Yintoni Ebangela Ukuba Ziphinde Zibekho Ezi Zifo?
KWIMINYAKA emalunga nama-40 edluleyo, kwakucingwa ukuba ziphelile izifo ezisasazwa ziintsholongwane njengemalariya, i-yellow fever ne-dengue. Kodwa kwenzeka into eyayingalindelekanga—izifo ezisasazwa zizinambuzane zaqala apho zaziyeke khona.
Kwakubangelwa yintoni oko? Esinye isizathu kukuba, ezinye izinambuzane neentsholongwane ezithile zaba namandla okumelana namayeza okuzibulala. Oku kwakubangelwa kukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwala mayeza okanye ukungasetyenziswa kwawo ngendlela efanelekileyo. Incwadi ethi Mosquito ithi: “Kumakhaya ahlelelekileyo amaninzi, abantu basebenzisa amayeza ithutyana nje elincinane, bathi xa beziva bhetele bayeke ukuwasebenzisa baze bawagcinele ixesha elizayo.” Xa umntu engekaphili ngokupheleleyo, iintsholongwane eziseleyo zivelisa iintsholongwane ezingakumbi ezinamandla okumelana namayeza okuzibulala.
Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu
Enye into ebangele ukuba ziqale apho zaziyeke khona izifo ezisasazwa zizinambuzane lutshintsho—utshintsho kwindalo nakwibutho labantu. Imozulu iye yatshintsha ehlabathini lonke. Njengoko kusoloko kushushu, ezinye izazinzulu zilindele ukuba izinambuzane ezisasaza izifo zande kwiindawo ebezisoloko zithwaxwa yingqele. Kukho ubungqina bokuba oku sele kusenzeka. UGqr. Paul R. Epstein we-Center for Health and the Global Environment kwiHarvard Medical School uthi: “Kuthiwa eAfrika, eAsia nakumazwe akwiLatin America ziyanda izinambuzane ezisasaza izifo kwaye ziyanda nezifo ezisasazwa zizo (kuquka imalariya ne-dengue fever).” ECosta Rica, i-dengue fever ibikade ithwaxa abantu abahlala kuNxweme lwePasifiki kuphela, kodwa ngoku ihlasela nabo bahlala kwimimandla engaphaya kweentaba yaye ngoku sele isasazeke kulo lonke elo.
Ubushushu bunokuba nemiphumo eyahlukahlukeneyo. Kwezinye iindawo bubangela ukuba imilambo itshe kusale nje imigxobhozo, ngoxa kwezinye bubangela izandyondyo zemvula ezishiya kukho amadama amanzi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ithini na imeko, iingcongconi zanda ngokukhawuleza kwindawo enamanzi amileyo. Ubushushu bubangela ukuba zikhule ngokukhawuleza iingcongconi zize ziphile ixesha elide. Kwakhona, iingcongconi ziba namandla xa kushushu. Xa kushushu, iingcongconi zivelisa iintsholongwane ezibangela izifo ezininzi, yaye oku kunokwenza ukuba wasulelwe sisifo nokuba ikulume nje kanye. Kodwa zikho nezinye izinto ezixhalabisayo.
Uphando Ngendlela Ezisasazeka Ngayo Izifo
Utshintsho kwibutho labantu lunokuba negalelo ekwandiseni izifo ezisasazwa zizinambuzane. Ukuze siqonde indlela okwenzeka ngayo oku, masiqwalasele indima yezinambuzane ekusasazeni izifo. Kwezinye iimeko, izinambuzane zinokuba negalelo nje elincinane ekusasazeni izifo. Isilwanyana okanye intaka inokuba nezinambuzane emzimbeni wayo okanye ibe neentsholongwane ezibangela izifo egazini layo. Ukuba eso silwanyana okanye loo ntaka iyakwazi ukuphila nezo ntsholongwane, inokuba negalelo elikhulu ekusasazeni izifo.
Cinga nje nge-Lyme disease, isifo esabonwa ngowe-1975 saza sabizwa ngeLyme, yaseConnecticut, eUnited States indawo esaqala ukubonwa kuyo esi sifo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba intsholongwane ebangela i-Lyme disease yayivela kuMntla Merika kumakhulu eminyaka ngaphambi kwelo xesha yaye kuqikelelwa ukuba yeza neempuku okanye izilwanyana ezazihamba ngeenqanawa ezivela eYurophu. Emva kokuba ikhalane elibizwa ngokuba yi-Ixodes lilume isilwanyana esinesi sifo, liba nentsholongwane ebangela esi sifo ubomi balo bonke. Ukuba elo khalane liluma isilwanyana okanye umntu, eso silwanyana okanye loo mntu unokwasulelwa yintsholongwane ebangela esi sifo.
