Injongo YeeOlimpiki Isengozini
XA UBARON PIERRE DE COUBERTIN wacebisa ukuba kuvuselelwe iiOlimpiki, wayeneenjongo ezibhadlileyo. Eneneni, umgaqo weeOlimpiki wakutshanje kaCoubertin, uthi: “Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwiMidlalo yeeOlimpiki asikokuphumelela kodwa kukuba nenxaxheba . . . Eyona nto ibalulekileyo asikokoyisa kodwa kukulwa kakuhle.”
UCoubertin wayekholelwa ekubeni ukuba nenxaxheba kukhuphiswano olufanelekileyo kunokubakha abantu, kubenze babe nogwebo olulungileyo, kuze kuphakamise nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Wada wathetha ‘nangonqulo lwemidlalo.’ Wavakalelwa kukuba, iiOlimpiki zinokufundisa abantu ukuba baphile eluxolweni.
Kodwa ngexesha lokufa kukaCoubertin ngowe-1937, ayesele ephelile amathemba okuba iya kuze yenzeke loo nto. Le midlalo kwafuneka ibekelwe ecaleni ngenxa yemfazwe yehlabathi, yaye imeko yayixubayele kubonakala ukuba kuseza enye imfazwe. Namhlanje injongo yeeOlimpiki isengozini nangakumbi. Kutheni kunjalo nje?
IiOlimpiki Neziyobisi
Kangangamashumi eminyaka abadlali baye basebenzisa iziyobisi ezibangela udlamko ukuze baphumelele ukhuphiswano, yaye le ngxaki ibikho nakwiMidlalo yeeOlimpiki. Enyanisweni ngoku, nangona sekuyiminyaka engama-25 ukususela oko kwaveliswa uvavanyo lweziyobisi, kodwa ukusebenzisa kwabadlali beeOlimpiki iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni kuseyingxaki.
Ukuze baphumelele abanye abadlali babhenela ekusebenziseni iisteroids. Abanye babhenela ekusebenziseni izinto ezibanika amandla agqithiseleyo. Incindi yedlala ekhulisa umntu isebenza kakhulu kwiimbaleki nabanye abadlali abasebenzisa amandla kuba inceda abadlali bangadinwa msinya yaye yomeleza izihlunu. Kanti, iimbaleki zemigama emide, iindadi nabo batyibiliza ekhephini besuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye bakhetha ukusebenzisa ierythropoietin evuselela iiseli zemizila yemfuza kuba ibanceda banyamezele ngokuvelisa iiseli ezibomvu.
Siyaqondakala isizathu sokuba uGqr. Robert Voy, owayesakuba ngumalathisi wokuvavanywa kweziyobisi weU.S. Olympic Committee, abize abadlali ngokuba “ziilebhu ezihambayo.” Wongezelela ngelithi: “IiOlimpiki ziye zayindawo yokwenza ulingelo kwizazinzulu, iingcali zamachiza noogqirha abangachubekanga.” Kuthekani ngokuvavanya? UGqr. Donald Catlin, ongumalathisi welebhu yokuvavanya iziyobisi eUnited States, uthi: “Umdlali oliqili ofuna ukusebenzisa iziyobisi, uthabatha into esingasokuze sikwazi ukuyibona.”
Ukunyoba Nokunganyaniseki
Ekubeni zimbalwa izixeko ezinokukwazi ukuzigqatsela ukuqhuba iiOlimpiki, ezinye zazo zixolele ukwenza nantoni na ukuze nazo zixhamle eli cham. Malunga neminyaka emibini edluleyo, i-International Olympic Committee (IOC) yazifumanisa sele isengxakini. Kwabakho izityholo zokuba kuye kwanyotywa ngee-R2,8 zezigidi kumalungu eIOC ukuze kuphumelele ukuzigqatsa kweSalt Lake City, izigqatsela iMidlalo Yasebusika yowama-2002, nto leyo eyakwenza kwathandabuzeka ukunyaniseka kwabo bakhethayo.
