Ngaba Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Igabadele Kunangaphambili?
UKUBA ubunokubuza ababhali-mbali ukuba, “Ngaba imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yabantu namhlanje ibhetele okanye igabadele kuneyamandulo phayaa?” abanye basenokuphendula bathi kunzima ukuthelekisa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yamaxesha awahlukeneyo. Basenokucinga ukuba xesha ngalinye limele lijongwe ngokwendlela yalo eyahlukileyo kwamanye.
Ngokomzekelo, khawucinge nje ngokubakho kolwaphulo-mthetho olunobundlobongela eYurophu ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-16. Kwakunganqabanga ukubulawa kwabantu kwiminyaka engama-400 eyadlulayo. Abantu babesoloko bewuthabathela ezandleni zabo umthetho, yaye kwakuxhaphakile ukuphalazwa kwegazi kwimilo yamaqela.
Noko ke, ababhali-mbali uArne Jarrick noJohan Söderberg bathi xa babebhala kwincwadi ethi Människovärdet och makten (Isidima Namandla Omntu) ixesha eliphakathi kowe-1600 nowe-1850 “laliphawulwa kukuphuculwa kobomi babantu” kwezinye iindawo. Abantu bayazama ukuphaphela iintswelo zabanye—babenovelwano noko. Ngokomzekelo abanye ababhali-mbali bathi, ubusela nolwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwa ezintweni zabantu lwalungekho kangako kwinkulungwane ye-16 kunokuba kunjalo namhlanje. Ayenqabile amaqela alungelelanisiweyo amasela, ingakumbi emaphandleni.
Kambe ke, kwabakho ubukhoboka, nto leyo eyabangela ubukho bolona lwaphulo-mthetho lugabadeleyo ezimbalini—ukuqweqwediswa kwabantu eAfrika ngabarhwebi baseYurophu nokuphathwa kakubi kwezi zigidi zamakhoboka kumazwe asiwa kuwo.
Ngenxa yoko, ukuba sikhangela emva kwiinkulungwane ezidluleyo, sisenokufumanisa ukuba xa sizijonga ngeliso lezembali, ezinye iimeko zazibhetele, ngoxa ezinye zazimbi. Noko ke, into eyahlukileyo negabadeleyo—enyanisweni, into engazange ibonwe—iye yenzeka kwinkulungwane yama-20 yaye isaqhubeka nangoku.
Inkulungwane Yama-20—Ixesha Lenguqulelo
Ababhali-mbali uJarrick noSöderberg bathi: “Kwiminyaka yee-1930, ukubulawa kwabantu kwaphinda kwanda, yaye okulusizi kukuba, ukususela ngelo xesha lo mkhwa uye waqhubeka ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sale nkulungwane.”
Ngokutsho kwabagqabazi abaninzi, kuye kwakho ukuhla ngokugqithiseleyo kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ebudeni benkulungwane yama-20. Esinye isincoko esiphathelele intanda-bulumko yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha sithi: “Unokubona nje ngokucacileyo ukuba imbono yebutho labantu ngesini noko kuyimilinganiselo eyamkelekileyo yokuziphatha iye yatshintsha kakhulu kwiminyaka engama-30 nengama-40 edluleyo—ukusuka kwibutho labantu elikwaziyo ukuchaza oko kuyimilinganiselo efanelekileyo, ngokubeka imithetho engqongqo, ukusa kwiimbono zokuba nguvula-zibhuqe nokuzimela geqe.”
Oku kuthetha ukuba indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesini neminye imibandela ephathelele ukuziphatha zizinto abantu abaninzi abavakalelwa ukuba ngoku banokuzigqibela ngokwabo. Ngokomzekelo, esi sincoko sicaphula uhlolisiso olubonisa ukuba ngeminyaka yee-1960 babesisi-5,3 ekhulwini kuphela kubo bonke abantwana baseUnited States abazalwa ngaphandle komtshato. Ngowe-1990 elo nani lalingama-28 ekhulwini.
Xa lalithetha kwiUniversity of Notre Dame, iLungu Lendlu Yeengwevu yaseUnited States uJoe Lieberman lachaza imilinganiselo yexesha lethu “njengekhoba, . . . apho imilinganiselo yemveli yokulungileyo nokubi iye yalahlwa ngokuthe ngcembe.” Ngokutsho kukaLieberman, le nto “kudala ihluma kangangexesha elininzi lezizukulwana ezibini.”