Kumntla-mpuma weUnited States, i-Lyme disease ithwaxa abantu abakwiindawo ezithile kuphela—yaye sele kulithuba igqugqisa kwezo ndawo. Kwezo ndawo, eyona nto inegalelo elikhulu ekusasazeni i-Lyme disease yimpuku ebizwa ngokuba yi-white-footed mouse. Amakhalane, ingakumbi lawo asakhulayo, athanda ukuhlala kule mpuku. Amakhalane amadala athanda ukuhlala kumaxhama apho afumana ukutya namaqabane. Emva kokufunxa igazi, imazi yekhalane iwela emhlabeni ize izale amaqanda athi kamva abe ngamakhalane.
Ukutshintsha Kweemeko
Akungoku izilwanyana nezinambuzane zinezifo, kodwa ezi zifo bezikade zingabachaphazeli abantu. Kodwa ngenxa yokutshintsha kweemeko, isifo ebesikade sigqugqisa kwindawo ethile sinokudlulela nakwezinye iindawo—sichaphazele abantu abaninzi. Yintoni ebangele ukuba i-Lyme disease inwenwele nakwezinye iindawo?
Ngaphambili, ubukho bamarhamncwa babubangela ukuba abantu bangafane bahlaselwe ngamakhalane ahlala kumaxhama, kuba la marhamncwa ayesitya amaxhama. Emva kokuba abantu abavela eYurophu beqalise ukulima kwiindawo ezazikade zingamahlathi, ancipha kakhulu amaxhama, yaye amarhamncwa afudukela kweminye imimandla. Kodwa phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1800, abalimi abaninzi bawashiya amasimi abo baza bafudukela empuma, yaye aphinda akhula amahlathi. Amaxhama abuyela, kodwa amarhamncwa akazange abuyele kuloo ndawo. Oku kwabangela ukuba abe maninzi ngokukhawuleza amaxhama yaye oku kwawandisa amakhalane.
Kamva, amakhalane aba nentsholongwane ebangela i-Lyme disease yaye le ntsholongwane yathabatha ithuba elide ngaphambi kokuba idlulele ebantwini. Noko ke, xa kwaqalisa ukwakhiwa izindlu kwincam yehlathi, abantwana nabantu abadala bazibona sele behlala kwindawo enamakhalane. Amakhalane azenzela ebantwini yaye baba ne-Lyme disease.
Ukwanda Kwezifo Ngenxa Yokuzula Kwabantu
Oku kuchazwe ngasentla kubonisa indlela ezisasazeka ngayo izifo negalelo labantu ekuzisasazeni. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi The Future in Plain Sight, uEugene Linden osisazi ngemeko-bume uthi: “Phantse zonke izifo ezibulalayo ezikhoyo ngoku zibangelwa ngabantu.” Nantsi imizekelo embalwa ebonisa indlela okwenzeka ngayo oku: Njengoko abantu bethanda ukukhenketha yaye kulula nokukhenketha, oku kunokubangela ukuba izifo ebezikade zithwaxa abantu abakwiindawo ezithile zinwenwele nakweminye imimandla ehlabathini lonke. Ukutshatyalaliswa kweendawo ezihlala izilwanyana, ezikhulu nezincinane, kunokubangela ukuba ezinye iindidi zezilwanyana zingabikho ngokupheleleyo. ULinden uthi: “Ukungcoliswa komoya namanzi kubangela ukuba inkqubo yokuzikhusela komzimba yezilwanyana neyabantu ingasebenzi kakuhle.” Wandula acaphule amazwi kaGqr. Epstein athi: “Ngeliphandle, xa abantu betshabalalisa indalo, babangela ukuba zande iintsholongwane.”
Ukungazinzi kwezobupolitika kudala iimfazwe yaye ezo mfazwe zibangela kutshatyalaliswe indalo kuze konakaliswe nezinto eziluncedo eluntwini nto leyo eyenza ukuba abantu bangabikho mpilweni nokutya kungabiwa ngokulinganayo. Igxininisa loo ngongoma, iBiobulletin yeAmerican Museum of Natural History ithi: “Ukungondleki kweembacu, ukuxinana kwazo kwiinkampu nokungabi nandawo ifanelekileyo yokulahla ilindle kubeka abantu esichengeni sokwasulelwa zizifo ezininzi.”
