Ngaba Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Kunokuzicombulula Ngokwenene Iingxaki Zethu?

“Lidibene linjalo, ihlabathi lanamhlanje alahlukanga kwezinye iindawo ezihlala abantu; lizaliswe ziingxaki ezininzi. Abemi balo abaphathwa ngendlela efanayo bonke; abaxhamli malungelo afanayo. Kangangokuba zihlwempuzekile, izigidi zabantu azisazigqali njengenxalenye yebutho labantu.”—“IOUR GLOBAL NEIGHBOURHOOD.”

UFATIMA ohlala kwisixeko esikhulu saseAfrika, uzigqala njengomntu onethamsanqa. Unayo yona ifriji. Kodwa umzi wakowabo lityotyombe elakhiwe ngamazinki ecaleni kwamangcwaba amathathu. Njengabanye abemi abasisiqingatha sezigidi, uhlala emangcwabeni. Baya besiba babaninzi abantu nalapho emangcwabeni. Uthi xa ekhalaza: “Baninzi abantu abafudukela apha, ingakumbi kula mangcwaba.”

Malunga neekhilomitha ezili-15 ukusuka kuloFatima kukho amapomakazi ezindlu ezintsha, kukho iivenkile zokutyela ezingayiwayo nebala elikhulu legalufa. Ukudlala igalufa kweli bala kuxabisa ngaphezu komvuzo wenyanga womntu omnye weli lizwe laseAfrika. Esi sixeko besisoloko sithwaxwa bubuhlwempu, kodwa ubukho bamabala egalufa okonwabisa abo bemi kakuhle kubatsho babe lugcwabevu abo bangaxhamliyo kule nyhweba. Intlungu yeyokuba, kweli hlabathi abanye abantu bazeziya zingawothiyo umlilo izinhanha ngoxa abanye bengazi nokuba baya kulala betye ntoni na.

IWadi Hadhramaut, ephinyela kwinkqantosi yaseYemen kuMbindi Mpuma, yindlela endala yabahambi engqongwe zizixeko zamandulo. Xa uqala ukujonga, ungathi akukho nto itshintshileyo kule ndawo ikwanti. Kodwa ungabokudela umqulu ungazibalanga iiyadi. Kuba kwisixeko esikude kufuphi saseSaywūn, kwacelwa umntu ophumelele eyunivesithi ukuba enze iWeb site ekuza kubhalwa kuyo uludwe lwezinto ezixabisekileyo ezifumaneka apho. Nangona le ntwazana iphumelele eyunivesithi iyinzalelwane yalapho, yafunda eOhio, eUnited States. Kule mihla kulula ngakumbi ukuba abantu bakhenkethe ihlabathi neengcamango zaziwe ngokubanzi.

Kwisithuba samawaka eekhilomitha ukuya ngasentshona, eSahara, nazo iilori ezintathu zithe chu kuhle ukuya ngasemazantsi kwindlela ekwanti. UMashala, omnye wabaqhubi, uthi uthutha oomabonwakude, oomatshini bevidiyo neesatellite. Ngokubukela amajelo eendaba aseMerika, uyakwazi okuqhubekayo ehlabathini. Uthi kwidolophu yakowabo “wonke umntu unesatellite.” Emhlabeni zimbalwa iindawo ezingafikelelwayo ngamajelo eendaba.

Ukuhamba kwabantu lula, ukusasazeka kweengcamango, ukuhamba lula kweendaba, ukurhwebelana kwamazwe nokusetyenziswa kobugcisa kuye kwazisa iingenelo ezininzi ehlabathini. Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kuye kwanceda abantu bazi ngamasiko aseYemen kanti noMashala wamkela ii-R35 000 xa ehambe kangangeeveki ezintathu. Kodwa asinguye wonke umntu ofumana imali engaka. UFatima nabamelwane bakhe bathwaxwa bubuhlwempu yaye abaxhamli nakancinane kwiingenelo zokudityaniswa kwehlabathi ezifunyanwa ligcuntswana.

