UGawulayo—Indlela Yokumlwa

OKWANGOKU akukabi nakuthiwa nants’ indlela yokunyanga uGawulayo, ibe akubonakali ngathi iingqanga kwinzululwazi yezamayeza ziya kukhawuleza ziyifumane. Ngoxa kukho iindlela ezintsha zonyango ezenzelwe ukusitsalisa nzima esi sifo eyona nkunzi ke kukuthi zisuka nje esi sifo sibalekwe ngaw’ omane, kuqhawuk’ umlenze kuthethwe leyo ke. Noko ke, ngaphambi kokuba singene kwindlela yokuzihlanganisela, makhe sihlolisise indlela intsholongwane kaGawulayo (iHIV) enokudluliselwa nengenakudluliselwa ngayo ebantwini.

Zine iindlela eziphambili umntu anokunqolotywa ngazo sesi sifo: (1) kukusebenzisa inaliti okanye isirinji esinesi sifo, (2) kukuba neentlobano zesini (ngendlela eqhelekileyo, ezimpundwini, okanye emlonyeni) nomntu onesi sifo, (3) lutofelo-gazi nokusebenzisa iimveliso zegazi, nangona le yona ingozi sel’ ithande ukwehla kumazwe asele ehambele phambili apho xa kungokunje igazi liye libhilabhilwe kukhangelwa izibulala-ntsholongwane ezilwa neHIV (4) noomama abaneHIV, banokwasulela iintsana zabo ngaphambi kokuba zizalwe okanye zizalwa nje kanti nangoxa bezincancisa.

ICenters for Disease Control and Prevention (i-CDC) yaseUnited States ithi, kutshanje amagqalangqa ayicula nokuba sel’ ecimele inzululwazi ayiqinisekisile into yokuba (1) uGawulayo akakuchani ngendlela obuya kuchanwa ngayo ngumkhuhlane okanye ifiva, (2) akuthi nje usakuhlala nomntu onoGawulayo okanye umbambe nditsho nokumwola oku kube kuphelile ke, (3) asinakukosela esi sifo ngokutya ukutya obekuphethwe kwaphekwa kwaza kwaphakwa ngumntu onesi sifo ibe (4) akunakuba uzichanile ngokusebenzisa izindlu zangasese, iimfonomfono, iimpahla, okanye izitya okanye iiglasi ebezisetyenziswa ngumntu onaso. Ngaphezu koko, iCDC ithi iingcongconi okanye ezinye izinambuzane azingeni ndawo ekudluliselweni kwale ntsholongwane.

Izinto Ezingundoqo Ezinokukunceda Xa Uzihlanganisela

Intsholongwane kaGawulayo izithi qhushe egazini labantu abanaye. Ukuba umntu onesi sifo uhlatyw’ inaliti, inxalenye yegazi lakhe kwakunye nale ntsholongwane ziyasalela kule naliti okanye kwisirinji. Ukuhlatywa nje komny’ umntu ngaloo naliti inesifo, iyangena intak’ endlwini, isasazeke intsholongwane. Ukuba uyaqonda ukuba inaliti okanye isirinji akusigqibi ncam ungaze uty’ imu kuba usoyika ukubuza ugqirha okanye umongikazi. Lilungelo lakho ukwazi; kaloku abukho obuny’ ubomi obusetyesini.

Le ntsholongwane kaGawulayo iyafumaneka nakumadlozi okanye kulwelo olukhutshwa lilungu lesini lomntu obhinqileyo kubantu abanesi sifo. Yiloo nto ke ebangela ukuba, xa ithetha ngokuzihlanganisela iCDC incomele oku: “Ukuzikhwebula kwiintlobano zesini yinkunzi yokuzihlanganisela. Linda de ube kulwalamano lwexesha elide, lwabantu ababini abanyanisekileyo, njengokutshata, nomntu ongenaso esi sifo ngaphambi kokuba ube neentlobano zesini.”

Phawula ukuba ukuze nikhuseleke, nifanele nilulondoloze olu “lwalamano lwabantu ababini abanyanisekileyo.” Ukuba unyanisekile libe lona iqabane lakho lingenjalo, usesichengeni. Oku kuye kuthande ukuba yintsinda-badala kwiindawo apho umba wesini uyindab’ akwamkhozi kwabasetyhini ungowamadoda kuphela ingawo nabeth’ isiginkci kwezoqoqosho. Kwamanye amazwe amabhinqa akanakuvula mlomo athethe namadoda ngesini kungasathethwa ke ngokuxubusha ngeentlobano zesini ezikhuselekileyo.