Ukubekelwa Bucala Konqulo
Ababhali-mbali nabanye abahlalutyi bathi siyintoni isizathu sale nkqubela iphawulekayo ebudeni benkulungwane yama-20? Incwadi ethi Människovärdet och makten ithi: “Phakathi kolona tshintsho lubalulekileyo kwibutho labantu kwezi nkulungwane zimbini zidluleyo kukubekelwa bucala konqulo.” Ukubekelwa bucala konqulo kwakuthetha ukuba “abantu baya kunikwa ithuba lokuzimela kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo ezizezabo. Le ngcamango . . . yaqala phakathi kwezithandi zobulumko zenkulungwane ye-18 ngeXesha Lokhanyo, ezaqala . . . ukugatya iBhayibhile njengekuphela komthombo wenyaniso.” Ngenxa yoko, iinkonzo, ingakumbi ezo zeNgqobhoko, akukhangelwa kuzo njengolwalathiso lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha njengokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambili.
Kodwa kutheni intanda-bulumko eyaqulunqwa kwinkulungwane ye-18 ithabathe ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba idume? Le ncwadi ichazwe ngasentla ithi: “Ezi mbono azizange zisasazeke ngokulula kuluntu ngokubanzi. Kwathabath’ ixesha ngaphambi kokuba unqulo lubekelwe bucala.”
Kwanokuba lo mkhwa wokutyeshela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yemveli nemilinganiselo yobuKristu uye wqhubeka kangangeminyaka engama-200 edluleyo, uye waqinisa ngamandla ebudeni benkulungwane yama-20. Bekunjalo ingakumbi kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa ezidluleyo. Kutheni kunjalo?
Ukuzingca Nokubawa
Eyona nto iye yanegalelo ngamandla yinkqubela ekhawulezileyo kwezobugcisa nezoqoqosho kwibutho labantu ebudeni benkulungwane yama-20. Inqaku lephephancwadi leendaba laseJamani iDie Zeit lathi siphila “kwixesha lenkqubela ephawulekayo, elingafaniyo neenkulungwane zangaphambili ezazingenankqubela.” Eli nqaku lathi oku kuye kwakhokelela kwinkqubo yokuthengisa esekelwe kukhuphiswano nephenjelelwa kukuzingca.
Eli nqaku laqhubeka lisithi: “Oku kuzingca akunakuthintelwa nayintoni na. Kuko okubangele inkohlakalo ephawula ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla, kwakunye nobuqhetseba, obuye kumazwe amaninzi bafikelela naseburhulumenteni. Abantu bacinga ngeziqu zabo nokwanelisa iminqweno yabo.”
Isazi ngezentlalo uRobert Wuthnow, wePrinceton University, xa wayesenza uhlolisiso olunzulu wafumanisa ukuba abantu abaninzi baseMerika namhlanje bagxininisa kakhulu ekufumaneni imali kunokuba babenjalo kwisizukulwana esidluleyo. Ngokutsho kolu hlolisiso, “abantu abaninzi baseMerika banoloyiko lokuba ukufuna imali kuye kwayongamela imilinganiselo enjengokuhlonela abanye abantu, ukunyaniseka emsebenzini nokuba negalelo kwizinto ezenziwa kwibutho labo.”
Ukubawa kwibutho labantu kuye kwanda ngenxa yokuba abaninzi abahambele phambili kwezoshishino baye bazamkelisa imali eninzi neengenelo ezininzi zomhlala-phantsi ngoxa bebongoza abo babaqeshileyo ukuba bangafuni ukunyuselwa imali. UKjell Ove Nilsson, ongunjingalwazi osaqeqeshwayo wemigaqo nezakwalizwi kwiChristian Council of Sweden uthi: “Ingxaki yokufuna ingeniso kweenkokeli zezoshishino kukuba isimo sengqondo sazo siyasulela yaye bathoba imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yoluntu luphela. Kambe ke, le nto inegalelo ekuwohlokeni kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha—kwibutho labantu nakumntu ngamnye.”
Oko Kwenziwa Ngamaziko Eendaba
Enye into enegalelo kakhulu ekuhleni ngokugqithiseleyo kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwisiqingatha sokugqibela senkulungwane yama-20 ngamaziko eendaba. Ilungu Lendlu Yeengwevu uLieberman lathi: “Izinto ezidlulisela imilinganiselo emitsha yokuziphatha ngabasasazi bakamabonwakude, izinhanha ezikwimifanekiso eshukumayo, abo babhengeza ifashoni, iimvumi zomculo we-rap ozukisa intiyo nogonyamelo, nabanye abadlali abakubucukubhede bamaziko e-elektroniki. Njengoko kujongwe umzekelo wabo, aba banempembelelo kakhulu kwindlela esenza ngayo izinto ingakumbi kubantwana bethu yaye badla ngokungabopheleleki ngemilinganiselo eyingozi abayidluliselayo.”
ULieberman wenza umzekelo ngokucaphula ingoma yelinye iqela lomculo onesingqi esinamandla elibizwa ngokuba yiCannibal Corpse. Ezi mvumi zichaza ngokweenkcukacha ukudlwengulwa komfazi ngoxa ekhonjwe ngemela. Yena nehlakani lakhe bacela enye inkampani yokurekhoda ukuba ikuvale ukurekhodwa kwale ngoma. Kodwa ngokutsho kukaLieberman, abazange baphumelele.
