Indlela Imfazwe Ebenzakalisa Ngayo Abantwana
EKUQALENI kowe-1995 kwaqhambuka imfazwe, enye kwiimfazwe ezininzi zamakhaya eSierra Leone. Zathi zisakunqumama ezo zithonga zemipu, uTenneh oneminyaka emine ubudala, abazali bakhe ababesele bebulewe kuloo mfazwe, wayethe tywa apho engxwelerhekile. Imbumbulu yamtsho entloko, kanye apha emva kweliso lasekunene, yaye wayesengozini yokutyhefwa ingqondo yiloo mbumbulu ize imbulale.
Kwiinyanga ezili-16 kamva, esinye isibini saseBritani sakwazi ukumthabatha uTenneh samthumela eNgilani ngenqwelo-moya aye kufumana utyando. Iqela labatyandi layikhupha loo mbumbulu, yaye abantu bavuya gqitha kuba olo tyando luphumelele, nangenxa yokuba loo mntwana esindile. Ukanti, olo vuyo lwaphela besakuva ukuba uTenneh wayeyinkedama eyayingamele ukuba idutyulwe.
Izixhobo, Indlala Nezifo
Nangona uTenneh wachanwa yimbumbulu ezihambela, iya ixhaphaka into yokuba abantwana bangadutyulwa ngempazamo kodwa badutyulwe ngabom. Xa kuvuka umlo wobuhlanga, ukubulala abantu abakhulu kuphela akwanele; abantwana botshaba bajongwa njengeentshaba zangomso. Omnye umhlalutyi wezobupolitika eRwanda wathi kusasazo lukanomathotholo ngowe-1994: “Ukuze ukwazi ukubulala amabuzi, kufuneka uqale ngoocwethe.”
Noko ke, inkoliso yabantwana ababulawa emfazweni, ababulawa ziibhombu okanye ziimbumbulu kunoko yindlala nokugula. Ngokomzekelo, kwiimfazwe zaseAfrika, ukunqongophala kokutya namayeza kubulele abantu ababaphindaphinda kangangama-20 abo babulewe yimfazwe. Kula maxesha ukuvalwa kwezinto ezisisiseko yeyona ndlela isetyeziswayo. Imikhosi iye yatyala izigcayiseli kwiindawo ezichumileyo, yatshabalalisa oovimba bokutya okuziinkozo nemithombo yamanzi, yaza yahlutha nezinto zokunikela uncedo. Kwakhona iye yatshabalalisa amaziko ezonyango, ibashiya abasebenzi kwezonyango beziintsali.
Elo cebo libathwaxa kabuhlungu abantwana. Ngokomzekelo phakathi kowe-1980 nowe-1988, abantwana ababulawa kwiziganeko ezinokuthanani nemfazwe babengama-330 000 eAngola yaye babengama-490 000 eMozambique.
Xa Ikhaya Lingekho, Intsapho Iyaphela
Imfazwe yandisa iinkedama ngokubulala abazali, kodwa kwelinye icala izandisa ngokuchithachitha iintsapho. Ehlabathini lonke, abantu abamalunga nama-53 amawaka bawanikel’ umva amakhaya abo kuba bengcungcuthekiswa lugonyamelo. Elo nani lilingana nomntu omnye kubemi bomhlaba abali-115! Ubuncinane isiqingatha salo ngabantwana. Kuloo qulukubhode wenziwayo kubalekwa, abantwana badla ngokulahlekana nabazali babo.
Ngenxa yemfazwe yaseRwanda, abantwana abali-114 000 baye balahlekana nabazali babo ekupheleni kowe-1994. Ngokutsho kohlolisiso lowe-1995, umntwana omnye kubantwana abahlanu eAngola wehlelwa yinto efanayo. Kubantwana abaninzi, ngokukodwa abaselula kakhulu, ukulahlekana nabazali yeyona nto ibuhlungu ngaphezu kweso siphithiphithi semfazwe.