Kusoloko kunzima ukubona umahluko phakathi kokuba nobubele nokunyoba okucacileyo, njengoko izixeko ezizigqatsela ukuqhuba le midlalo zikhupha izipho ezingayiwayo zizinike abo bakhethayo. Amalungu angama-20 eIOC afunyaniswa ebandakanyeka kwesi sishiqi saseSalt Lake City, yaye ama-6 kuwo agxothwa. KwiMidlalo yowama-2000 eOstreliya, yonke imigudu yokuzibonakalisa bemsulwa iye yawa phantsi xa umongameli weAustralian Olympic Committee wavuma ngelithi: “Asikhange siphumelele [ekuzigqatseni kwethu] ngenxa yobuhle besixeko nangenxa yamabala emidlalo amahle nje kuphela.”
Ukudywakraza ngemali kwamalungu athile aphambili kwi-IOC kuye kwabangela okunye ukungaqiniseki. Intloko yaseSwitzerland yakutshanje yeInternational Rowing Federation, uTommy Keller, wakha wathi yena ngokokubona kwakhe amanye amagosa ezemidlalo azijonga iiOlimpiki njengendlela “yokuphumeza amaphupha awo.” Wongezelela wathi eyona nto iwaphembelelayo kubonakala ngathi “kukusukela imali nokwanelisa amabhongo awo.”
Ishishini Elinengeniso Eninzi
Akakho umntu onokulikhanyela elokuba iiOlimpiki ziquka imali eninzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ziye zabukelwa ngabona bantu baninzi kumabonwakude, ziye zabakho nakwizibhengezo ezenza imali eninzi, nto leyo eyenza ukuxhaswa kwale midlalo kube sisixhobo esimangalisayo sentengiso.
Khawucinge nje ngeeOlimpiki zowe-1988, apho iinkampani ezisithoba ezikumazwe ngamazwe zathi zahlawula imali esisimbuku esizii-R700 zezigidi kwi-IOC ukuze zifumane amalungelo okuthengisa ehlabathini lonke. IMidlalo yaseHlotyeni ngowe-1996 eyayidlalelwa eAtlanta yenza ingeniso yee-R2,8 zamawaka ezigidi ngaloo malungelo afanayo. Yaye oko akuquki amalungelo kamabonwakude. Iziko likamabonwakude laseMerika lahlawula ngaphezu kwee-R24 zamawaka ezigidi ukuze lifumane amalungelo okusasaza iMidlalo yeeOlimpiki phakathi kowama-2000 nowama-2008, yaye kwanikelwa ingxelo yokuba kwisithuba seminyaka emine, amazwe ali-11 angabaxhasi bale midlalo ehlabathini lonke kuya kufuneka ngalinye kuwo lihlawule ii-R581 zezigidi. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abaninzi baye bathi nangona iiOlimpiki zakha zamela inkcubeko yomntu, namhlanje le midlalo ngokuyintloko iyindlela yokwenza imali emela ukubawa komntu.
Konakele Phi?
Ezinye iingcali zithi le ntlekele yeeOlimpiki ihamba iye kutsho kwiindidi ezimbini zotshintsho ezaqala ebutsheni beminyaka yee-1980. Olokuqala yaba sisigqibo sokunika manyano ngalunye lwemidlalo esehlabathini ilungelo lokukhangela abadlali abakufanelekelayo ukudlala kwiiOlimpiki. Nangona i-IOC yayingabavumeli abadlali abangenamava, olu manyano lwaqalisa ukuvumela abadlali abanesakhono ukuba bakhuphisane kwimidlalo yeeOlimpiki. Kodwa abadlali abanesakhono beza nesabo isimo sengqondo. ‘Ukudlala nje kakuhle’ akukwenzi ufumane imali entle, yaye kungekudala ukuphumelela kwaba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Akumangalisi ukuba, oku kuye kwaphembelela ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezinika amandla.