Abazali abakhutheleyo namhlanje bakwembi ingxaki yokukhuphisana namaziko eendaba mayela nokuba nguwuphi oya kuba nempembelelo aze akhulise abantwana babo. Kodwa kuthekani ngeentsapho ezinabazali abangakhathaliyo? ULieberman uthi: “Kwiimeko ezinjalo, iba yile mpembelelo engumzekelo, yaye okulungileyo nokubi nezinto eziphambili ebomini bomntwana zimiselwa ubukhulu becala zizinto azifunda kumabonwakude, kwimifanekiso eshukumayo nakwiiCD.” Yaye kutshanje, kolu ludwe kukho neInternet.
Ukubuyela “Kwimilinganiselo Yexesha Langaphambi Kwempucuko”
Le mpembelelo imbi ibonakala njani kubantu abaselula? Phakathi kwezinye izinto, abantwana abaninzi nabakwishumi elivisayo baye kwiminyaka yakutshanje benza izenzo zenkohlakalo kwabanye abantwana kwanakubantu abakhulileyo.
Kwenzeka into eyothusa umzi eSweden ngowe-1998. Amakhwenkwe amabini, enye ineminyaka emihlanu enye ineminyaka esixhenxe ubudala, akrwitsha enye inkwenkwe eneminyaka emine ubudala awayedlala nayo ayibulala! Abaninzi baba nalo mbuzo: Ngaba abantwana abaxelelwa lithuku ukuba bayeke xa begabadela? Isazi ngengqondo yabantwana senza la magqabaza: “Kusafuneka kufundwe ukuzeyisa ukuze kungagabadelwa. Kusenokuba nento yokwenza . . . nemizekelo elandelwa ngabantwana nezinto abazifunda kubantu abakhulileyo ababangqongileyo.”
Into efanayo inokubonwa kwizaphuli-mthetho ezinobundlobongela. Ngokutsho kukaSten Levander, unjingalwazi wezengqondo eSweden, phakathi kwe-15 nama-20 amabanjwa namhlanje akaphilanga engqondweni—abantu abacinga ngeziqu zabo kuphela, abangenaluvelwano, abangakulungelanga nabangakwaziyo ukuqonda okulungileyo nokuphosakeleyo. Naphakathi kwabantwana nabaselula ababonakala bephilile, abakhi-mkhanya baye baphawula ukuhla kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. UChristina Hoff Sommers, ongunjingalwazi wentanda-bulumko uthi: “Sibuyele kwimilinganiselo yeXesha Langaphambi Kwempucuko.” Waphawula ukuba xa abafundi bakhe abaselula bejamelene nesibakala sokuba kukuphi okulungileyo nokubi, uninzi lwabo luziva lungakhuselekanga. Bandula ke bathi ayikho into ekuthiwa kokulungileyo nokubi. Bakholelwa ukuba umntu ngamnye ufanele azigqibele into emlungelayo.
Kutshanje, uninzi lwabo abafundisayo luye lwawugatya umgaqo othi umntu ufanele anikwe isidima nokhusela imilinganiselo yobomi bomntu. Ngokomzekelo, xa lwalubuza ngoko lunokukwenza xa kufuneka lukhethe phakathi kokusindisa isilwanyana abasithandayo okanye ubomi bomntu abangamaziyo, abaninzi bathi babeya kukhetha ukusindisa isilwanyana.
UNjingalwazi Sommers uthi: “Asikuba abantu abaselula abakhathali, abathembi mntu, bakhohlakele okanye banenkohliso. Ngeliphandle nje, abakwazi okulungileyo nokubi.” Uthi abantu abaninzi abaselula namhlanje bathandabuza kwaukuba ikho into ekokulungileyo okanye okubi yaye esi simo sengqondo sibeka esona sisongelo kwibutho labantu.
Ngoko ke, ukungakhathalelwa kwemilinganiselo kwixesha lethu kuyinto yokwenene. Abaninzi boyikela ukuba loo nto inokuba nemiphumo emanyumnyezi. Inqaku leDie Zeit ekubhekiselwe kuyo ngaphambilana lithi ushishino olukhululekileyo lwanamhlanje “lusenokuphela okanye ngenye imini luwe bhuma njengoko inkqubo yobusoshiyali iye yenza kutshanje.”
Ngaba ithetha ukuthini yonke le nto? Yaye sifanele sikhangele phambili kweliphi ikamva?
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 6, 7]
“Izinto ezidlulisela imilinganiselo emitsha yokuziphatha ngabasasazi bakamabonwakude, izinhanha ezikwimifanekiso eshukumayo, iimvumi zomculo werap ozukisa intiyo nogonyamelo . . . ”