Ukungazinzi kwemeko yezoqoqosho kubangela ukuba abantu bafuduke abanye bade bawele imida befudukela kwizixeko esele zinabemi abaninzi. IBiobulletin ithi: “Iintsholongwane zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwindawo enabantu abaninzi.” Xa abemi basezixekweni besanda ngokukhawuleza, “ezinye izinto ezisisiseko neziluncedo kwimpilo yabantu, njengemfundo, ukutya nokugonywa, ziye zingafunyanwa ngabantu bonke.” Ukwanda kwabemi kukwabangela ukuba amanzi, ukugutyulwa kwelindle nokuthuthwa kwenkunkuma kungahambi ngendlela efanelekileyo yaye oku kubangela ukuba indawo kunye nabantu abahlala kuyo bangacoceki yaye oko kwandisa izinambuzane ezisasaza izifo. Sekunjalo, likho ithemba ngale meko yaye inqaku elilandelayo liza kunaba ngalo mbandela.
[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 27]
“Phantse zonke izifo ezibulalayo ezikhoyo ngoku zibangelwa ngabantu”
[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 23]
I-West Nile Virus Ihlasela Abantu BaseUnited States
I-West Nile virus, esasazwa ziingcongconi yaqala ukubonwa ngowe-1937 eUganda yaye kamva yabonwa kuMbindi-mpuma, eAsia, eOceania naseYurophu. Le ntsholongwane yaqala ukuhlasela abantu abahlala kuMazwe aseNtshona ngowe-1999. Noko ke, ukususela ngoko kuthiwa eUnited States bangaphezu kwama-3 000 abantu abaye bahlaselwa yile ntsholongwane yaye iye yabulala abangaphezu kwama-200.
Abantu abaninzi badla ngokungazazi ukuba banale ntsholongwane, nangona abanye besiba nomkhuhlane. Kodwa bambalwa abadla ngokugula kakhulu, abanye baba ne-encephalitis okanye i-spinal meningitis. Alikabikho iyeza lokuthintela okanye lokunyanga i-West Nile virus. I-U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ilumkisa ngelithi umntu unokwasulelwa yi-West Nile virus xa esenziwa uqhaqho-fakelo okanye xa etofelwa igazi lomntu onale ntsholongwane. Ngowama-2002 ijelo leendaba iReuters lathi: “Okwangoku ayikho indlela yokuhlola enoba igazi linayo kusini na i-West Nile virus.”
[Inkcazelo]
CDC/James D. Gathany
[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 24, 25]
Unokuzikhusela Njani? Izinto Ofanele Uzenze Nezo Ufanele Uziphephe
UVukani! uye wadlan’ indlebe nabantu abahlala kwiindawo ezithwaxwa zizifo ezisasazwa zizinambuzane ehlabathini lonke efuna amacebiso ngendlela yokuhlala usempilweni. Mhlawumbi la macebiso anokuba luncedo nakwindawo ohlala kuyo.
Ucoceko—Undoqo Ekuzikhuseleni
◼ Gcina ikhaya lakho licocekile
“Zigqume izinto ezinokutya. Ukutya okuphekiweyo kufanele kuhlale kugqunyiwe. Zasule ngokukhawuleza izinto ezichithakeleyo. Ungalali ungazihlambanga izitya okanye ungaphosi ukutya phandle ngethemba lokuba uza kukuqokelela uye kukulahla kusuku olulandelayo. Kugqume okanye ukombele kuba izinambuzane neempuku zikhangela ukutya ebusuku. Enye into eyenza kube lula ukucoca indlu nokugxotha izinambuzane kukuba nomgangatho wekhonkile.”—EAfrika.
“Imithi yeziqhamo okanye nantoni na enokwenza kubekho izinambuzane ifanele ibe kude endlwini. Izilwanyana—njengeebhokhwe, iihagu neenkuku—zifanele zingasondeli endlwini. Indlu yangasese ifanele ihlale ivaliwe. Ilindle lezilwanyana lifanele ligqunywe ngokukhawuleza okanye ligalelwe ikalika ukuze lingahlalwa ziimpukane. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba abamelwane bakho abazenzi ezi zinto, xa wena uzenza uya kuzinciphisa izinambuzane kwikhaya lakho yaye uya kuba ngumzekelo omhle kubo.”—EMzantsi Merika.
[Umfanekiso]
Ukushiya ukutya okanye inkunkuma ingagqunywanga kufana nje nokuzibizela izinambuzane ukuba zize kutya nawe
◼ Ucoceko emzimbeni
“Isepha ayibizi mali ingako, ngoko hlamba izandla nempahla yakho rhoqo, ingakumbi ukuba uye waxhawula abantu okanye wabamba izilwanyana. Ungaziphathi izilwanyana ezifileyo. Kuphephe ukubamba umlomo, impumlo namehlo. Impahla ifanele ihlanjwe rhoqo nokuba ibonakala icocekile. Noko ke, ezinye iziqholo zinomtsalane kwizinambuzane, ngoko kuphephe ukusebenzisa isepha okanye izinto zokucoca ezineziqholo.”—EAfrika.
