Iyuro—Imali Entsha Yelizwekazi Elidala

UMPHATHISWA wezemali waseFransi wayihlolisisa le mali waza wathi: “Yinto yokwenene le, asinguye unomgogwana. Yeyokuqala ukwenziwa eFransi kuquka naseYurophu.” Le mali iliqhosha yayiyiyuro yokuqala ukwenziwa kwindawo yokuxonxa imali yaseFransi. Oku kwenzeka ngoMvulo, ngoMeyi 11, 1998.

Yintoni iyuro? Abafazi abangaphangeliyo, abasebenzi, abakhenkethi nezoshishino eYurophu ziza kuchaphazeleka njani yiyo? Ngaba oku kuza kuba nomphumo kwezoqoqosho ehlabathini lonke? Ngaphambi kokuba ulahle iideutsche mark, ilire okanye iifranc zakho, uya kube wenza kakuhle ukufumana iimpendulo kule mibuzo.

Iqale Njani Le Ngcamango?

Xa iMaastricht Treaty yaguqulela iEuropean Community kwiEuropean Union (EU), ngoNovemba 1, 1993, olunye usukelo olubalulekileyo yayikukuvelisa uhlobo olunye lwemali kumazwe angamalungu.a Ukususela kumaxesha okulawula kweRoma, iYurophu ayizange isebenzise uhlobo olunye lwemali. Kwagqitywa ekubeni igama lale mali intsha liza kuba yiyuro. Asingawo onke amazwe e-EU anenxaxheba ekusebenziseni imali efanayo. Kuphela ngamazwe ali-11 kwali-15 e-EU ngoku anokusebenzisa iyuro. La mazwe yiBelgium, iFinland, iFransi, i-Ireland, i-Itali, iJamani, iLuxembourg, iNetherlands, iOstriya, iPortugal neSpeyin. IGrisi ayiyiphumezanga imiqathango engqongqo ukuze ikwazi ukuba nenxaxheba. Amanye amathathu—iBritani, iDenmark neSweden—akhethe ukurhoxa okwangoku.

Iyuro iza kuqaliswa ukusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngcembe. Ukususela ngoJanuwari 4 kulo nyaka, iyuro yaqalisa ukusetyenzisa kumaziko okunaniselana amazwe ngamazwe kwizivumelwano ezazingafuni mali eyikheshi. Imali eyingqekembe yeyuro nengamaphepha iya kuqalisa ukusetyenziswa ebudeni beenyanga ezintandathu ukususela ngoJanuwari 1, 2002—emva kokuba imali yangaphambili yamazwe anenxaxheba iya kuba ifunjwe kwiimyuziyam nakwiibhokisi njengesikhumbuzo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba iyuro iya kusetyenziswa esikhundleni semali engamaphepha eli-12 lamawaka ezigidi neengqekembe ezingama-70 amawaka ezigidi, ubunzima obusisimbuku seetoni ezingama- 300 000. Kuthenjwa ukuba, ekuhambeni kwexesha, amanye amazwe asaseleyo e-EU aya kungenelela nawo ekusebenziseni uhlobo olunye lwemali.

Umphathiswa wezemali waseOstriya wathi ngokuqaliswa kokusetyenziswa kweyuro: “Sisemgubasini wexesha elitsha lokumanyana kweYurophu.” Noko ke, abantu baseYurophu bayibona ngendlela ezimbini ezahlukahlukeneyo iyuro kuba abangama-47 ekhulwini bavakalelwa kukuba uhlobo olunye lwemali luza kuguqula iYurophu ukuba ibe yindawo yezoqoqosho enamandla kwaye abangama-40 ekhulwini bakholelwa ekubeni iyuro iza kuqhwalelisa ezoqoqosho zaseYurophu. Abanye bade bathi olu hlobo lunye lwemali luza kubangela imfazwe! Phakathi kwaba kukho abangaqinisekanga “Abathandabuza iYuro,” abo bayibonayo ingenelo yokuba nohlobo olunye lwemali eYurophu kodwa abathandabuza impumelelo yayo ekugqibeleni.

Abanye Bayijonga Njengentsikelelo . . . 

Elona qumrhu liphakamileyo le-EU, iEuropean Commission, lathi: “Ngokwenza uhlobo olunye lwemali, iYurophu iya kunika abahlali bayo, abantwana bayo namaqabane ayo . . . uphawu lokwenene lokumiselwa kwekamva elikhethwa ngumntu wonke ngokuzithandela: ukwakha ibutho eliseluxolweni nelifumileyo.”

Abaxhasa iyuro bachaza iingenelo ezininzi ezinokubangelwa luhlobo olunye lwemali. Ukupheliswa kweendleko zokunaniselana ngemali kuya kuba nomphumo ongqalileyo. Umzekelo odla ngokukhankanywa ngowomkhenkethi waseYurophu othi ngenzondelelo atyelele onke amazwe ali-14 e-EU ngaphandle kwelakhe. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba uqalisa ngeedeutsche mark ezili-1 000 aze atshintshe imali kwilizwe ngalinye, uya kuphelela eneemark ezingama-500 ngenxa yexabiso lokutshintsha nje kuphela!

