Iphulo Lokufuna Iparadesi Engenazingxaki

“SIFUNA indlela yokuba abantu bakhuseleke, baphile ngalaa ndlela yamhlamnene yokukhathalelana,” satsho njalo esinye isibini saseBritani. Sagqiba kwelokuba senze iparadesi kwisiqithi esikweleenjiko size sibeke abantu ababeya kuhlala kunye eluxolweni. Akunakuze uyifunisele indlela esicinga ngayo. Ngubani obengenakukuvuyela ukuxhamla icham lokuphila kwiparadesi engenazingxaki?

Ngaba Ukuzikhetha Kusisicombululo?

Abantu abaninzi abayifun’ emanzini iparadesi bayakuthanda ukuhlala eziqithini, kuba ukuzikhetha kubenza bazive bekhuselekile ngandlel’ ithile. Abanye bakhetha iziqithi ezingakuNxweme lwePasifiki lwasePanama okanye iziqithi ezikwiCaribbean, njengezo zingaseBelize. Abanye batsalwa ziindawo ezintle gqitha kuLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya—ngokomzekelo iSeychelles.

Amatile-tile okuzama ukuba nebutho labantu elihlala lodwa akakholeleki. Kwanokuba imali yanele, imithetho ekhoyo karhulumente inokukwalela ukuthengwa ngokukhawuleza komhlaba. Kodwa ke masithi bekunokufumaneka isiqithi esihle esikweleenjiko, ngaba ubuya konwaba xa uhlala apho? Ngaba ubuya kuba kwiparadesi engenazingxaki?

Iziqithi ezikwanti ezingqonge unxweme lwaseBritani ngoku zinabemi abaninzi. Ngokuyintloko abemi bazo abatsha ngabantu abafuna ukuhlala bodwa nabafuna ukuba seluxolweni. Enye indoda ehlala yodwa kwisiqithi sase-Eorsa esizihektare ezili-100, ngaphandle konxweme olukwintshona Skotlani, ithi ayize izive ililolo ngenxa yokuba inomsebenzi omninzi wokunyamekela umhlambi wayo weegusha ezilikhulu. Abanye abaye bazikhetha baya kuhlala eziqithini baye bakhawuleza bangamalolo. Kuye kwanikelwa ingxelo yokuba abanye kuye kwafuneka banqandwe bezama ukuzibulala.

Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba isiqithi esihle esikweleenjiko sinokuba yiparadesi. Bakuthanda gqitha ukuhlala kwindawo epholileyo engenamozulu imbi. Kodwa ukuxhalaba ngenxa yokuba shushu komoya ojikeleze umhlaba nokunyuka ngokukhawuleza komphakamo wolwandle kuye kwabangela unxunguphalo kwabo bahlala kwezi ziqithi. Abemi beziqithi ekuthiwa ziiatoll ezisemazantsi ezikwindawo yaseTokelau kwiNtshona Pasifiki kwakunye nabo bakwiiMaldives ezigqagqeneyo kuLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya eziphakame kangange-1,8 yemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle xa amaza emaninzi nabo baziva bengakhuselekanga.

Phantse ngoorhulumente abangama-40 abahlukeneyo abaye badibana kumanyano lwaMazwana Asakhasayo Akwiziqithana ukuze bagaye ukuxhaswa kwephulo labo. Nangona ngokuqhelekileyo abemi bezi ziqithana belindele ukuphila ubomi obude nokuhla kwenani lokufa kweentsana, bayaqhubeka bejamelana neengxaki ezinzulu zasekuhlaleni. Ukungcoliswa kweelwandle nokugalelwa kweoli emanzini kudodobalisa imeko yezoqoqosho yezinye zezi ziqithi. Xa efuna ukulahla inkunkuma enetyhefu amazwe amakhulu acinga ngezi ziqithi.