Babulawa Zizigcayiseli
Ehlabathini liphela amakhulu amawaka abantwana aphume ekhaya esiya kudlala, esiya kwalusa, esiya kutheza, okanye esiya emasimini, aza adlakazwa kukudutyulwa zizigcayiseli. Nyanga nganye izigcayiseli zibulala abantu abangama-800. Amazwe angama-64 ewonke anezigcayiseli ezili-110 lezigidi ezigqunyelelwe emhlabeni. EKhambodiya kuphela kukho izigcayiseli ezimalunga nezigidi ezisixhenxe, mntwana ngamnye ujongwe zezimbini.
Amazwe angaphezu kwama-40 enza iintlobontlobo ezingama-340 zezigcayiseli ezimile ngeendlela ngeendlela nezimibalabala. Zimbi zifana namatye, ezinye namapayina, ukanti ezinye zifana namabhabhathane amancinane aluhlaza zibhabha kuhle phezu komhlaba ziphuma kwiinqwelo-ntaka, ezingade ziqhushumbe. Iingxelo zilithi tshuphe nelokuba zimbi izigcayiseli, ezenziwe zafana nezinto zokudlala zabantwana, ziye zabekwa kufutshane nezikolo ezithile nangasemabaleni apho abafazi nabantwana baza kuzichola khona.
Ukwenza isigcayiseli kubiza malunga nee-R13 kuphela, kodwa ukukhangela isigcayiseli size sisuswe kubiza imali ephakathi kwee-R1300 nee-R4400. Ngowe-1993 malunga nezigcayiseli ezili-100 000 zasuswa, kodwa kwabekwa ezinye ezizizigidi ezibini. Zonke zingababulali abathe ncwaba apho imini nobusuku, abatshayela kwanto nje ukusuka ejonini ukuya kuma emntwaneni, abangaziyo nokuba sekuxolelwene, nabahlala belungele ukudubula kangangeminyaka engama-50.
NgoMeyi 1996, emva kweminyaka emibini kuthethathethwana eGeneva, eSwitzerland, izithethi zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zawa phantsi ekuzameni ukuvalwa kwezigcayiseli ehlabathini lonke. Nangona zakwaziyo ukuzivala ngokwasemthethweni ezinye iintlobo zezigcayiseli zize zimisele imiqathango yokusetyenziswa kwezinye, ukuzivala ngokupheleleyo kuza kukhe kuphinde kuphononongwe kwenye inkomfa yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, eya kuba ngonyaka wama-2001. Ukususela ngoku ukuya kutsho ngoko, izigcayiseli zinokube zinqunqel’ egoqweni abanye abantu abangama-50 000 zize zingxwelerhe abangama-80 000. Uninzi lwabo iya kuba ngabantwana.
Ukuthuthunjiswa Nokudlwengulwa
Kwiimfazwe zakutshanje abantwana baye bathuthunjiswa, ngenjongo yokohlwaya abazali babo okanye kuncinwa inkcazelo engabazali babo. Maxa wambi, ngenxa yenkohlakalo abantu abanayo kweli hlabathi lezidubedube, akufuneki nasizathu yaye babathuthumbisa abantwana kuba nje beziyolisa.
Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini, okuquka ukudlwengula, kuxhaphake gqitha emfazweni. Kumlo okwiiBalkans, kwakungumkhwa ukudlwengula amantombazana akwishumi elivisayo nokuwanyanzelisa ukuba azale umntwana wotshaba. Ngokufanayo, eRwanda amajoni ayeqhawula amaqhina eentsapho ngokudlwengula. Xa egqogqa kwiindawo ezithile nayiphi na intombazana esindileyo kwintlaselo yabezomkhosi yayidlwengulwa. Amantombazana amaninzi awakhulelwayo ayengafunwa nokubonwa ziintsapho zawo nangabantu basekuhlaleni. Wambi amantombazana abalahla abo bantwana; amanye azibulala.
Ukuxheleka Emphefumlweni
Abantwana abakwindawo enemfazwe badla ngokubona amanyundululu angaphezulu lee kwaye abonwa ngabantu abakhulu abaninzi. Ngokomzekelo, eSarajevo, kuphando lwabantwana abali-1505 kwafunyaniswa ukuba phantse bonke babekhe banento yokwenza nokudubula kweenkanunu. Abangaphezu kwesiqingatha babekhe badutyulwa, yaye ababini kwabathathu babekhe bakwiindawo ababenokubulawa nanini na kuzo.