Nangona ihlabathi elidityanisiweyo lineengxaki, oku kudibaniselana kwalo kubonakala kungenakutshintshwa. Ngaba abantu baza kubalahla oomabonwakude, iminxeba ephathwayo, iikhompyutha zabo, baze bayeke ukundwendwela kwamanye amazwe? Ngaba amazwe anokukwazi ukuzahlula ehlabathini, angadibaniselani namanye ngezobupolitika nangezoqoqosho? Kubonakala kungenakwenzeka oko. Akakho umntu onokufuna ukuphulukana neengenelo zokudityaniswa kwehlabathi. Kodwa kuthekani ngeengxaki zako? Ziyaxhalabisa kwaye zichaphazela wonk’ umntu. Ngokufutshane nje makhe siqwalasele ezimbalwa kwiingxaki ezibangelwa kukudityaniswa kwehlabathi.

Ukuvuleka Komsantsa

Akuzange kwenzeke ukuba ubutyebi behlabathi bufunyanwe ngabantu ngokulinganayo, kodwa ukudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho kuye kwabangela ukuba kuvuleke umsantsa phakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu. Liyinyaniso elokuba, akho amazwe asakhasayo aye angenelwa ekudityanisweni kwezoqoqosho. Iingcali zithi kule minyaka ilishumi idluleyo, inani labantu abahlwempuzeke ngokugqithiseleyo eIndiya liye lehla ukusuka kuma-39 laya kutsho kuma-26 ekhulwini, ukanti noko naseAsia izinto zibhetele. Olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba ngowe-1998, ibingabantu baseMpuma Asia abali-15 ekhulwini kuphela ababekwazi ukuzixhasa nge-$1 ngemini xa kuthelekiswa nendlela ababephila ngayo abantu abangama-27 ekhulwini kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo. Kodwa kubantu abaninzi ehlabathini izinto azilula kangako.

Kwimimandla yase-Afrika ekumazantsi eSahara nakwamanye amazwe asakhasayo, umvuzo wabantu uye wehla kule minyaka ingama-30 idluleyo. UKofi Annan, usosiba-jikelele weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo uthi: “Nakuba eli hlabathi linobutyebi obungaka . . . kukho abantu abamalunga newaka lesigidi—phantse isiqingatha sabantu abaphila emhlabeni wonke—abazixhasa ngee-$2 ngemini.” Enye into ebangela kubekho lo msantsa ungaka kukuba abantu bazifunela ingenelo yobuqu. ULarry Summers, owayesakuba ngunobhala kanondyebo waseUnited States wathi: “Ehlabathini lonke, abo bakwiimarike zemali zabucala abacingi nokucinga ngamahlwempu. Kwaneebhanki eziqhelekileyo azifuni kushishina kwiindawo ezihlala amahlwempu—ngenxa yokuba azinakufumana ngeniso.”

Ukungalingani kwemivuzo yabantu abazizityebi nabangamahlwempu kubangela umsantsa phakathi kwabantu naphakathi kwamazwe. Kutshanje eyona ndoda isisityebi eUnited States ibinobutyebi obungaphezu kobabantu baseMerika abali-100 lezigidi. Kwakhona, ngenxa yokudityaniswa kwehlabathi ziye zaninzi iinkampani ezirhweba ngezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo kumazwe amaninzi. Ngokomzekelo, ama-86 ekhulwini eshishini lezonxibelelwano elixabisa ii-R3 zamawaka ezigidi ayephantsi kweenkampani ezilishumi kuphela ngowe-1998. Ezi nkampani zisoloko zisenza ingeniso engakumbi kunaleyo yenziwa ngoorhulumente yaye ngokutsho kweAmnesty International, “amalungelo abantu nawabasebenzi asinto iphambili kuzo.”

Ngoko siyavakala isizathu sokuba imibutho elwela amalungelo abantu ikhathazeke kukubona ukuba ubutyebi behlabathi bufunyanwa nje liqaqobana labantu. Ngaba ubungathanda ukuhlala kwindawo apho ezona zigwili zingama-20 ekhulwini zamkela umvuzo owuphinda kangangama-74 ekhulwini owabo bahlwempuzeke gqitha? Yaye xa bebukele umabonwakude abantu abahlwempuzekileyo abangama-20 ekhulwini bayayiqonda indlela izinhanha eziphila ngayo nangona bengenathemba lokuba eyabo imeko iya kuze iphucuke. Loo msantsa ukhoyo kweli hlabathi ubangela isiphithiphithi nokungonwabi.