Kwanokunqwenela kwabo bafuna iparadesi ukuhlala eziqithini kusisisongelo. Njani? Ukugxalathelana kwabakhenkethi ukuza kumanxweme ashushu kubangela ukuxinana ngokugqithiseleyo nokutshatyalaliswa kobuncwane obusele bushokoxekile. Kwakhona aba batyeleli bafak’ isandla kwingxaki yongcoliso. Ngokomzekelo, kwiCaribbean, sisinye eshumini kuphela samanzi amdaka achithwa ziindwendwe ezizizigidi ezingama-20 nyaka ngamnye athi acocwe nangayiphi na indlela.

Kwenzeka okufanayo nakwezinye iindawo ezibukekayo. Khawucinge ngoko kwenzeka eGoa kunxweme olusentshona yeIndiya. I-Independent on Sunday yaseLondon yathi: “Ukukhenketha kwenkumbula yabantu ‘kuyayonakalisa iparadesi.’” Uqikelelo lwabasemagunyeni lubonisa ukuba abakhenkethi baye banda besuka kwabali-10-000 ngowe-1972 ukuya kuthi xhaxhe kwabangaphezu kwesigidi ebutsheni beminyaka yee-1990. Elinye iqela lilumkisa ngelokuba izinto eziphilayo zaseGoa nenkcubeko yalapho zisongelwa ngabanini zihotele ababawayo abafumana imali ngokugxalathelana kwabakhenkethi. Ingxelo yorhulumente waseIndiya ingqina ukuba kuye kwakhiwa ezinye iihotele ezingekho mthethweni ngaselunxwemeni. Isanti iye yagalelwa ezikwarini, kwagecwa imithi, kwadilizwa neengqumba zesanti. Amanzi amdaka aye akhutshelwa elunxwemeni okanye aphumela kumasimi akufuphi erayisi, esasaza ukungcola.

Ngaba Azinalo Ulwaphulo-mthetho?

Ukunyebelezela kolwaphulo-mthetho kuye kwagxobha udumo lweyona mimandla iseluxolweni. Kwisiqithana esikwiCaribbean saseBarbuda kunikelwe ingxelo enomxholo onjengalo: “Ukubulala Eparadesi.” Le ngxelo yachaza ngokubulawa ngendlela ehambis’ umzimba kwabantu abane ababekhwele kwisikhephe sodidi oluphezulu nesasibotshelelwe ngaselunxwemeni lwesi siqithi. Izishiqi ezinjengezi zishiya abantu bebamb’ ongezantsi ngenxa yokwanda kolwaphulo-mthetho kulo mmandla.

“Iziyobisi Zibasela Imilo Yamaqela ‘Eparadesi’” wawusitsho umxholo wengxelo ekwiThe Sunday Times yaseLondon ngokuphathelele elinye ilizwe elikuMbindi Merika. Umhleli walapho wavakalisa intlungu ngokuphela koxolo ngokugqabaza athi: “Ngoku sele iyinto yomhla nezolo ukuvuka kusasa ubone umntwana oneminyaka eli-16 ubudala elele esitratweni elijaja ligazi.”

Abo bafuna ukuphila kwiparadesi eyenziwe libutho labantu bathemba ukuba baya kuthandwa ngabantu abafuna ukuphila eluxolweni. Kodwa yiyiphi eyona-yona? Abantu bakhawuleza abavisisana noko kwacetywa sisibini saseBritani esikhankanywe ekuqaleni. Bambi ababefuna ukungenela eli lungiselelo laso kwabonakala ukuba bafuna ukwenza imali ngalo. Owayexhasa eli lungiselelo wathi: “Asifuni mntu uza kusilawula. Eyona nto siyifunayo kukunikela ngobuncwane bethu ukuze siyibone into esiyenzayo. Mna ndithi iseyi-Utopia.” Akuqali ukubakho iphulo elinjengeli.—Bona ibhokisi ethi “Amalinge Okwenza Iparadesi.”