Kuhlolisiso olwenziwa kubantwana abangama-3000 baseRwanda kwafunyaniswa ukuba abangama-95 ekhulwini bazibonela ngawabo amehlo ugonyamelo nokubulawa kwabantu xa iintlanga zibulalana yaye abaphantse babe ngama-80 ekhulwini baye baphulukana namalungu eentsapho zabo. Malunga nomntwana omnye kwabathathu uye wadlwengulwa okanye waxhatshazwa ngokwesini yaye ngaphezu komnye kwabathathu uye wazibonela ngokwakhe abanye abantwana bencedisa ekubulaweni nasekubethweni kwabantu. Loo mava ayazonakalisa iingqondo neentliziyo zabantwana. Enye ingxelo yabantwana ababephazamisekile engqondweni kwindawo eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia yathi: “Ezo zinto zisathe thaa ezingqondweni zabo . . . zibaphuphisa kakubi, ziyabaphakuzelisa zisakuthi qatha, bayoyika, banamanwele yaye banengqumbo.” Emva kokubulalana kweentlanga eRwanda, enye ingcali ngengqondo yeNational Trauma Recovery Centre yathi: “Ezinye zeempawu abanazo aba bantwana kukuphupha kakubi, ukungakwazi ukuzikisa ukucinga, ukudandatheka nokuphelelwa lithemba ngekamva.”
Banokuncedwa Njani Abantwana?
Abaphandi abaninzi bakholelwa kwelokuba oko kuphazamiseka kweengqondo zabantwana akusuki nje kuziphelele xa bezivalela ngaphakathi iimvakalelo zabo nezo zinto bazikhumbulayo. Umntwana uqala ukuncedakala xa ezikhupha ezo zinto azikhumbulayo ngokuthetha nomntu omkhulu onovelwano nonolwazi emchazela oko kwenzekayo. Omnye unontlalo-ntle waseNtshona Afrika wathi: “Eyona nto iluncedo kukuzama ukuba abantwana abaphazamiseke ngokwenene baphalaze imbilini yabo bathethe.”
Enye into ebalulekileyo eluncedo ekupholiseni loo manxeba omphefumlo lumanyano oluluqilima nokuxhaswa yintsapho nangabantu. Njengabantwana bonke, amaxhoba emfazwe ayakufuna ukuthandwa, ukuqondwa nokuvelwa. Sekunjalo, ngaba sikho isizathu esibambekayo sokukholelwa kwelokuba kukho ithemba lokuba bonke abantwana baya kunandipha ikamva eliqaqambileyo?
[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 8]
Yayingathi Yibhola
ELaos enye intombazana nomnakwayo babekhaphela inyathi isiya edlelweni. Le ntombazana yabona le nto ifana nebhola isemngxumeni. Yayichola yaza yaphosela umnakwayo. Wayiphuncula yaza yaqhushumba, wafa ngoko nangoko.
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Ngomnye Phakathi Kwamawakawaka
Xa kwavuka umlo kwindawo awayehlala kuyo eAngola, uMaria, inkedama eneminyaka eli-12, wadlwengulwa waza wakhulelwa. Wathi xa umlo uqina, uMaria wabhaca, ehamba umgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-300 efuna indawo ekhuselekileyo, apho wafikela kwindawo yabantwana abalahlekileyo. Ekubeni wayemncinane ngolo hlobo, yakhawuleza yamfikela inimba, wazala ebulaleka usana ngaphambi kwexesha. Olo sana lwahlala nje iiveki zambini. UMaria wafa kwiiveki ezimbini kamva. UMaria ngomnye phakathi kwamawakawaka abantwana abaye bathuthunjiswa baza badlwengulwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje.
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Iingqondo Neentliziyo Ezenzakeleyo
Umzekelo woko kwenziwa lugonyamelo ebantwaneni nguShabana oneminyaka esibhozo ubudala, waseIndiya. Wazibonela ngamehlo akhe isiqhu sabantu sibetha uyise sada sambulala saza sanqumla intloko kanina. Kwanangoku ingqondo nentliziyo yakhe zisonzakele, zisagushe eso sishiqi naloo lahleko ingako. Ethethela phantsi, ngelizwi elidekedeke, uthi: “Andibakhumbuli abazali bam. Andibacingi nokubacinga.”