Ukudityaniswa Kwamasiko Eentlanga Ezahlukahlukeneyo

Enye into exhalabisayo kukungqubana kwamasiko nokuthi phithi zizinto eziphathekayo. Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kube luncedo ngenxa yokuba kuvule ithuba lokuba iintlanga ziphefumlelane ngezimvo, yaye esona sixhobo siluncedo ekwenzeni oko yi-Internet. Ngelishwa, i-Internet ayisetyenziselwa nje ukusasaza inkcazelo eyingenelo, ukudlulisela ulwazi ngamasiko ezinye iintlanga neendlela zorhwebo. Ezinye iiWeb site zibonisa amanyala, zikhuthaza ubuhlanga okanye ukungcakaza. Zimbi zichaza iindlela zokuzenzela iibhombu. Njengoko uThomas L. Friedman esitsho, “xa usebenzisa i-Internet ungazibona sele usengxakini ngomzuzwana nje. Ungazibona sele uvule ijelo labantu abaqulunqa iyelenqe njengelo laqulunqwa ngamaNazi okanye uzibone sele ukwijelo elibonisa amanyala, . . . kube kungekho mntu uza kukunqanda.”

Enye into eye yanegalelo elikhulu kwindlela abantu abacinga ngayo, ngoomabonwakude nemifanekiso eshukumayo. Imifanekiso emininzi yenziwa eHollywood, eyona ndawo ibalaseleyo ehlabathini ngokwenza imifanekiso eshukumayo ekhohlisayo. La maziko okuzonwabisa abangela ukuba abantu bathi phithi zizinto eziphathekayo yaye akhuthaza ugonyamelo nokuziphatha okubi. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ezi zinto azaziwa kwaphela kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini. Sekunjalo, oorhulumente, abafundisi-ntsapho nabazali abananto banokuyenza ngale ngxaki.

Omnye ummi waseHavana, eCuba, wathi xa wayethetha nomntu owayevela kuMntla Merika: “Siyayithanda indlela eniphila ngayo eUnited States. [Sibazi] bonke abadlali abadumileyo beHollywood.” Into yokuthenga ukutya okuvuthiweyo neziselo ezihlwahlwazayo ize nempucuko yaseNtshona. Omnye usomashishini waseMalaysia wakha wathi: “Abantu balapha bathanda nantoni na evela eNtshona, ingakumbi eMerika. . . . Bayakuthanda ukutya kwakhona yaye bafuna ukufana nabantu balapho.” Intsumpa yeHavana College yathi: “ICuba ayisesosiqithi. Kwaphela kwaziqithi ezo. Ihlabathi limanyene.”

Ngoku abantu abasenamdla kwizinto ababenomdla kuzo ngaphambili ngenxa yempucuko yaseNtshona. IHuman Development Report 1998 yathi abantu ‘abasafuni nje ukuba nezinto ezifana nezabamelwane babo, kodwa ngoku sele befuna ukuphila njengezityebi nabantu abadumileyo abababona kwimifanekiso eshukumayo nakumabonwakude.’ Kodwa lizicacele elokuba, abantu abaninzi abasayi kuze bayixhamle loo nyhweba.

Ngaba Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Kusisicombululo?

Njengoninzi lwezinto ezenziwe ngabantu, ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kuye kwanazo iingenelo kwaneengxaki. Abanye bafumene izityhwentywe zemali ngenxa yako, kanti abanye baxhamla inyhweba yokunxibelelana nabantu abasehlabathini lonke. Noko ke, kungenelwa izinhanha kuphela yaye abo bahlwempuzekileyo abacholi naphantsi. Kwakhona ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kuncede kakhulu izikrelemnqa ngaphezu koorhulumente yaye nezifo ziye zasasazeka lula.—Bona ibhokisi ekwiphepha 24 nekwiphepha 25.

Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kuye kwazenza mandundu ngakumbi iingxaki zehlabathi ebezikho kakade. Akuzicombululanga iingxaki zehlabathi, kunoko kubangele ezingakumbi. Kuvule umsantsa phakathi kwabantu kwaza kwabanxunguphalisa ngakumbi. Oorhulumente behlabathi bazama kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuxhamla iingenelo zokudityaniswa kwehlabathi, ngoxa bezama ukukhusela abantu kwiingxaki ezibangelwa kuko. Ngaba baya kuze baphumelele? Ngaba imizamo yabantu yokudibanisa ihlabathi inokuzicombulula iingxaki? Kwinqaku elilandelayo kuza kuxutyushwa le mibuzo.

[Iibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 24, 25]

INTSEBENZISWANO PHAKATHI KWEZAPHULI-MTHETHO NAPHAKATHI KWABANQOLOBI EHLABATHINI LONKE

Ngelishwa, izixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwezorhwebo zinokusetyenziswa nazizikrelemnqa kulwaphulo-mthetho. IHuman Development Report 1999 ithi: “Njengoko iinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zizakuzelela ukudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho ehlabathini lonke, ‘namaqela ezikrelemnqa amazwe ngamazwe’—amaqela olwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo—axhakamfula elo thuba ukuze ahambisele phambili umsebenzi wawo.” Aye angenelwa njani amaqela olwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo ekudityanisweni kwehlabathi?

Imibutho eshishina ngeziyobisi ifumene iindlela ezintsha zokwenza ingeniso yezigidi ngezigidi zeerandi. Ukupheliswa kwemiqathango elawula ukungeniswa kwempahla evela kumazwe asemzini nenkululeko engakumbi yokundwendwela kwabantu kwamanye amazwe, kubangele ukuba imibutho eshishina ngeziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni ikwazi ukuzithuthela kumazwe ngamazwe okanye kumazwekazi. Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, kwiminyaka yee-1990 imveliso yecocaine iye yaphindaphindeka kabini kanti eyeopium iphindaphindeke kathathu. Amaqumrhu eeMafiya amazwe ngamazwe aye afumana intywenka yemali ngokushishina ngoonongogo. Nyaka ngamnye athumela ngeenqanawa amabhinqa amalunga nama-500 000 eNtshona Yurophu ukuze aye kuba ngoonongogo—nakuba uninzi lwawo lungafuni.

Ngokufana neenkampani ezinkulu ezisehlabathini lonke, nawo amaqela ezikrelemnqa akumazwe ngamazwe ayasebenzisana ngoku. Inkoliso yawo ikho ehlabathini lonke, yaye xa ewonke afumana imali eqikelelwa kwii-R17,5 lamawaka ezigidi ngonyaka—mali leyo engaphezulu kwengeniso yorhwebo lwaseFransi.a

Iingcali zekhompyutha ezinobuqhophololo ziye zayisebenzisa kakubi i-Internet. Ngowe-1995 elinye iqili larhwaphiliza inkcazelo yekhompyutha ekuthiwa ixabisa malunga nee-R12 lezigidi kwakunye neenombolo ezingama-20 000 zamakhadi abantu okuthenga ngetyala. UJosé Antonio Soler, osebenza kwibhanki yaseSpeyin wathi: “Ubugcisa bezi mini benze ubusela ababi yongozi kangako yaye amasela afumana imali engakumbi.”

Izixhobo ezize nokudityaniswa kwehlabathi zisetyenziswa nangabanqolobi. Ekubeni kulula ukusasaza iindaba ehlabathini lonke, abo banezikhalazo zobupolitika banokuqweqwedisa ibathwana labakhenkethi baseNtshona kumazwe akwanti ukuze kukhawuleze kunikelwe ingqalelo kwizikhalazo zabo zobupolitika.

