Ukujamelana Nesisongelo Sabanqolobi

NGASEKUPHELENI kweminyaka yee-1980, kwakukhangeleka ngathi abanqolobi bathoba izigalo. Noko ke, sele bevuke kwelinye icala. Ubukhulu becala abantu abanyathelela phezulu kwizenzo zabanqolobi ngabo bathabatha yonke into ngeenyawo ezishushu, abaye bavula imijelo yenkxaso-mali—ngokuthengisa iziyobisi ngokungekho mthethweni, ngokwenza ushishino lwabucala, ngokusebenzisa indyebo yabo, ngokucela inkxaso, nangokuxhaswa ngabantu ekuhlaleni. Yaye bayinkohlakalo imntwisiwe.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje abanqolobi bebehamba bodwa ekwenzeni ngaphambi kokucinga. KwisiXeko saseNew York kwaqhushumbiswa iWorld Trade Center, kwafa abantu aba-6 kwaza kwenzakala abamalunga ne-1 000. Elinye ihlelo lasasaza isarin eyigesi ebulala imithambo-luvo kwindlela kaloliwe ehamba ngaphantsi komhlaba eTokyo, kwafa abantu abali-12 kwaza kwenzakala abangaphezu kwama-5 000. Omnye umnqolobi wasitsho sayingqushu isakhiwo sikarhulumente kwisiXeko saseOklahoma ngebhombu efakwa elorini, ebulala abantu abali-168 waza wenzakalisa amakhulukhulu. Njengoko isicangca esikwiphepha 4 nelesi-5 sibonisa, izenzo zabanqolobi ezahlukeneyo zisenzeka nangoku.

Lilonke nje, abanqolobi babonakala bengakwazi ukuzibamba kunangaphambili. Owabanjelwa ukuqhushumbisa isakhiwo saseburhulumenteni kwisiXeko saseOklahoma ngowe-1995 wacatshulwa esithi ukuze afumane ingqalelo awayeyifuna, wazenzela igama “ngokubulala abantu abaninzi.” Owayetshotsh’ entla kwiqela elaqhushumbisa iWorld Trade Center ngowe-1993 kwisiXeko saseNew York wayefuna ukuwisa izakhiwo ezibini, aze abulale wonke umntu okuzo.

Kwakhona abanqolobi bakhetha ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezitsha. ULouis R. Mizell, Omnci., oyingcaphephe kwizinto eziphathelele abanqolobi wathi: “Siphila kwixesha labantu abalugcwabevu nelinezixhobo zembubhiso: ezenyukliya, ezemichiza nezingokwebhayoloji.” Abo bathabatha ngeenyawo ezinkulu yonke into nabafuna ukuzenzela igama babhenela kwizixhobo ezibulala ngakumbi ezenziwe yinzululwazi.

Bahlasela Ngeekhompyutha

Ngoku abanqolobi basebenzisa iindlela zakutshanje ezinjengeekhompyutha. Esinye isixhobo yintsholongwane yekhompyutha, etshabalalisa inkcazelo okanye ibangele iinkqubo zingasebenzi. Kwakhona kukho izinto ekuthiwa zii-“logic bombs” ezibangela iikhompyutha zenze izinto ekunzima ukuzenza, nto leyo ezonakalisayo. Njengoko ezoqoqosho nokhuseleko lwamazwe luye luxhomekeka kwinkcazelo ekwikhompyutha, abaninzi bavakalelwa kukuba uluntu ngokubanzi lusesichengeni solo hlaselo lwabanqolobi. Yaye ngoxa imikhosi emininzi ineenkqubo zokugcina unxibelelwano luvulekile nangexesha lemfazwe yenyukliya, iinkonzo zoluntu jikelele—umbane, ezothutho, nezorhwebo—zisenokonakaliswa.

Kwithuba nje elingekude ngaphambili, ukuba umnqolobi ufuna ukucima izibane esixekweni, masithi eBerlin, ebesiya kucela umsebenzi kwiziko lombane ukuze akwazi ukonakalisa inkqubo yombane. Kodwa kuthiwa ngoku, kuyenzeka ukuba ingcaphephe eqeqeshelwe ukufumana inkcazelo ngokungekho mthethweni icime zonke izibane kwidolophu ekwelinye icala lomhlaba ngoxa ihleli ekhayeni layo.

Kutshanje enye ingcungela yekhompyutha esuka eSweden yavala inkqubo yaseFlorida yokusabela kwimeko yongxamiseko kangangeyure, nto leyo eyaphazamisa ukusabela kwamapolisa, abacimi-mlilo, neenqwelo zabaguli.

UFrank J. Cilluffo, ongumalathisi weInformation Warfare Task Force yeCenter for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) wathi: “Enyanisweni siye sakha ibutho labantu elingenamapolisa.” NoRobert Kupperman, umcebisi ophambili weCSIS, ngowe-1997 wathi, ukuba abanqolobi bakhetha ukusebenzisa izixhobo zobugcisa obuphambili, “alikho icandelo likarhulumente elikhoyo elinokujamelana neengxaki ezibangelwa kukuhlasela kwabo.”

