Ukuqonda Isifo Samathambo
“EBUSUKU, NDITHI NDAKUJONGA IINYAWO NEZANDLA ZAM EZIGOGEKILEYO, ZISUKE ZIZEHLEL’ IINYEMBEZI.”—UMIDORI, EJAPAN.
ISIFO SAMATHAMBO besiluhlalele uluntu kangangeenkulungwane. Izidumbu zaseYiputa zinikela ubungqina bokuba esi sifo besikho kangangeenkulungwane. Kuyabonakala ukuba, umakhi-mkhanya uChristopher Columbus wayenesi sifo. Yaye sihlasela izigidi namhlanje. Kanye kanye siyintoni esi sifo sishiya abantu beyimilwelwe?
Igama elithi “arthritis” eliguqulelwe ngokuthi isifo samathambo lithatyathwe kwigama lesiGrike elithetha “ukukrala kwamalungu” yaye lisetyenziswa ngokunxulumene neendidi ezingaphezu kwe-100 zezifo zamathambo.a Ezi zifo azihlaseli amalungu kuphela kodwa nezihlunu, amathambo, nemisipha exhasa amalungu. Ezinye iindidi zesifo samathambo zonakalisa isikhumba sakho, amalungu angaphakathi kwanamehlo akho. Makhe siphos’ amehlo kwizifo ngokuqhelekileyo ezinxulunyaniswa nesifo samathambo—irheumatoid arthritis (RA) iosteoarthritisis (OA).
Indlela Abunjwe Ngayo Amalungu
Ilungu yindawo adibana kuyo amathambo amabini. Ilungu elibizwa ngokuba yisynovia lingqongwe sisingxobo esilushica esilikhuselayo size silixhase. (Bona umfanekiso okwiphepha 4.) Esi singxobo sikweli lungu sinenwebu. Le nwebu inolwelo elukhuphayo. Kwesi singxobo, iincam zamathambo amabini zigqunywe zizicwili ezithambileyo nezinwebekayo nezibizwa ngokuba yintlala. Ezi zikhusela amathambo akho angakhuhlani aze ahlikihlane. Intlala ikwathintela amathambo angangqubani, ikhusela iincam zamathambo, iwenza amathambo akho ahlale kakuhle.
Ngokomzekelo, xa uhamba, ubaleka okanye uxhuma, uxinezeleko oluba kusikrotyana nasemadolweni lunokubuphinda kane nakasibhozo ubunzima bomzimba wakho! Ngoxa uninzi lolo xinezeleko luthwalwa zizihlunu nemisipha ekufutshane, intlala inceda amathambo akho athwale lo mthwalo ngokukhusela njengesponji.
Irheumatoid Arthritis
Xa umntu enerheumatoid arthritis (RA), inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ihlasela amalungu ngandlela zonke. Ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwa mntu, inxalenye enkulu yeeseli zegazi—kuquka iiT cells, ezinendima ephambili kwinkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela—ibalekela kumalungu. Loo nto ibangela ukusebenza ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo kwemichiza, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni amalungu akrale. Iiseli ezibizwa ngokuba ziisynovia zisenokwanda ngokungalawulekiyo, nto leyo enokubangela iqhuma elibizwa ngokuba yipannus. Ipannus iphinda ikhuphe imichiza eyingozi etshabalalisa intlala. Amathambo athana nca, nto leyo ebangela kube nzima ukushukuma—kubekho nentlungu engathethekiyo. Kwakhona le nkqubo iyingozi yenza buthathaka imisipha nezihlunu, nto leyo ebangela amalungu angazinzi, aphume endaweni yawo, nto leyo ebangela umntu abe ngumlwelwe. IRA idla ngokuwahlasela ngaxeshanye amalungu, izihlahla, amadolo neenyawo. Abantu abangaphezu kwama-50 ekhulwini abaneRA badla ngokuba namaqhuqhuva ngaphantsi kolusu. Abanye baba nomlambo namehlo nomqala owomileyo nobuhlungu. IRA le idla ngokuphelekwa kukudinwa nomkhuhlane nezihlunu ezibuhlungu.
