Isizathu Sokuba Izidalwa Zibe Sengozini
IZIDALWA ziyaphela ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo. Khawuqwalasele izizathu ezithathu eziyintloko. Abantu ngokungangqalanga babekek’ ityala ngezibini zazo yaye babekek’ ityala ngokungqalileyo ngesesithathu.
Ukutshatyalaliswa Kwendawo Ezihlala Kuyo
Ukutshatyalaliswa kwendawo ezihlala kuyo izidalwa kufak’ isandla kakhulu ekuncipheni kwazo. IThe Atlas of Endangered Species ikuchaza oku “njengesona sisongelo sixhomis’ amehlo” kodwa kwakhona “njengesona kunzima ukusithintela.” Ukwanda kwabemi behlabathi kunyanzelela abantu ukuba bathabathe umhlaba ongakumbi owawulikhaya lezilwanyana zasendle ngaphambili. Umzekelo ophawulekayo woku ubonakala kumahlathi ashinyeneyo ehlabathi.
‘Kwisithuba seminyaka engama-40 aya kube engekho amahlathi ashinyeneyo’ olu qikelelo loyikisayo lwalathisela ingqalelo koko abaninzi bakugqala njengentlungu yokulahlekelwa zizinto ezixabisekileyo. Enyanisweni, phantse ikota yamayeza awaziwayo kumazwe aseNtshona enziwe ngezityalo ezikumahlathi ashinyeneyo akweleenjiko. Nangona amahlathi ashinyeneyo ethabatha kuphela ummandla womhlaba oqikelelwa kwisi-7 ekhulwini, kuwo kukho isine kwisihlanu sohlaza lwehlabathi lonke.
Inkqubo yokugawula nokutshisa kunye nokutshintsha kwendlela yezolimo kuye kwawahlutha ilifa lawo elikhulu lemithi amahlathi ashinyeneyo aseNtshona Afrika. Ukugawulwa kwemithi kwilizwe laseIndiya eliphantse libe lilizwekazi kuye kwatshintsha kwanemozulu, kunciphisa ukuna kwemvula kwimimandla ethile kodwa kubangela izikhukula kwezinye iindawo.
Njengoko umntu egawula imithi elungisa umhlaba ukuze alime, izityalo, izilwanyana, iintaka, izirhubuluzi nezinambuzane ziyafa. Unjingalwazi waseHarvard uEdward Wilson uqikelela ukuba isinye ekhulwini samahlathi siyaphela nyaka ngamnye, yaye oku kwandisa inani lamawaka ezityalo nezilwanyana ezithi ziphele ekugqibeleni. Kukho inkxalabo yokuba izilwanyana ezininzi ziya kunyamalala ngaphambi kokuba zinikwe amagama zizazinzulu.
Imeko iyafana kwimimandla efumileyo yehlabathi, eyenye indawo ehlala izilwanyana nezityalo ephantsi kwesisongelo. Oonocanda bafunxa amanzi akule mimandla ukuze bakhe izindlu, okanye abalimi bayiguqulele ekubeni yimimandla echumileyo abanokulima kuyo. Kwiminyaka eli-100 edluleyo, kangangama-90 ekhulwini omhlaba waseYurophu onengca eyomileyo ayesetyenziselwa ulimo. Ukuphela kwamadlelo eBritani kwiminyaka engama-20 edluleyo kuye kwabangela ukuncipha ngama-64 ekhulwini kweentaka ekuthiwa ziisong thrushes.
Nangona iphephancwadi iTime lisibiza isiqithi saseMadagascar ngokuthi “ngumkhombe kaNowa ophezu komhlaba,” uninzi lwezidalwa zaso zasendle ezahlukahlukeneyo zisengozini. Xa inani labemi balapho lisanda naso siye sixhomekeka ngakumbi kwamanye amazwe, oko kunyanzelela abemi beso siqithi ukuba baguqule amahlathi ekubeni ngamasimi okulima irayisi. Ngenxa yokuba iikota ezintathu zegolden bamboo ebihlala ilemur ziye zanyamalala kwiminyaka engama-20 edluleyo, zingama-400 kuphela kwezi zilwanyana ezisekhoyo.
Ukutshintsha komntu ngokukhawuleza indlela awusebenzisa ngayo umhlaba ngokuqinisekileyo kubonisa ukungazikhathaleli izilwanyana zasendle kuloo mmandla. Njengomnye umzekelo khawucinge ngabantu basePolynesia, abafika eHawaii kwiminyaka eli-1600 eyadlulayo. Ngenxa yoko babekwenza, iindidi zeentaka ezingama-35 zaphela.
Abemi bokuqala ukufika eOstreliya naseNew Zealand beza neekati zasekhaya, zimbi zazo ezaba ziingada. Ngokutsho kwephephancwadi iNew Scientist, ngoku ezi ngada zitya iindidi ezingama-64 zezilwanyana ezanyisayo zaseOstreliya. Zikunye neered foxes ezaziswa apho zisuka eYurophu, zihlasela amasalela ezilwanyana ezisengozini yokuphela.