Abanye abahlalutyi bavakalelwa kukuba abanqolobi abasebenzisa iikhompyutha banezixhobo zobugcisa zokulwa naluphi ukhuseleko olunikelwa ngamagosa okhuselo. UGeorge Tenet, umalathisi weU.S Central Intelligence Agency wathi: “Utshaba olukwaziyo ukutyala intsholongwane eyiyo yekhompyutha okanye lungene kule khompyutha luyifunayo lungenza umonakalo omkhulu gqitha.”

Ukubangela Ingxubakaxaka Ngokusebenzisa Imichiza Neentsholongwane

Bayaxhalabisa nabo basebenzisa izixhobo zemichiza nezebhayoloji. Ihlabathi lothuka ebutsheni bowe-1995 lakuva ngokuhlasela kwabanqolobi ngegesi enetyhefu kwindlela kaloliwe engaphantsi komhlaba eTokyo. Ityala labekwa kwihlelo lembubhiso.

UBrad Roberts weInstitute for Defense Analyses uthi: “Abanqolobi batyhile kwelinye iphepha. Abangaphambili phayaa babedla ngokufuna izivumelwano zezobupolitika. Kodwa ngoku, amanye amaqela athi olona sukelo lwawo kukubulala inyambalala yabantu. Loo nto yenza izixhobo zebhayoloji zibe nomtsalane.” Ngaba kunzima ukufumana ezo zixhobo? Iphephancwadi iScientific American lithi: “Unokuqokelela amawaka ezigidi zeentsholongwane ngaphandle kokuba sengozini unxibe nje into engenabucukubhede njengentluzo yebhiya, uthathe neentsholongwane ezitya iiprotini, ufake nje isigqubuthelo esikukhusela kwigesi neplastiki ngaphezulu.” Xa sele uziqokelele ezi ntsholongwane, ukuzisasaza kona kuyinto elula gqitha. Amaxhoba akasoze azi ukuba kukho isixhobo esisetyenzisiweyo de kudlule usuku okanye ezimbini. Yaye ngelo xesha akukho mntu unokwenza nto ngaloo nto.

Kuthiwa esona sixhobo sebhayoloji sithandwayo yianthrax. Esi sifo salifumana igama laso kwelesiGrike elibhekisela kumalahle—kubhekiselwa ke kumakhoko amnyama aba kwizilonda ezivela eluswini lwabo badibana nemfuyo eneanthrax. Amaziko alwisana neanthrax axhalabele kakhulu isifo semiphunga esibangelwa kukuphefumla imbewu yaso. Ebantwini ianthrax ibulala ngokwenene.

Kutheni ianthrax isisixhobo esisebenza kangaka sebhayoloji? Intsholongwane yayo kulula ukuyifumana yaye inenkani. Kuthabatha iqela leentsuku ngaphambi kokuba amaxhoba abe neempawu zokuqala, ukuziva unomkhuhlane kwanokudinwa. Kulandela ukhohlokhohlo nokungemi kakuhle kwesifuba. Wandula ke ube neengxaki zokuphefumla eziqatha, ube nomothuko uze ufe kwisithuba seeyure.

Ngaba Abanqolobi Banezixhobo Zenyukliya?

Emva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, abanye bazibuza enoba akuzi kuthengiswa izixhobo zenyukliya ngokungekho mthethweni. Noko ke, iingcaphephe ezininzi aziqondi ukuba loo nto iya kuze yenzeke. URobert Kupperman, ocatshulwe ngaphambilana uthi “akukho bungqina bokuba kukho naliphi na iqela labanqolobi eliye lafuna ukuba nezixhobo zenyukliya.”

Eyona nto ixhalabisayo zizixhobo ezifana nebhombu yenyukliya ezingadumanga kodwa ezibulala gqitha—ezikhupha imitha yeathom. Aziqhushumbi. Akukho gqabhuko-dubulo okanye umonakalo obangelwa bubushushu. Kunoko, zikhupha imitha ebulala iiseli. Ezona seli zisengozini zezomongo wamathambo. Ukufa okubangelwa zizo kuza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, eziquka ukopha ngokugqithiseleyo nokuyekelela kwenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Ngokungafaniyo nezixhobo zemichiza, ezingasebenziyo zakudibana neoksijin nokufuma, izixhobo ezikhupha imichiza ziqhubeka zisonakalisa kangangeminyaka.

Ingozi eyenzeka eGoiânia, isixeko esikumazantsi ombindi weBrazil, ibonisa indlela izixhobo zemitha ezinokuba yingozi ngayo. Ngowe-1987 ingacingelanga enye indoda yavula umxokomezelo wesixhobo esithile semichiza esingasetyenziswayo. Lo mxokomezelo wawunecesium-137. Ithabathekile bubumenye-menye baloo nto, yayidlulisela kubahlobo bayo. Kwisithuba nje seveki kwangena amaxhoba okuqala kwikliniki yempilo yalapho. Kwaxilongwa amawakawaka ukuze kufunyaniswe ukuba akasulelekanga kusini na. Abemi abamalunga nekhulu bagula. Abangama-50 balaliswa esibhedlele, kwaza kwafa abane. Ukucinga ngento engeyayenzekile ukuba le cesium yayisasazwe ngabom kuyazoyikisa iingcali ezilwa nabanqolobi.