Noko ke, asingawo onke kuloo mabhinqa afana nezinja ezingenamazinyo. Kaloku kwakha kondelwa eliny’ ilizwe laseNtshona Afrika kwaza kwafunyaniswa ukuba amabhinqa aneemali zawo ayekwazi ukwala kume ngawo ukuba neentlobano zesini namadoda awo anesi sifo, kungakhange kude kubethw’ iintonga. ENew Jersey, eUnited States, amabhinqa ayengavumi ukuba neentlobano zesini nendoda xa ingavumi ukufaka icondom. Kambe ke, nangona iicondom ezi zinokuyikhusela iHIV nezinye izifo ezidluliselwa ngeentlobano zesini, zimele zisetyenziswe ngendlela efanelekileyo zize zingayekwa.

Ixesha Lokuxilonga

UKaren, ekuthethwe ngaye kwinqaku elandulela eli, ikho into engewayeyenzile nokuba incinane kangakanani na ukuze azihlanganisele kwesi sifo. Umyeni wakhe wasifumana esi sifo kwiminyaka eliqela ngaphambi kokuba batshate ibe batshata xa noko lo bhubhani wayesaqala nokuxilongelwa iHIV kungekaqheleki. Noko ke, xa kungokunje ukuxilongelwa iHIV sele kuyinto yomhla nezolo kwamanye amazwe. Ngoko ukuba umntu akazikhuphi apha kwiHIV, bekuya kuba bubulumko ukuba aye kuxilongwa ngaphambi kokuba aqalise ukuthandana ngaphambi komtshato. UKaren unikela eli cebiso: “Vul’ ingqondo xa ukhetha iqabane lomtshato. Ukuba wenze ukhetho olungatshongo khona uya kuba senkathazweni, ude uphulukane nobomi bakho.”

Ukuba kukho iqabane elikrexezileyo, eli limsulwa beliya kuzihlanganisela ngokuya kuxilongwa. Njengoko iHIV isenokungabonakali xa kuxilongwa de kuphele iinyanga ezintandathu unayo, kusenokufuneka uquq’ ubuyelela kuxilongo. Ukuba ke la maqabane aphinde aneentlobano zesini (nto leyo ebonisa ukuba elo belikrexezile lixolelwe), bekuya kukhuseleka ukusebenzisa icondom ukuthintela esi sifo.

Liliphi Igxalaba Elinokufakwa Yimfundo?

Licac’ okwekat’ emhloph’ ehlungwini elokuba nangona iBhayibhile yabhalwa kungekaziwa nokuba kuya kuze kubekho into ebizwa ngokuba nguGawulayo, ukuphila ngemigaqo yayo lelona qulo lokuzihlanganisela kwesi sifo. Ngokomzekelo, iBhayibhile iyakugweba ukuba neentlobano zesini ngaphandle komtshato, yaye ikhuthaza ukunyaniseka emtshatweni ize ithi amaKristu afanele atshate nabo ngokufanayo basebenzisa imigaqo yeBhayibhile. (1 Korinte 7:39; Hebhere 13:4) Kwakhona iyakwalela ukuzikhobokisa nokusetyenziswa kwegazi, nto leyo ebangela ubunyhukunyhuku bomzimba.—IZenzo 15:20; 2 Korinte 7:1.

Kububulumko ke ukufunda ngeengozi onokuzifumana ngokuqhogana nabantu abaneHIV. Ukufunda ngoGawulayo kwenza abantu baqule baligangathe belungele idabi nxamnye naye.

Ithi iAIDS Action League: “Kwiimeko ezininzi abantu banako ukuzihlanganisela kuGawulayo. De kufunyanwe enye indlela yokumnyanga ukufunda ngaye yeyona nkunzi ibe okwangoku lelona qulo [uluntu ngokubanzi] olunokuzihlanganisela ngalo kuGawulayo.” (Akekeliswe sithi.) Abazali bafanele bathethe phandle ngoGawulayo xa bekunye nakubantwana babo.

Luluphi Olunye Unyango Olunokusetyenziswa?

Kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba iimpawu zesi sifo zingabonakali de kube yiminyaka emithandathu ukuya kwelishumi emva kokuba umntu echanwe yi-HIV. Kuyo yonke loo minyaka, kubakho idabi elinzima emzimbeni. Kuphindaphindeka zintsholongwane zibulale inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Iiseli zenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela zona ziyazilwela. Ekubeni ngosuku kuveliswa amawaka ezigidi eentsholongwane ezintsha, iphela ke inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela sel’ ibethwe yaxhom’ izandla.