IRA iyahlukahluka ngendlela eqala ngayo nexesha elithabathayo. Komnye umntu intlungu nokuqina kwamalungu inokuqala kancinane kangangesithuba seeveki kwaneminyaka. Komnye, isenokuqala msinya. Kwabanye abantu iRA ihlala kangangeenyanga ezimbalwa ize iphele ingakhange yenze monakalo ungako. Kwabanye isenokuthabatha ixesha ihambele phambili, kuphinde kuthi nqum kancinane, noko bazive bebhetele. Yaye kwabanye abaguli esi sifo siyaqhubeka kangangeminyaka emininzi, singayekeleli ekubashiyeni beyimilwelwe.
Ngoobani ke abasengozini yokuhlaselwa yiRA? UGqr. Michael Schiff uthi: “Ixhaphakile kumabhinqa asele engamaqina.” Noko ke, lo kaSchiff uqhubeka athi “inokuhlasela nabani na, enoba umdala kangakanani na kuquka abantwana, kwakunye namadoda.” Abo banezalamane ezinerheumatoid arthritis, basengozini enkulu. Uhlolisiso olwahlukeneyo ngokungakumbi lubonisa ukuba ukutshaya, ukutyeba gqitha nokuba wakha watofelwa igazi, zonke ezo zinto ziluphawu lwengozi.
Iosteoarthritis
IWestern Journal of Medicine ithi: “I-osteoarthritis ifana nemozulu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo—ikho kuyo yonke indawo, idla ngokungabonakali, maxa wambi icace.” Ngokungafaniyo neRA, iosteoarthritis (iOA) ayifane inwenwele kwamanye amalungu omzimba kodwa yonakalisa ilungu libe linye okanye ambalwa. Njengoko intlala iphela ngokuthe ngcembe, amathambo aqalisa ukukhuhlana. Kukhula izinto eziqinileyo ezibizwa ngokuba ziiosteophytes. Kunokukhula amaqhuma anamanzi yaye nethambo elingaphantsi liyadumba lize ligogeke. Ezinye iimpawu zisenokuquka amanqina anamaqhuma, ukroqokroqo obangelwa ngamalungu anesifo samathambo, nokuba nenkantsi kwezihlunu, kwakunye neentlungu, ukuqina nokungakwazi ukushukuma.
Ngaphambili, kwakucingwa ukuba iOA yenye yezinto ezibangelwa kukwaluphala. Noko ke, iingcaphephe azisacingi ngolo hlobo. IThe American Journal of Medicine ithi: “Akukho bungqina bokuba ilungu eliqhelekileyo, elisebenza ngendlela eqhelekileyo, linokoyisakala ebudeni bobomi bomntu.” Yintoni ke ebangela iosteoarthritis? Imizamo yokuqonda oyena nobangela wayo “iphazanyiswa kukuphikisana,” ngokutsho kwephephancwadi laseBritani iThe Lancet. Abanye abaphengululi bathi kusenokuqala konakale ithambo. Oku ke kusenokuvulela indlela ukukhula kwamathambo nokoyisakala kwentlala. Abanye bacinga ukuba iOA iqala ngokuhlasela intlala. Bavakalelwa kukuba, ithi ke njengoko isoyisakala, ithambo elingaphantsi liqalise ukuthwala ubunzima. Iyaqala ke inkathazo njengoko umzimba uzama ukulungisa intlala eyonakeleyo.
Ngoobani ke abasengozini yokuhlaselwa yiOA? Nangona ubudala bubodwa bungayibangeli iOA, ukuphela kwentlala yamalungu kudla ngokwenzeka njengoko umntu ekhula. Abanye abasengozini ngabo banamalungu adibana ngendlela engaqhelekanga okanye abanezihlunu zemilenze nezamathanga ezibuthathaka, imilenze engalinganiyo, okanye ithambo lomqolo elingemanga kakuhle. Ukwenzakala okubangelwa yingozi kwilungu okanye umsebenzi owenza umntu ashukume gqitha esebenzisa kakhulu amalungu, ezo zinto zinokuyibangela iosteoarthritis. Xa sele zivelile ezi mpawu, ukutyeba ngokugqith’ emgceni kunokuyenza ibe mbi kakhulu iOA.
