia nakumazwe oMzantsi noMbindi Merika.

Akumangalisi ukuba ezi nkampani zikubone kulula ukulahla le nkunkuma! Iindleko zokuyilahla zehla kakhulu xa zisebenzisa indawo efanelekileyo. Umzekelo woku yinqanawa yabakhenkethi i-United States, eyayikhe yayinqanawa yebhongo ekhokela iqela leenqanawa zaseMerika ezithutha abantu. Yathengwa ngowe-1992 ukuze ihlaziywe yenziwe inqanawa yokuhamba tofotofo. Mhlawumbi yayineasbestosi eninzi kunayo nayiphi enye inqanawa. Ukususa iasbestosi bekunokuxabisa izigidi ezili-100 zeedola (izigidi ezingama-R360) eUnited States. Le nqanawa yarhuqelwa eTurkey, apho iasbestosi yayinokususwa ngezigidi ezi-2 zeedola (izigidi ezisi-R7). Kodwa urhulumente waseTurkey wabhebhetha ngelithi—kuyingozi gqitha ukuvumela ukuba kuqhaqhelwe iasbestosi enemichiza ebangela umhlaza ezizikwere zeemitha ezingama-46 000 kwilizwe lakhe. Ekugqibeleni le nqanawa yarhuqelwa kwizibuko lelinye ilizwe, apho umgangatho wokulondolozwa kwemekobume ungekho ngqongqo kangako.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwakhona Kwezinto Okubulalayo

Amashishini aseNtshona akumazwe asakhasayo asenokuthanda ukuzicingela ukuba angabancedi bamahlwempu. UHarvey Alter we-U.S. Chamber of Commerce uthi “ukuthunyelwa kwenkunkuma kwamanye amazwe nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwezinto kuphakamisa umgangatho wokuphila kuloo mazwe.” Kodwa uhlolisiso olwenziwa kwezinye iinkampani ezikumazwe asemzini lubonisa ukuba kwiimeko ezininzi, kunokuba iphakamise umgangatho wokuphila, le mizi-mveliso “isenokuba ayihlawuli bhetele kunomvuzo wesiqhelo walapho, ingcolisa imekobume yaye ithengisa imveliso eyingozi kwezinye iimeko iyithengise ngobuqhetseba.”

UPopu John Paul II wongezelela amazwi enkxalabo kwintlanganiso yakutshanje ebingongcoliso kumazwe asakhasayo. Lo popu wathi: “Kukuxhaphaza okungenalusini xa amazwe afumileyo efumana ingeniso ngoqoqosho oluqhwalelayo nangomthetho wamazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ngokuthumela ubugcisa obungcolileyo nenkunkuma eyonakalisa imekobume nempilo yabemi.”

Umzekelo woku ufumaneka kwiAfrika esemazantsi, eyona ndawo ehlabathini ekuxhaphake gqitha kuyo ukulungiswa kwemekyuri esele isebenzile. Eyathi yabizwa ngokuba “lelinye lawona mazwekazi angcole ngokulihlazo,” inkunkuma enetyhefu yabulala umsebenzi omnye, omnye wafa isiqaqa yaye isinye kwisithathu sabasebenzi kuthiwa sineengxaki ezithile ezibangelwa yimekyuri enetyhefu. Oorhulumente bamazwe athile ahambele phambili kwezoshishino bayakwalela okanye bakumisele imiqathango engqongqo ukuchithwa kwenkunkuma ethile yemekyuri. Iinqanawa zeenkampani ubuncinane zelizwe elinye kula zithumela umthwalo oyingozi kumanxweme aseAfrika. Iqela labaphandi lafumana imigqomo eli-10 000 yenkunkuma enemekyuri esuka kwiinkampani zasemzini ezintathu igcinwe kumzi-mveliso othile.

Ukuthumela izinto esele zisetyenzisiwe ukuba zilungiswe kumazwe asakhasayo kuvakala bhetele kunokulahla inkunkuma kuwo. Kunokubangela imveliso enexabiso, imisebenzi kuze kukhuthaze urhwebo. Kodwa njengoko le ngxelo ingasentla esuka kwiAfrika esemazantsi ibonisa, kwakhona kunokuvela imiphumo eyintlekele. Ukufunyanwa kwemveliso enexabiso kwezi zinto kunokukhupha imichiza ebulalayo engcolisayo negulisayo yaye maxa wambi kubangele ukufa kwabasebenzi. Iphephancwadi iNew Scientist lithi: “Akuthandabuzeki ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwezinto maxa wambi kusetyenziswa njengesingxengxezo sokulahla inkunkuma.”

Obu buchule buchazwa yi-U.S.News & World Report ngokuthi: “Ukufaka amagama obuxoki kwiimveliso zabo, ukuyekelela komthetho nokunqongophala kweengcali kwenza amazwe asakhasayo ukuba ngokulula abe ngamaxhoba abo barhwebi bakhohlakeleyo abathengisa amanzi amdaka ‘njengesichumiso’ okanye imichiza yokubulala izinambuzane edlulelwe lixesha ngelithi ‘iluncedo ekulimeni.’”