Abanye abafuna iparadesi bakholelwa kwelokuba baya kulufikelela olo sukelo ngokuphumelela ilottery. Kodwa kungangenkankulu ukuba imali efunyenwe ngolo hlobo ibangele ulonwabo. NgoFebruwari 1995, iThe Sunday Times yanikela ingxelo yokuba intsapho yomntu oye wafumana eyona mali ininzi kwilottery kutshanje eBritani iye yaxabana intw’ embi; kubo ukuzuza imali kubangele “ingqumbo, ingxwabangxwaba nonxunguphalo.” Oku akuyont’ intsha kwiimeko ezilolu hlobo.

Kuhlolisiso olungokufuna kwabantu iUtopia, umchola-choli weendaba uBernard Levin ugqabaza “ngokufuna ukuba sisityebi ngokukhawuleza,” aze athi: “Phakathi kwamanye amaphupha, kukho namava ahlathuzelis’ amanwele. Maninzi amabali awaziwayo abantu ababa zizityebi ngokukhawuleza kwaza oko kwabakhokelela kwintlekele (equka ukuzibulala) mabali lawo angenakuthatyathwa njengentsom’ emini.”

Kuthekani Ngamahlelo Athetha Ngemini Yentshabalalo?

Amanye amaphulo eparadesi aye akhokelela kwiimeko ezimbi ngakumbi. Linikela ingxelo ngokurhangqa kwamagosa ezomthetho karhulumente izakhiwo zeeBranch Davidians, eWaco, eTexas emva phayaa ngowe-1993, iphephandaba lagqabaza “ngomxube ongadibaniyo wemipu, ukudlala ngeengqondo zabantu nokuprofeta ngemini yentshabalalo” owakhokelela kule ntlekele. Okulusizi kukuba, esi siganeko ayisiso sodwa.

Abalandeli bakaBhagwan Shree Rajneesh, owayeyinkokeli yonqulo yaseIndiya, bazakhela indawo eOregon kodwa babebaphazamisa abamelwane babo. Ubutyebi benkokeli yabo nokuziphatha kwabo ngokwesini kwalisingela phantsi ibango labo lokuba baye baseka “amakriwa amahle aluhlaza.”

Amahlelo amaninzi akhokelwa ngabantu abanethemba lokufumana iparadesi afuna abalandeli bawo benze izithethe ezingaqhelekanga, eziye maxa wambi ziphumele kwimilo enogonyamelo. Umbhali wemihlathi yephephandaba uIan Brodie uthi: “Amahlelo alungiselela abo baziva bengamakheswa okanye abo bangakwaziyo ukujamelana neemvavanyo zehlabathi lokwenene indawo ekhuselekileyo nebutho labantu elikumgangatho ophezulu.” Noko ke, amazwi akhe angqinela isibakala sokuba abantu abaninzi bebeya kuthanda ukuphila eparadesi.

Iparadesi Engenazingxaki

Kungasa gede sibala iingxaki ezikhoyo: ungcoliso, ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, ukuxinana kwabemi, ungquzulwano lobuhlanga—singasathethi ke ngeengxaki eziyinto yomhla nezolo kumntu wonke, izifo, nokufa. Kucacile ukuba ayikho indawo kwesi sijikelezi-langa eneparadesi engenazingxaki. UBernard Levin uyavuma ukuba: “Abantu banodumo olubi, ibe kuyacaca ukuba kudala benjalo ukususela oko baphila. Olu dumo lubabangela ukuba bangakwazi ukuphila ngolonwabo besondelelene nabanye abantu abaliqela.”

Noko ke, kuya kubakho iparadesi yomhlaba wonke eya kuba ingenazingxaki ngokwenene. Ubude bexesha layo buqinisekiswe ngumntu onamandla angaphezu kwawabantu. Eneneni, abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezihlanu ngoku basebenza ngamandla ukuze bafikelele olo sukelo, ibe sele benandipha umanyano oluxabisekileyo nemekobume engenazingxaki ngokomlinganiselo othile. Unokubafumana phi? Unokuba nalo njani ithemba abanalo uze unandiphe iingenelo abazinandiphayo ngoku? Ibe iya kuhlala ixesha elingakanani loo Paradesi izayo?