“ABAKHENKETHI” ABANGAMKELEKANGA

Abantu banokukhenketha ihlabathi behamba nezifo, yaye ezinye zazo ziyabulala. UNjingalwazi Jonathan M. Mann, ingcali yezifo ezibulalayo uthi: “Sele zigqiba ihlabathi lonke nje ezi zifo, kungenxa yokuba kulula ukukhenketha, ukuthuthwa kwempahla kwanokusasazwa kweengcamango ehlabathini. Abantu ehlabathini lonke basengozini yokwasulelwa zizifo eziyingozi eziqalayo ukubonwa nezo ziqhelekileyo.”

Ukuze ukubone oku kusasazeka kwezifo ngokulula, khawujonge nje indlela uGawulayo agqugqise ngayo ehlabathini, kuba ngoku ubulala abantu abamalunga nezigidi ezithathu nyaka ngamnye. Kwamanye amazwe aseAfrika, abezonyango banoloyiko lokuba ekugqibeleni kubo bonke abafana namabhinqa aselula, kuza kufa abantu ababini kwabathathu bebulawa sesi sifo. IJoint United Nations Programme on HIV⁄AIDS ithi: “Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane abantu bebesoloko bebulawa zizifo, iimfazwe nendlala, kodwa ezimbalini ayizange yenzeke into yokuba ulutsha lufe ngolu hlobo.”

Asizontsholongwane kuphela “abakhenkethi” abangamkelekanga ehlabathini. Ngoku kwamanye amazwekazi kukho izilwanyana, izityalo nezinambuzane ezivela kwamanye amazwe. KwiZiqithi zePasifiki sele kufumaneka uhlobo lwenyoka enobuhlungu yaseOstreliya ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yathi nyubelele kwinqwelo-moya eyayisiya apho. Sele izinqunqe phantse zonke iintaka zamahlathi aseGuam. Inyibiba yamanzi ekhula eMzantsi Merika sele ifumaneka kumazwe akweleenjiko angama-50 apho ivala imijelo yamanzi namachibi eentlanzi. I-International Herald Tribune ithi: “Nyaka ngamnye, izityalo ezizikhulelayo ‘ezivela kwamanye amazwe’ zibangela ilahleko enokuba ngamawaka ezigidi ehlabathini lonke yaye zisasaza izifo zenze nomonakalo omkhulu kwimeko-bume.”

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Imifanekiso]

IMALI ENGENISWE NGOKUNGEKHO MTHETHWENI

Eyafunyanwa koonodoli bebhere ababevela kwelinye ilizwe

ICOCAINE ENGENISWE NGOKUNGEKHO MTHETHWENI

Icocaine exabisa ii-R47 000 000 eyafunyanwa emideni kwinqwelo-mafutha eyayihamba abakhenkethi ababeye kuzonwabisa

UKUNQOLOBA NGEENTSHOLONGWANE

Amajoni akhangela i-“anthrax” kwiCapitol Hill, eWashington, D.C.

IZIQHUSHUMBISI

Kuqhushumba inqwelo-mafutha kwaSirayeli

UKUSASAZEKA KUKAGAWULAYO EHLABATHINI LONKE

Ngendlela asele egqugqise ngayo uGawulayo eMzantsi Afrika, kwezinye izibhedlele abantu bayajikiswa

UKUNGENA KWEZILWANYANA KWAMANYE AMAZWE

Inyoka enombala omdaka ehlala emithini izinqunqe phantse zonke iintaka zamahlathi aseGuam

INYIBIBA YAMANZI

Esi sityalo sivala imijelo yamanzi nonxweme lomlambo kumazwe amalunga nama-50

[Inkcazelo]

Money and cocaine smuggling: James R. Tourtellotte and Todd Reeves/U.S. Customs Service; bioterrorism: AP Photo/Kenneth Lambert; burning bus: AP Photo/HO/Israeli Defense Forces; child: AP Photo/Themba Hadebe; snake: Photo by T. H. Fritts, USGS; water hyacinth: Staff CDFA, California Dept. of Food & Agriculture, Integrated Pest Control Branch

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 23]

Ukudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho kuvule umsantsa phakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu

[Inkcazelo]

UN PHOTO 148048/J. P. Laffont–SYGMA

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 26]

I-Internet isetyenziswa nangabanqolobi