Iimaquiladoras zasemzini, okanye imizi-mveliso, yandile eMexico. Injongo eyintloko yeenkampani zasemzini kukuphepha imithetho engqongqo yongcoliso nokufumana abasebenzi abahlawulwa umvuzo ophantsi ngokuqhubekayo. Amashumi amawaka abemi baseMexico ahlala kumatyotyombe angakwimigxobhozo enamanzi amdaka. “Akanakuselwa naziibhokhwe,” latsho elinye ibhinqa. Ingxelo eyenziwa yiAmerican Medical Association yathi ummandla osemdeni “uyindawo nje yokulahlela amabibi neqandusela izifo ezosulelayo.”

Asizozinambuzane Zodwa Ezifayo

“Ilizwe linokungayivumeli njani ityhefu kowalo ukanti lijike liyithengise kwamanye amazwe? Kuphi ukunyaniseka apho?” wabuza uArif Jamal, isazi esiphum’ izandla ngomhlaba nangemichiza yokubulala izinambuzane esisuka eKhartoum. Sabonisa ngeefoto zemigqomo enezitampu ezithi: “Ayisetyenziswa”—kwilizwe esuka kulo. Yafunyanwa kwindawo yokugcina izilwanyana eSudan. Ecaleni kwayo kwakudunduluze imfumba yezilwanyana ezifileyo.

Elinye ilizwe elifumileyo “ngonyaka lithumela imichiza yokubulala izinambuzane evalwe ngokusemthethweni eziiponti ezingama-500 ezigidi [iikhilogram ezimalunga nama-227 ezigidi] kwamanye amazwe, engavumelekanga okanye engabhaliswanga ngokusemthethweni ukuba isetyenziswe emakhaya,” yatsho iThe New York Times. Iheptachlor, omnye unobangela womhlaza oluhlobo olunye ne-DDT, yavalwa ngokusemthethweni ngowe-1978 ukuba ingasetyenziswa kwizilimo ezityiwayo. Kodwa umzi-mveliso wemichiza owayiyilayo usaqhubeka uyenza.

Uhlolisiso olwenziwa ziZizwe Ezimanyeneyo lwafumanisa ukuba kukho “imichiza yokubulala izinambuzane enetyhefu eninzi” ubuncinane kumazwe asakhasayo angama-85. Abantu abamalunga nesigidi batyhefeka ngokumasikizi nyaka ngamnye, yaye mhlawumbi abangama-20 000 babulawa yile michiza.

Ishishini lecuba lisenokubizwa ngokuba ngumzekelo ophilayo wokubawa okubulalayo. Inqaku elikwiScientific American elinomxholo othi “Ubhubhani Wecuba Osehlabathini Lonke” lithi: “Kunzima ukuwuchaza umlinganiselo wezifo nokufa okubangelwe licuba ehlabathini lonke.” Iintshayi ziqala zisencinane kakhulu, ibe inani leentshayi ezingamabhinqa landa ngokuphawulekayo. Iinkampani zecuba ezinempembelelo enkulu zisebenzisana nababhengezi abangamaqotha-qikili ziloyisa ngokunempumelelo urhwebo olukhulu lwamazwe asakhasayo. Ukufa okuthe ngcembe nezifo ezonakalisa imizimba kungcolisa indlela yazo eya ebutyebini.a

Noko ke, kunokutshiwo ukuba asizizo zonke iinkampani ezingayikhathalelanga intlalo-ntle yamazwe asakhasayo. Kukho iinkampani ezithile ezenza umgudu wokuqhuba ushishino olufanelekileyo nolulungileyo kumazwe asakhasayo. Ngokomzekelo, enye inkampani inelungiselelo lomhlala-phantsi nelokunyamekela impilo ibe abasebenzi bayo ibahlawula umvuzo ophindwe kathathu kunowesiqhelo. Enye inkampani iwamela ngokuqinileyo amalungelo abantu yaye irhoxise izivumelwano ezininzi kuba ziwasebenzisa kakubi amalungelo oluntu.

Ukusilela Kokuhanahanisa

Ngowe-1989 kwatyikitywa isivumelwano kwingqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo eBasel, eSwitzerland, ukuze kulawulwe ukusasazwa kwenkunkuma enetyhefu phakathi kwamazwe. Sawa phantsi ekucombululeni le ngxaki, yaye iNew Scientist yanikela le ngxelo ngentlanganiso elandelayo yala mazwe manye, eyayingoMatshi 1994:

“Ukusabela kumsindo wamazwe asakhasayo, la mazwe angama-65 ayenenxaxheba kule Basel Convention athabatha inyathelo elibalulekileyo xa agqiba ekubeni ayandise le ngqungquthela ngokuvala ukuthunyelwa kwenkunkuma eyingozi esuka kwi-OECD [Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development] isisiwa kumazwe angengawo awe-OECD.”