Kuye kwaxhofiyelwa ke kudityaniswa amayeza awahlukeneyo kuzanywa ukuncediswana nale nkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela, izangxa zamayeza anamagama amakhulu amelwa ngonoobumba—njengeAZT, i-DDI neDDC. Nangona abanye babecinga ukuba la mayeza aza kwenz’ iinto zamehlo, ewubeth’ uye kuxela lo mkhuna, loo mathemba akhawulez’ athi nywam aphelel’ emoyeni. Wona akaneli nje kukuphelelwa ngamandla ekuhambeni kwexesha kodwa akwayingozi kwabanye abantu—onakalisa iiseli zegazi, abangela ukunganqumi kakuhle kwegazi aze onakalise nemithambo-luvo yezandla neengalo.

Ngoku kuthe qhaphu gqi oluny’ udidi olutsha lwamayeza: la ke kuthiwa ziiprotease inhibitors. Oogqirha bawakhupha ngamathathu la mayeza kunye namanye ke amayeza alwa neentsholongwane. Uxilongo luye lwabonisa ukuba ngoxa la mayeza aphuma ngamathathu engayibulali le ntsholongwane ayayixina, okanye ayinqande ngandlel’ ithile, elamla ukuze noko ingagabadeli izenzel’ unothanda emzimbeni.

Masiyithethe yona into yokuba la mayeza aphuma ngamathathu enze into ebonakalayo kwabo baphukelwe yimpilo. Noko ke, iingqadada zoogqirha zicinga ukuba la mayeza aba luncedo ngakumbi xa umntu oneHIV ewanikwe kuselithuba, ngaphambi kokuba iimpawu zayo zibonakale. Xa kwenziwe loo nto ke, kusenokwenzeka amhlanganisele, mhlawumbi ayivingcele ngokupheleleyo le ntsholongwane ingakhuli de ibe nguGawulayo. Ekubeni ke olu nyango luseneenyaw’ ezimanzi, kuseza kukhe kujongwe ukuba olu nyango lunokuyifak’ ekoneni ithuba elingakanani le ntsholongwane.

Ayabiza ke la mayeza aphuma ngamathathu. Ubuncinane la mayeza omathathu alwa nale ntsholongwane kuquka nokuxilongwa elebhu kuxabisa ii-R72 000 ngonyaka. Ngaphandle kwale nkuntyula yemali, umguli osebenzisa la mayeza aphuma ngamathathu kuye kufuneke aquq’ ebuyelela kwisikhenkcisi ekugcinwa kuso la mayeza. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umntu kufuneka asebenzise iipilisi kabini ngemini aze ezinye azisebenzise kathathu ngemini. Ezinye umntu ufanele azisebenzise engekatyi, ezinye azisebenzise xa sele etyile ke. Olu nyango ke luba yinto enzima kakhulu xa kuza kubakho namanye amayeza afanele asetyenziswe ngumguli onoGawulayo ukuze azihlanganisele kwezinye iintsholongwane asesichengeni sokuzifumana.

Eyona nto ke ngoku efika ibanyusel’ izibilini oogqirha yinto enokwenzeka xa umntu eyeka ukusebenzisa la mayeza aphuma ngamathathu. Ezi ntsholongwane zisenokunwenwa zizenzel’ unothanda, ibe ezo ntsholongwane zisindileyo kolo nyango zisenokukwazi ukulixhathisa iyeza ebelisetyenziswa ngumguli ngethuba esedabini kunye nazo. Kaloku kuya kufana nokuqhekez’ ilitye lenyengane ukuzama ukunyanga iHIV ewaxhathisayo amayeza. Ngaphezu koko, aba xholovane beentsholongwane banokudlula baye kwabanye abantu.

Ngaba Ikho Into Enokwenziwa Zizitofu?

Ezinye iimbalarha zabaphengululi ebeziphonononga uGawulayo lo zicinga ukuba oyena ndoqo ekubopheni iinyawo nezandla lo bhubhani unguGawulayo kukusetyenziswa kwezitofu ezikhuselekileyo nezinamandla. Kaloku izitofu eziluncedo zokulwa neyellow fever, imasisi, uqilikwana nerubella zenziwe ngamafokotshelana nje eentsholongwane ezingenamandla. Ngokuqhelekileyo ke, xa intsholongwane esel’ ibhonga ilele ngecala ihlonywa emzimbeni, inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ayipheleli nje ekuyitsibeleni iyilahle kude kodwa iyazomeleza ukuze ikwazi ukuyibeth’ iyisukele nayiphi na intsholongwane enamandla.