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 6]

Amalinge Okwenza Iparadesi

Ebutsheni benkulungwane ye-19, umxhasi wobusoshiyali ongumFrentshi uÉtienne Cabet (1788-1856) nezinxulumani zakhe ezingama-280 babumba indawo yokuhlala eyayiza kudibanisa abantu abaninzi eNauvoo, eIllinois, eyayiza kusekelwa kwiingcamango zakhe. Kodwa kwisithuba nje seminyaka esibhozo ukungavisisani kwavuka kwema ngeenyawo kule ndawo kangangokuba yavalwa ngethutyana nje, njengokuba kwaba njalo kumaqela afanayo eIowa naseKhalifoniya.

Enye indoda yaseFransi, uCharles Fourier (1772-1837), yavelisa ingcamango yokuba kubekho ibutho labantu elaliza kumanyana kwezolimo apho lungu ngalinye laliza kutshintshatshintsha iindima yalo kolu manyano. Ngamnye apho wayeza kuhlawulwa ngenxa yempumelelo yeqela xa lilonke. Kodwa eFransi naseUnited States abantu ababephila ngokusekelwe kwezi ngcamango babephelela esithubeni.

Malunga nexesha elinye, umthandi wohlaziyo kwezentlalo waseWales uRobert Owen (1771-1858) waceba ukwakha iidolophana ezaziza kusebenzisana apho amakhulu abantu babeya kuhlala kunye baze basebenzise ikhitshi elinye neendawo zokutyela. Apho iintsapho zaziya kuhlala emagumbini azo zize zinyamekele abantwana bazo de bafikelele kwiminyaka emithathu ubudala. Emva koko, aba bantwana babeza kunyanyekelwa lilo lonke ibutho labantu. Kodwa uOwen wakha phantsi isitya sizele kulingelo lwakhe, ibe bonke ubuncwane bakhe bemka namanzi.

UJohn Noyes (1811-1886) waseka oko iThe New Encyclopædia Britannica ikubiza ngokuba “yeyona ndawo yakha yaphumelela kuneendawo zasemibonweni ezakhiwa ngabathandi bokuphuculwa kwentlalo eUnited States.” Xa abalandeli bakhe bayishiyayo imitshato eneqabane elinye baza bavumela iintlobano zesini phakathi kwabo bavumeleneyo, uNoyes wabanjelwa ukrexezo.

IThe Sunday Times yaseLondon inikela ingxelo yokuba iSixeko iLaissez Faire, “uhlobo oluthile lwe-Utopia yobukapitali” kuMbindi Merika, liphulo lakutshanje lokuseka iUtopia. Eli phulo belifuna abatyali-mali. Betsalwa lithemba lokuphila “kwisixeko esimangalisayo senkulungwane yama-21,” abo bafuna iparadesi bacelwa ukuba bathumele ii-R22 000 baze babe nenxaxheba kunaniselwano ngenjongo yokuzuza, bekhangela abantu abafana nabo abaza kuthi nabo batyale imali. Kuye kwanikelwa ingxelo yokuba le mali iphelela ekuhlawuleni itikiti lenqwelo-moya yokuya kuhlola eli phulo “kwilizwe ekuza kwakhiwa kulo nasekwakhiweni kwehotele encinane apho,” lahlomla latsho iphephandaba. Alikho ithemba lokwenene lokuba kuya kuze kusekwe “iparadesi” apho.

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 7]

Isiqithi siyathandwa luninzi lwabantu abafuna iparadesi. Kodwa namhlanje ulwaphulo-mthetho ludlavula kwanezona ndawo ziseluxolweni