Kodwa esi sigqibo samva asizange singene kamnandi kumazwe ahambele phambili. INew Scientist yavakalisa inkxalabo yayo: “Ngoko iingxelo zokuba iUnited States, iBritani, iJamani neOstreliya ngoku zizama ukusingela phantsi esi sigqibo ziyaphazamisa. Amaxwebhu aphuma kurhulumente waseUnited States adiza amacebo akhe ‘afihlakeleyo’ nachuliweyo ‘okuhlengahlengisa’ ukuvalwa kokuthunyelwa kwenkunkuma ngaphambi kokuba avumelane nalaa ngqungquthela.”

Imini Yokugwetywa Kwamabawa

“Nina madoda obutyebi, ngoku lixesha lokuba nilile nenze isijwili ngenxa yeenkxwaleko ezibekelwe nina!” iBhayibhile iyalumkisa kuYakobi 5:1. (The New Testament in Modern English, nguJ. B. Phillips) Umgwebo uya kuphuma kwisandla salowo unokulungisa izinto: “NguYehova umenzi wemisebenzi yobulungisa, nezigwebo ngenxa yabacudisiweyo bonke.”—INdumiso 103:6.

Abo bahlwempuzeke ngokugqithiseleyo banokuthuthuzeleka, kukwazi ukuba kungekudala amazwi eNdumiso 72:12, 13 aya kuzaliseka: “Ngokuba uya kulihlangula ihlwempu elizibikayo, nabaziintsizana abangenaluncedo; abenzele inceba abasweleyo nabangamahlwempu; asindise imiphefumlo yamahlwempu.”

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 6]

Inkunkuma Ebulalayo Engafuniyo Ukuphela

“Inkunkuma Yenyukliya Iyafumba Ibe Akukabikho Sicombululo Sicacileyo Okwangoku.” Wawufundeka ngolo hlobo umxholo wecandelo lenzululwazi kwiThe New York Times kaMatshi odluleyo. Eli nqaku lathi: “Eyona nto ilula kukuyingcwaba. Kodwa nako oko kusagxekwa njengoko izazinzulu zisaxoxa, namashishini Amanyeneyo esenza uhlolisiso, enoba ukuyilahla ngaphantsi komhlaba okwaphakanyiswa eNevada akunakuyenza iqhushumbe ngenxa ye-plutonium enamandla eathom kusini na.”

Izazinzulu zize namacebo amaninzi okuhlangula ihlabathi kule plutonium inamandla eathom, kodwa ixabiso, ukungevani noloyiko kwenze la macebo aphoswa kwesinomhlwa. Enye ingcamango ebhebhethwayo kukuyingcwaba elwandle. Elona cebiso lingenakuphumelela lelokuyidubulela elangeni. Esinye isicombululo, kukuyitshisa ngezixhobo ezivelisa amandla eathom. Kodwa esi sakhatywa ngawo omane, njengesiya “kuthabatha amakhulu okanye amawaka eminyaka” ukuze sifezwe.

UGqr. Makhijani weInstitute for Energy and Environmental Research wathi: “Zonke izicombululo zeengcali zidla ngokuba yingxaki kwezobupolitika, yaye zonke izicombululo zezobupolitika zidla ngokuba bubuvuvu kwiingcali. Akukho bani unesicombululo ngokupheleleyo kule ntsinda badala, kuquka nathi.”

Ukuze kufakelwe umbane kumakhaya azizigidi ezingama-60—ama-20 ekhulwini ombane welizwe—izixhobo zokuvelisa amandla eathom ezili-107 ezikwizikhululo zamandla enyukliya eUnited States zivelisa iitoni ezingama-2 000 zamafutha asele esebenzile nyaka ngamnye, yaye ukususela ngowe-1957 bekusoloko kugcinwe amafutha asele esebenzile kwizikhululo zenyukliya okwexeshana. Kangangamashumi eminyaka abantu baye balinda ukuza kukaNxele bejonge kurhulumente ukuba afumane indlela yokuyitshabalalisa. Kwalawula oomongameli abasi-9, yaye iiNkongolo ezili-18 zabo zakhupha amacebiso zabeka nemiqathango yokugcinwa kwenkunkuma enemitha yeathom kwizixhobo ezingaphantsi komhlaba, kodwa ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma ebulalayo emele ikhuselwe kangangamawaka eminyaka akukenziwa zigqibo ngako.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, izigidi zezigidi zamaziko omlilo alawulwa nguYehova uThixo engaphaya kweenkwenkwezi zommandla wendalo awasosisongelo, yaye elo alisebenzisayo eliselangeni lethu lenza kubekho ubomi emhlabeni.

[Inkcazelo]

UNITED NATIONS/IAEA

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 7]

Imichiza enetyhefu ingcolisa amanzi aselwayo namanzi okuhlamba

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 7]

Abantwana badlala phakathi kwenkunkuma eyingozi okanye ebulalayo