UGqr. Tim Spector uthi: “I-osteoarthritis sisifo esintsonkothileyo esibangelwa yimeko-bume kodwa nemizila yemfuza iyabandakanyeka kakhulu.” Abona basengozini yeOA ngamabhinqa angamaqina nasele ekhulile ekukho abantu abanaso kwiintsapho zawo. Ngokungafaniyo neosteoporosis, uxinezeleko olukhulu kungekhona oluncinane lukhokelela kwiOA. Abanye abaphengululi bathi umonakalo ubangelwa ziifree oxygen radicals nokuswela ivithamin C ne-D.
Unyango
Ngokuqhelekileyo unyango lwesifo samathambo luquka amayeza, umthambo, nokutshintsha indlela owenza ngayo izinto. Ugqirha usenokuqalisa inkqubo yomthambo owenzelwe ukunyanga. Isenokuquka iintshukumo ezinjengeisometric, iaerobic, neisotonic okanye ezinzima. Kuthiwa zona ezi ziphucula iingxaki ezininzi eziquka ukuqaqanjelwa ngamalungu nokudumba, ukudinwa, ukungaziva mnandi noxinezeleko. Iingenelo zokwenza umthambo ziyafumaneka nakwabo sele bekhulile. Umthambo usenokuphelisa ukungabi nantlala kwamathambo. Abanye bathi iintlungu zitsho zee qabu ngenxa yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango ezisebenzisa ubushushu nokubanda neendlela zokudoma iintlungu.b
Ngenxa yokuba ukunciphisa ubunzima bomzimba kunokuziphungula ngendlela ebonakalayo iintlungu zamalungu, ukutya esikutyayo kusenokuba yenye yezinto eziphambili ekuhlangabezaneni nesifo samathambo. Abanye baye bathi ukutya okuchume ngecalcium njengohlaza, iziqhamo nentlanzi ehlala kumanzi abandayo echume ngeomega-3 fatty acids—nokuphungula ukutya okufakwe imichiza eyahlukeneyo, namafutha anqumayo—akusayi kunceda nje ekuphunguleni ubunzima bomzimba kodwa kuya kunciphisa iintlungu. Njani? Abanye bathi ukutya okulolo hlobo kuthintela ukutshotshozela. Kanti abanye bathi ukutya okungenanyama, iimveliso zobisi, ingqolowa neziqhamo ezinjengeetumato, iitapile, iipepile ne-eggplant, ziye zaluncedo kwiimeko ezithile.
Kwezinye iimeko kunconyelwa inkqubo yotyando ebizwa ngokuba yiarthroscopy. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukufaka isixhobo esithile kanye elungwini, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ngogqirha ukukhupha isicwili ekuthiwa yisynovia esikhupha iienzyme eziyingozi. Noko ke, le nkqubo ayiloncedo kangako kuba ukutshotshozela kumana ukubuya. Eyona nkqubo imasikizi kukukhutshwa kwelungu, apho ilungu xa lilonke (ngokuqhelekileyo iba lelehleza okanye eledolo) lithatyathelw’ indawo lelinguzenzele. Olu tyando luhlala kangangeminyaka eli-10 ukuya kweli-15 yaye luluncedo kakhulu ekupheliseni iintlungu.
Kutshanje, oogqirha baye bazama iindlela zonyango ezingenangozi zininzi, njengeviscosupplementation, apho kufakwa incindi eyihyaluronic kanye kwilungu. Ludla ngokusetyenziswa kakhulu emadolweni. Ukutofela izinto zokulungisa intlala (iichondroprotective agents) kuye kwanceda ngandlel’ ithile, ngokutsho kolunye uhlolisiso oluye lwenziwa eYurophu.