Kaloku kukhe kwenziwa ulingelo kabini ezinkawini kwaza kwafunyaniswa ukuba ingxaki ngeHIV kukuba kwaneyona ntsholongwane ingenamandla inokujika ibe yingozi. Ngamany’ amazwi, isitofu sinokuba ngunobangela weso sifo besenzelwe ukuba sisiqulele.

Oku kuthi phithi zizitofu kuye kwadimaza kwaza kwabangela intlungu. IHIV iye yaphuma ingenawo nomkrwelo phakathi kwaloo ntarhantarha yemixube emininzi yolingelo ngokuqinisekileyo ebiya kuzicim’ igama iintsholongwane ezingaphantsi kwayo. Eny’ ingxaki yeyokuba, iHIV iyaziguqula, nto leyo eyenza ibe nguphuncuka bemphethe. (Sithetha nje kukho iindidi ezilishumi zeHIV ehlabathini lonke.) Eny’ into ke ephinda yongeze kule ngxaki sele ikho, le ntsholongwane itsho kanye phaya kweziya seli zenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ezi kanye bezimele zincediswe sisitofu.

Ezoqoqosho nazo ziye zanesandla kuphando olwenziwayo. Kaloku yakha yathi i-International AIDS Vaccine Initiative eseWashington, “akukho nto ibonakalayo eyenziwe ngamashishini azimeleyo.” Kuthiwa unobangela wayo yonke le nto kukuba ayeza kufumana nje inketshe-nketshe yengeniso ngokwenza isitofu, ekubeni ubukhulu becala sasiza kuthengiswa kumazwe asarhuqa ngencum phantsi kwezoqoqosho.

Kuyo yonke ke le nquleqhu, abaphengululi basaqhubeka bezama iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwenza isitofu esinokude sisebenze. Okwangoku ke, akubonakali ngathi iya kukhawuleza into yokwenziwa kweso sitofu. Ukuba ke ilebhu ide yakwazi ukwenza isitofu esibonakala sinokusebenza, uza kuqala phantsi ke umsebenzi onzima obiz’ imali nosenokuba yingozi wokunyikinyela kusenziwa ulingelo lwaso ebantwini.

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 5]

Ngoobani Ke Abalilifa Lokunqolotywa YiHIV?

Ehlabathini lonke, abantu abamalunga ne-16000 banqolotywa yile ntsholongwane suku ngalunye. Kuthiwa ama-90 ekhulwini kwaba ahlala kumazwe asakhasayo. Malunga nomntu om-1 kwabali-10 kwaba ngumntwana ongaphantsi kweminyaka eli-15 ubudala. Abanye ke ngabantu abakhulileyo ekuthi ke kubo abangaphezu kwama-40 ekhulwini ibe ngamabhinqa yaye ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sawo aphakathi kweminyaka eli-15 nengama-24 ubudala.—World Health Organization and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 7]

Unokumbona Njani Ke Umntu Esimchanileyo?

Akunakujonga nje umntu ube sele usithi, simchanile ke lo nokuba sekutheni. Nangona abantu abaneHIV nabangenampawu zibonakalayo besenokubonakala bephile qete, basenokuyithumela kwabanye le ntsholongwane. Ngaba unokumthemba umntu othi andinayo mna loo nto? Akunjalo. Abantu abaninzi abaneHIV abayazi kwabona kuqala loo nto. Abo bazaziyo ukuba banayo basenokuyigcina iligumgedle, okanye baxokis’ abantu. Olunye uhlolisiso olwenziwe eUnited States luyithe bhenqe into yokuba abantu aba-4 kwabali-10 abaneHIV baye abawaxelela amaqabane ababa neentlobano zesini kunye nawo.

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 6]

Ukuhlobana Phakathi KweHIV NoGawulayo

Igama elithi HIV limela “ihuman immunodeficiency virus,” intsholongwane ebulala ngokuthe ngcembe amalungu enkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela elwa nezifo. Igama elithi AIDS (uGawulayo) limela “iacquired immunodeficiency syndrome.” Eli ke linqanaba eliyingozi nelibulalayo lentsholongwane iHIV. Eli gama ke libonisa ukuba iHIV iyibethe yadlakadlaka inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela, nto leyo eyenza umguli abe lilifa lezifo ebezinokoyiswa yinkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela.

[Inkcazelo]

CDC, Atlanta, Ga.

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 7]

Kububulumko ukukhetha ukuxilongelwa iHIV ngaphambi kokuba utshate