Ngokufanayo, iimpahla ezithunyelwa nezamkelwa kwelinye ilizwe azinakuphinda zibe neendleko zokutshintshwa kwemali. Ngokufanayo, uhlobo olunye lwemali luya kunciphisa iindleko ezingaqondakaliyo zokuguquguquka kwexabiso lemali. Xa imali yelizwe elithile iphelelwa lixabiso, izinto ezivela kwamanye amazwe ziba nexabiso eliphezulu ngakumbi kwelo lizwe. Ngokufuthi oku kubangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ngoko, xa kusetyenziswa uhlobo olunye lwemali, kungekho ngxaki yokuguquguquka kwexabiso kwemali, iYurophu ifanele itsale abantu abangakumbi bamanye amazwe abafuna ukwenza urhwebo nayo.

Kwakhona abo bakhuthaza iyuro babona amaxabiso esihla ukutyhubela yonke iYurophu. Ngoku abathengi namashishini ngokufanayo bayakwazi ukuthelekisa amaxabiso ngokulula, yaye xa kusetyenziswa imali eyingqekembe nengamaphepha yeyuro ngowe-2002, kuya kuba lula ngakumbi. Umahluko wamaxabiso ento efanayo kumazwe ahlukahlukeneyo aseYurophu ulindelwe ukuba unciphe, nto leyo eya kuzuzisa umthengi.

. . . Abanye Bayijonga Njengesiqalekiso

Abagxeki nabo bavakalisa olwabo uluvo. Bavakalelwa kukuba iyuro iya kuludodobalisa uqoqosho eYurophu, iluqamangele, lungahambeli ndawo. Bathi ukuba nohlobo olunye lwemali kuya kwandisa ukungaqeshwa, kudodobalise ezoqoqosho, kubangele neengxaki zobupolitika. Iingxaki ezinjalo zobupolitika sezibonakala. Ngokomzekelo, kukho impikiswano phakathi kweJamani neFransi ngalowo ufanele ukuba ngumphathi we-European Central Bank, oza kongamela izinto eziphathelele iyuro. Iimpikiswano ezingakumbi ezinjalo zinokulindelwa njengoko amalungu e-EU eneenjongo neminqweno yawo.

Kwamanye amazwe e-EU, baninzi abantu abangaqeshwanga. Abaninzi batyhola ukwehla kwemali abantu abayisebenzisayo nokunyuka kwerhafu ukuze kuvisisane nemiqathango yokusetyenziswa kohlobo olunye lwemali. KwiYurophu iphela abantu bayaqhankqalaza ngenxa yeenkqubo ezingqongqo zemali eziquka ukuphelisa iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle ezinikela ngemali eninzi, umhlala-phantsi neenkqubo zezempilo. Imiqathango engqongqo ngolo hlobo kwimicimbi yemali iza kuhlala ixesha elingakanani? Ngaba amanye amazwe aza kufuna ukunyenyisa kwimibandela yemali yakuba iqalile ukusebenza iyuro? Ngaba inkqubo engekho ngqongqo ngolo hlobo iya kubangela umonakalo kwinkqubo yokusebenzisa uhlobo olunye lwemali eYurophu?

Abanye balatha kwindlela abantu abayithanda kakhulu ngayo imali yelizwe labo. Ukuba nemali kungaphezulu nje kunokuba nento epokothweni. Kwabaninzi ikwayimbali yelizwe, uphawu olubaluleke njengendwe. Imali yelizwe yinto abantu abafumana ngayo imivuzo yabo, ababala ngayo, abaqikelela ngayo, abarhweba nabalondoloza imali ngayo. Ngokomzekelo, ngoxa amaJamani eya kubona amanani kwincwadi yawo yebhanki ehle ngesiqingatha ngenxa yokuguqulelwa kwiyuro, amanani aseItali aya kuhla ngokuphindaphindwe ngama-2 000 xa ilira ingasasetyenziswa. Ngokutsho kwenye ingxelo, ukuguqukela kwiyuro kuya “kubathuthumbisa” abantu abaninzi baseYurophu.

Ngaba Le Mali Iya Kuwalungela Onke Amazwe?

Ezinye izazi ngezoqoqosho ze-EU naseUnited States zibonisa ukuba nangona kufunwa uhlobo olunye lwemali ngabezobupolitika, imeko yezoqoqosho eYurophu ayifani kwaphela, abantu bakhona bawathanda gqitha amazwe abo, yaye iindlela zabo zokuphila zahlukene gqitha. Ngoko, ngokungafaniyo nabemi baseUnited States, abantu baseYurophu abalahlekelwa yimisebenzi yabo abafane bafuduke baye kuhlala kwenye indawo ekude ukuze bafumane umsebenzi. Zimbi iingcali zikholelwa ekubeni ukwahlukahlukana okunjalo kubangela amazwe asebenzisa iyuro angabi nandawo yakubalekela ngamaxesha kaxakeka nto leyo eyimfuneko xa abantu bekwimeko efanayo yezoqoqosho ngaloo ndlela besebenzisa imali efanayo.