Benza Umonakalo Ongaphaya Kwengqondo

Ukufa kwabantu kungowona monakalo ucacileyo owenziwa ngabanqolobi. Kodwa kukho nomnye ongakumbi. Abanqolobi banokuphelisa okanye baphazamisane nemigudu yokwenza uxolo kwiindawo ezinezidube-dube emhlabeni. Bayaxhokonxa, baze babangele umlo yaye bandisa ugonyamelo.

Kwakhona abanqolobi banokuphazamisana nezoqoqosho zelizwe. Kuye kwanyanzeleka oorhulumente bachithe ixesha nemali eninzi bezama ukulwa nabo. Ngokomzekelo, eUnited States nje kuphela, kwachithwa imali engangee-R70 zamawaka ezigidi kunyaka wama-2000, ekulweni nabanqolobi.

Enoba siyayiqonda okanye asiyiqondi loo nto, abanqolobi banento abayenzayo kuthi. Banesandla kwiindlela esikhenketha ngazo nokhetho esilwenzayo xa siza kukhenketha. Banyanzela amazwe ehlabathini ukuba achithe iimali ezinkulu zerhafu ekukhuseleni abantu abadumileyo, izakhiwo ezibalulekileyo nabemi.

Ngoko kuphakama lo mbuzo, Ngaba sikho isicombululo sokuphelisa loo ngxubakaxaka yabanqolobi? Inqaku elilandelayo liza kuhlala phezu kwawo lo mbuzo.

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 15]

Abanqolobi Abathi Balwela Indalo

Kukho nabanye abanqolobi “abatshisa izakhiwo, baqhushumbise baze bonakalise kuba besithi bakhusela imeko-bume nezidalwa ezikuyo,” itsho njalo ingxelo enikelwa liphephandaba iOregonian. Abanqolobi abenza ezi zenzo kuthiwa ngabanqolobi abakhusela indalo. Ubuncinane zilikhulu izenzo ezilolu hlobo eziye zenzeka kwintshona yeUnited States ukususela ngowe-1980, zisenza umonakalo oxabisa ii-R328,7 zezigidi. Olo lwaphulo-mthetho lwenzelwe ukuphazamisana nokugawulwa kwemithi, ukusetyenziswa kwemimandla eyintlango njengendlela yokuzihlaziya okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana ukuze kufunyanwe uboya, ukutya okanye kwenziwe ngazo uphando.

Ezi zenzo kuthiwa zezabanqolobi ngenxa yokuba zibandakanya ugonyamelo olwenzelwe ukutshintsha indlela yokwenza izinto yabantu, amaziko athile okanye ukutshintsha indlela yokwenza izinto yebutho labantu. Abanqolobi abakhusela indalo bayadida kuba bahlasela iindawo ezikwanti ngobusuku yaye kungabikho bungqina bungako kodwa kusale ingqushu. Ngaphambili, ulwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwa egameni lokukhusela imeko-bume belungenanto ingako luyenzayo yaye belungatsali ngqalelo kangako. Kodwa maninzi amaxhoba alo kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Umcuphi uJames N. Damitio, ingcungela yeForest Service yaseUnited States, uthi: “Injongo yaba bantu kukufuna ukutshintsha izinto. Yaye ukuba abaneli yingqalelo abayifumanayo, bazama cebo limbi.”

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 18]

Abanqolobi Namajelo Eendaba

UTerry Anderson, umcholacholi weendaba owathinjwa ngabanqolobi iminyaka emalunga nesixhenxe eLebanon uthi: “Usasazo ibilolona sukelo nesixhobo sabo bagrogrisa abantu abamsulwa ukuze baxhase ezobupolitika okanye babangele uqhushululu. Umnqolobi uziva oyisile xa esiva ngengxelo yokuqweqwedisa kwezobupolitika, ukubulawa komntu ophezulu okanye ibhombu ebulele abantu. Uziva engenzanga nto xa ezi zenzo zenkohlakalo zingatsalanga ingqalelo yehlabathi.”

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 16, 17]

1. Umntu waqhushumbisa ibhombu ebulala naye eYerusalem, kwaSirayeli

2. Abanqolobi abanobuhlanga baqhushumbisa ibhanki eColombo, eSri Lanka

3. Kuqhushumba ibhombu efakwa kwinqwelo-mafutha eNairobi, eKenya

4. Intsapho yamaxhoba okuqhushumba kwebhombu eMoscow, eRashiya

[Inkcazelo]

Heidi Levine/Sipa Press

A. Lokuhapuarachchi/Sipa Press

AP Photo/Sayyid Azim

Izvestia/Sipa Press