Ukuhlaselwa Kwazo Ngokuthe Ngqo
Ukuzingela akuyonto intsha. Ingxelo yeBhayibhile kwiGenesis ichaza ngomvukeli uNimrodi, umzingeli owayephila kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-4000 eyadlulayo. Nangona kungakhankanywa ukuba watshabalalisa uhlobo oluthile lwesidalwa lwaphela, sekunjalo wayeyingcungela yomzingeli.—Genesis 10:9.
Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane abazingeli baye bazitshabalalisa iingonyama eGrisi naseMesopotamia, iimvubu eNubia, iindlovu kuMntla Afrika, iibhere neentini eBritani, neenkabi zeenkomo zasendle eMpuma Yurophu. Iphephancwadi iRadio Times elinoludwe lweenkqubo ze-BBC linikela le ngxelo: “Ebudeni beminyaka yee-1870 neyee-1880, abazingeli babulala ikota yesigidi seendlovu eMpuma Afrika kuphela. Kangangesiqingatha senkulungwane, abantu abaziwayo, abanezinto zabo nabazizihandiba, bebeqhumisa irhuluwa eAfrika bedubula iindlovu, imikhombe, iindlulamthi, iikati ezinkulu kunye nantoni na ababenokudibana nayo. . . . Into ebonakala isothusa namhlanje yayamkeleke ngokupheleleyo ngelo xesha.”
Makhe sibuyele kwimeko yengwe enkulu. Ubalo oluye lwenziwa ngeminyaka yee-1980 luye lwabonisa ukuba imigudu yokulondolozwa kwezilwanyana iye yaphumelela. I-1995 Britannica Book of the Year ithi: “Noko ke, izinto azizange zibe njengokuba zazibonakala zinjalo. Ubalo olwenziwe ngenyameko engakumbi lwatyhila ukuba ubalo olwalwenziwe ngaphambili lwalunyuswe ngamagosa awayevana nabo bazingela ngaphandle kwemvume okanye awayefuna ukuchukumisa abo baphetheyo. . . . Urhwebo olwalusenziwa ngasese lwenyama yengwe lwahambela phambili njengoko ukunqaba kwayo kwawanyusa ngakumbi amaxabiso ayo.” Ngaloo ndlela, ngowe-1995, kwenziwa uqikelelo lokuba ixabiso lezingwe zaseSiberia lalifikelela kwiirandi ezingama-36 300 ukusa kwiirandi ezingama-92 600—kungekuphela nje ngenxa yezikhumba zazo ezixabisekileyo kodwa nangenxa yamathambo, amehlo, amabhovu, amazinyo, amalungu azo angaphakathi, namalungu azo esini, nto ezo ezixatyiswe gqitha ngabenzi bamayeza esintu aseMpuma.
ITime ithi, ukurhweba ngamabamba endlovu, ngophondo lomkhombe, izikhumba zezingwe namalungu ezinye izilwanyana ngoku kulishishini elingekho mthethweni elingenisa izigidi zezigidi zeedola, libambe indawo yesibini emva kokuthengiswa kweziyobisi ngokungekho mthethweni. Yaye oku akupheleli nje kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo ezikhulu. Ngowe-1994 abenzi bamayeza esintu baseTshayina baye batshabalalisa inani elikhwankqisayo leentlanzi ekuthiwa ziisea horses ezizizigidi ezingama-20, bebangela ukuba inani lezo zibanjisiweyo lihle ngama-60 ekhulwini kwiminyaka emibini kweminye imimandla ekuMzantsi-mpuma Asia.
Akunzima ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani obekek’ ityala xa izilwanyana zizingelwa zide ziphele. Ngoko, kuthekani ngabo baziqokelelayo? Umntu othengisa ngondlela-mnyama eBrazil, ufumana iirandi ezili-1900 ngesikhwenene esisengozini yokuphela, igolden conure. Kodwa xa esithengisa kumazwe akude, uya kufumana imali eyiphinda kathathu nesiqingatha leyo ebeyifumene.
Iimfazwe nemiphumo yazo, izihlwele ezandayo zeembacu, kunye nomlinganiselo owandayo wokuzala, ungcoliso olwandileyo, kwanezokhenketho, zizisa isisongelo kwizidalwa ezisengozini yokuphela. Abakhenkethi abahamba ngamaphenyane aneenjini bayawenzakalisa amahlengesi abebeze kuwabona, yaye ingxolo engaphantsi kwamanzi ebangelwa ngala maphenyane inokuphazamisana nenkqubo e-ethe-ethe yamahlengesi yokuva izinto ezingaphantsi kwamanzi.
Emva kolu ludwe lulusizi ngenxa yomonakalo obangelwe ngabantu, usenokuba uyazibuza ukuba, ‘Yintoni eyenziwa ngabalondolozi bendalo ukulondoloza izidalwa eziphantsi kwesisongelo sokuphela, yaye baphumelela kangakanani?’
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 22]
Izityalo, izilwanyana, iintaka, izirhubuluzi nezinambuzane ziyafa njengoko umntu egawula imithi