Phantsi kwenkqubo enye yemali, abagxeki bathi, urhulumente ngamnye uya kuphelelwa yindlela yakhe yokuhlangabezana neengxaki zezoqoqosho. Bathi iyuro iya kushenxisa igunya lamazwe ize ilinike iEuropean Central Bank entsha, eFrankfurt, eJamani. Ngenxa yoko, oku kuya kuyandisa imfuneko yokumanyaniswa kwemithetho yerhafu neminye imigaqo-siseko yoqoqosho kweli lizwekazi liphela. Abagxeki bathi amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho nawokulawula eBrussels naseStrasbourg aza kuba negunya. Eneneni, iMaastricht Treaty ikhuthaza umanyano lwezobupolitika oluya kuthi ekugqibeleni lumisele iinkqubo zamazwe angaphandle nokhuseleko kwaneenkqubo zezoqoqosho nezentlalo-ntle. Ngaba olu tshintsho luza kuhamba ngokutyibilikayo lungabi nazinkathazo? Kuza kubonakala njengokuba ixesha lihamba.

“Uqashi-qashi”

Okwangoku, iibhanki neevenkile ezinkulu seziqalisa ukusebenzisa iyuro, ziqalisa iiakhawunti zeyuro zibeka amaxabiso eyuro ecaleni kwemali yasekuhlaleni. Usukelo loku kukwenza ukuba utshintsho luhambe ngokutyibilikayo kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngowama-2002. Iphephancwadi elidumileyo laseFransi sele lisasaze oomatshini bokubala abangaphezu kwama-200 000 abacwangciselwe ukuguqula iifranc zaseFransi kwiiyuro.

Ngaba ngenye imini iyuro iya kuba nexabiso elilingana nedola yaseMerika? Abaninzi bavakalelwa kukuba emva kokuba iyuro sele yamkeleke ngokubanzi, kusenokwenzeka ukuba izinto azisayi kuphinda ziyihambele lula iUnited States kwezoqoqosho ehlabathini lonke. Baqikelela ukuba iyuro iya kuba yimali egcinwa koovimba ehlabathini lonke ndawonye nedola. UJill Considine, weNew York Clearing House Association, uthi: “Kuza kubakho ukhuphiswano olutsha.”

Liza kuba yintoni ikamva leyuro? Umhleli waseJamani uJosef Joffe ulubiza olu hlobo lunye lwemali “Njengomdlalo kaqashi-qashi waseYurophu.” Wongezelela ngelithi: “Ukuba aluphumeleli, lusenokonakalisa yonke into iYurophu ebizama ukuyifeza kwiminyaka engama-50 edluleyo.” Umphathiswa wezemali waseFransi wavakalisa iimvakalelo zabantu abaninzi eYurophu xa wathi: “Kukho ithemba elikhulu noloyiko olukhulu.”

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 30]

INKCAZELO NGEYURO

● Iyuro enye ingaphezulu kancinane kunedola yaseMerika

● Iyuro iza kufumaneka ngeemali ezingamaphepha ezahlukahlukeneyo ezisixhenxe: iiyuro ezi-5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, nezingama-500.

● Kwelinye icala imali engamaphepha yeyuro iza kuba nemapu yaseYurophu neebhulorho ezibalulekileyo, yaye kwelinye icala, iza kuba neefestile okanye iingcango

● Igama elithi “EURO” nelithi “ΕΥΡΩ” omabini aza kuba kwimali engamaphepha, ukubonisa oonobumba besiRoma nesiGrike

● Imali eyingqekembe yeyuro iza kuba ziintlobo ezisibhozo: isenti e-1, 2, 5, 10, 20, nezingama-50 kwakunye neyuro e-1 nezi-2

● Imali eyingqekembe iza kuba nemifanekiso eqhelekileyo yaseYurophu kwelinye icala ize ibe nomfanekiso weli lizwe kwelinye

[Imaphu ekwiphepha 29]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

IEUROPEAN UNION

IBRITANI

IDENMARK

ISWEDEN

IGRISI

Amazwe anenxaxheba ngoku ekusebenziseni imali efanayo

I-IRELAND

IPORTUGAL

ISPEYIN

IBELGIUM

IFRANSI

INETHERLANDS

IJAMANI

ILUXEMBOURG

IFINLAND

IOSTRIYA

I-ITALI

[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 28]

Lonke uhlobo lwemali lukwiphepha 28-30: © European Monetary Institute