Olunye utshintsho lwesibini oluphambili lwabakho ngowe-1983 xa i-IOC yafuna ukwenza ingeniso ngento eyabizwa yingcali yayo yezentengiso “njengowona mqondiso ungasetyenziswanga kakubi noxabisekileyo ehlabathini”—amaqela eeOlimpiki. Oku kwakhuthaza imeko-bume yorhwebo olungalawulekiyo noluye lwaba luphawu lweeOlimpiki. UJason Zengerle wathi: “Phezu kwazo nje iintetho eziwayo zokukhuthaza uxolo nokumanyanisa abantu behlabathi . . . , iiOlimpiki ngokwenene azahlukanga . . . kuwo nawuphi na umboniso wezemidlalo wokutsala amehlo.” Noko ke, ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba injongo yeeOlimpiki ayinakufumaneka?
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IZIBAKALA EZIPHATHELELE IIOLIMPIKI
→ Uphawu lweOlimpiki lunezangqa ezihlanu, ezimela ilizwekazi laseAfrika, iAsia, uMntla noMzantsi Merika neOstreliya. Zidityanisiwe ukuze zibonise ubudlelane bezemidlalo babantu bonke.
→ Isaci seOlimpiki sithi Citius, Altius, Fortius—amagama esiLatini athetha “onamendu, ophakamileyo, noligorha.” Enye inguqulelo ethi, “imbembetshane, ophakamileyo, nonamandla” yavela komnye umhlohli waseFransi.
→ Umlilo weOlimpiki wawutshiswa kwisibingelelo sikaZeyus kwimidlalo yamandulo. Namhlanje kukhanyiswa isibane ngemitha yelanga eOlympia, yaye kuyiwa naso kwibala lemidlalo.
→ Isithethe seOlimpiki sidala kangangamawaka eminyaka. IMidlalo yokuqala yeeOlimpiki ekwanikelwa ingxelo ngayo yabakho ngowama-776 B.C.E., kodwa abaninzi bathi le midlalo yaqala ubuncinane kwiinkulungwane ezintlanu ngaphambi koko.
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AP Photo/Eric Draper
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IBALA LEEOLIMPIKI LASESYDNEY
Ukususela ngoSeptemba 1993, xa iSydney yaphumelelayo ekuzigqatseleni iMidlalo yeeOlimpiki yowama-2000, esi sixeko besisoloko sisenza konke okusemandleni aso silungiselela ukwamkela iindwendwe ezifikelela kumashumi amawaka. Kuye kwamiwa mantsantsa kucocwa amabala, kusakhiwa iindawo ezikumgangatho wehlabathi kutshintshwa iindawo ebekufudulwa kulahlwa kuzo inkunkuma zaba luthotho lwemimandla efumileyo, iipaki namachweba emilambo, eziihektare ezingama-760.
IDolophana yeeOlimpiki yaseSydney, eyakhelwe ukuthwala bonke abadlali namagosa, yeyona inkulu ehlabathini kwezisebenzisa amandla elanga. ISuperDome—elona ziko likhulu lemidlalo yangaphakathi nokuzonwabisa kuMazantsi eIkhweyitha—inesona sixhobo sikhulu sokutsala amandla elanga eOstreliya, yaye isebenzisa amandla angakhuphi gesi zegreenhouse.
Elundini phayaa emva kweSuperDome kukho amajiko-jiko nobumbejembeje beBala Lemidlalo leOlimpiki. Kwaxabisa ii-R3 000 000 000 ukulakha yaye lelona bala leOlimpiki likhulu ehlabathini lonke, lithwala abantu abali-110 000. Iinqwelo-moya ezine zohlobo lweBoeing 747 zinokuma enye ecaleni kwenye kwindawo yokuhlala yeli bala lemidlalo! Ngaphezulu, uphahla olungenisa ukukhanya lukhusela ababukeli kwimitha yelanga. UAlan Patching, oyingqanga eyintloko kweli bala lemidlalo wathi: “Kangangeenyanga eziliqela kowama-2000, le ndawo iya kuba yeyona ibalulekileyo eOstreliya.” Wandula ke wenza olu qikelelo: “Iya kuphawuleka emva koko, kanye njengeOpera House.”
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UBaron Pierre de Coubertin
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Culver Pictures
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AP Photo/ACOG, HO