Ngoxa kungekafunyanwa yeza lokunyanga isifo samathambo, amayeza amaninzi anciphisa iintlungu nokutshotshozela yaye amanye ayathembisa ukuba noko angasidambisa esi sifo. Izithomalalisi zintlungu, kwakunye nonyango icorticosteroid, iinonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs (iiNSAID), iidisease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (iiDMARD) ii-immunosuppressants, iibiologic response modifiers, namayeza awenzelwe ukuba negalelo kwinkqubo yokuzikhusela yomzimba, ewonke ayingqokelela yeendlela ezisetyenziselwa ukunika isiqabu kwimiphumo ebuhlungu yesifo samathambo. Noko ke, eso siqabu singaphuma nodlolwazana kuba onke la mayeza aneminye imiphumo engathandekiyo ayibangelayo. Ukuphonononga iingenelo neengozi ezibandakanyekileyo kunokuba lucelomngeni kugqirha nakumguli ngokunjalo.
Abanye abaye bathiwa nqo sisifo samathambo baye bahlangabezana njani nesi sifo sibangela ingqaqambo?
[Imibhalo esemazantsi]
a Phakathi kwezi ndidi kukho iosteoarthritis, irheumatoid arthritis, isystemic lupus erythematosus, ijuvenile rheumatoid arthritis, igout, ibursitis, irheumatic fever, iLyme disease, icarpal tunnel syndrome, ifibromyalgia, iReiter’s syndrome, neankylosing spondylitis.
b UVukani! akancomeli naluphi na unyango, iyeza, okanye inkqubo yotyando. Mguli ngamnye unembopheleleko yokukhangela nokuphonononga naluphi na unyango ngokusekelwe kwizibakala azaziyo.
[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 6]
UKUTYEBA NGOKUGQITHISELEYO, UKUTSHAYA, NESIBAKALA SOKUBA WAKHA WATOFELWA IGAZI, KUNOKUKUBEKA ESICHENGENI SOKUBA NERHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.
[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 8]
UNYANGO OLULOLUNYE
Ezinye iindlela zonyango kucingwa ukuba zikhuselekile, yaye azinamiphumo mibi kangako kunonyango lwesintu. Phakathi kwezi yicollagen II etyiwayo, abathi abanye abaphengululi iye yaphumelela ekutsamiseni amalungu adumbileyo neentlungu zerheumatoid arthritis (iRA). Njani? Ngokuthintela iicytokines ezibangela ukutshotshozela nezonakalisayo, ekuthiwa zii-interleukin-1 netumor necrosis factor α. Kuye kwanikelwa ingxelo yokuba izondlo zemvelo ezimbalwa ziye zabonakala zikwazi ukuthintela izinto eziyingozi. Ezi ziquka ivithamin E, ivithamin C, iniacinamide, amafutha entlanzi ane-eicosapentaenoic acid negammalinolenic acid eninzi, iborage seed oil namafutha e-evening primrose. ETshayina, bekusetyenziswa iTripterygium wilfordii Hook F, ingcambu ebikho kangangeminyaka. Kuye kwanikelwa ingxelo yokuba, iye yaphumelela ngomlinganiselo othile ekunciphiseni imiphumo yeRA.
[Umzobo okwiphepha 4, 5]
(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)
AMALUNGU ASEMPILWENI
I“BURSA”
ISIHLUNU
INTLALA
UMSIPHA
ISINGXOBO SELUNGU
I“SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE”
I“SYNOVIAL FLUID”
ITHAMBO
I“RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS JOINT”
UKUNGABIKHO KWENDAWO EYANELEYO
UKONAKALA KWETHAMBO NENTLALA
I“SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE” EKRALILEYO
I“OSTEOARTHRITIS JOINT”
INTLALA ENGABAMBANANGA
UKONAKALA KWENTLALA
UMGONGXO WETHAMBO
[Inkcazelo]
Source: Arthritis Foundation
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 7]
Isifo samathambo siyabahlasela abantu enoba badala kangakanani
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 8]
Ukwenza umthambo nokutya ngendlela efanelekileyo kunokuzisa isiqabu