Iindlela Zokuthintela Ukwasulelwa Zizifo
◼ Zama ukuba iingcongconi zingabi nayo indawo yokuzalela
Wagqume amatanki neebhafu zamanzi. Zama ukuba izinto ezinamanzi zihlale zivaliwe. Qinisekisa ukuba amanzi akahlali kwizityalo ezisendlwini. Iingcongconi zizalela kuyo nayiphi indawo enamanzi engakhange igqunywe ngaphezu kweentsuku ezine.—KuMzantsi-mpuma weAsia.
◼ Kuphephe ukuba kwindawo enezinambuzane
Kuphephe ukuba kwindawo enezinambuzane ezilumayo. Ilanga likhawuleza litshone kummandla weetropiki, ngoko izinto ezininzi zenziwa emva kokutshona kwelanga yaye ziba ninzi izinambuzane ngelo xesha. Ukuhlala nokulala phandle kwindawo enezifo ezisasazwa zizinambuzane, kunokukubeka esichengeni sokwasulelwa zezo zifo.—EAfrika.
[Umfanekiso]
Ukulala phandle kwindawo ethandwa ziingcongconi kukuzenza ilifa lazo
Nxiba impahla egquma umzimba ingakumbi xa ukwindawo enemithi. Faka izinto zokugxotha izinambuzane empahleni yakho, kodwa ngalo lonke ixesha ufaka ezo zinto, landela ulwalathiso olufanelekileyo. Ukuba ukhe wahlala phandle, khangela ukuba akukho khalane lithe nca kuwe okanye kubantwana bakho. Qinisekisa ukuba izilwanyana zakho zisempilweni yaye azinazinambuzane.—KuMntla Merika.
Kuphephe ukuba phakathi kwezilwanyana, njengoko izinambuzane zinokudlulisela izifo zezilwanyana ebantwini.—KuMbindi Asia.
Onke amalungu entsapho afanele abe nenethi yokuwakhusela kwiingcongconi—kunconyelwa ukuba le nethi ifakwe iyeza lokubulala izinambuzane. Iifestile zifanele zibe nenethi ethintela iingcongconi yaye ezo nethi zifanele zihlale zikwimo efanelekileyo. Vala yonke imingxuma ezinokungena ngayo izinambuzane. Ukuzikhusela ngaloo ndlela kunokubiza imali eninzi, kodwa ukusa umntwana esibhedlele okanye ukugula komntu oza nemali ekhaya kangangokuba angakwazi nokuya emsebenzini kunokuxabisa imali engakumbi.—EAfrika.
[Umfanekiso]
Iinethi ezinamayeza okubulala izinambuzane zibiza imali encinane kunamayeza kagqirha netyala lasesibhedlele
Zama ukuba kungabikho ndawo zinokuzimela kuyo izinambuzane kwikhaya lakho. Vala imingxuma neentanda eludongeni nasesilingini. Faka inethi eneyeza lokubulala izinambuzane ngaphantsi kophahla lwengca. Yilahle inkunkuma—amaphepha okanye impahla nemifanekiso ehleli nje—ezinokuzimela kuyo izinambuzane.—KuMzantsi Merika.
Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuba yinto eqhelekileyo ukubakho kwezinambuzane neempuku endlwini. Akunjalo! Zifanele zingabikho kwikhaya lakho. Sebenzisa izinto zokugxotha nezokubulala izinambuzane—kodwa zisebenzise ngendlela efanelekileyo. Sebenzisa izinto zokubambisa iimpukane. Cinga ngendlela onokuzigxotha ngayo izinambuzane: elinye ibhinqa lagalela isanti elaphini, lalisonga laza lalibeka emnyango ukuze zingangeni izinambuzane.—EAfrika.
[Umfanekiso]
Izinambuzane azimele zihlale nabantu. Zifanele zigxothwe!
◼ Zikhusele ekuguleni
Zigcine usempilweni ngokutya ukutya okunezondlo, ngokuphumla ngokwaneleyo nangokwenza umthambo. Zama ukuba kungabikho nto ikukhathazayo.—EAfrika.
Amacebiso kubantu abaza kuthabath’ uhambo: Bafanele babe nolwazi ngeendlela abanokwasulelwa ngazo zizifo ezisasazwa zizinambuzane. Le nkcazelo inokufumaneka kumaziko ezempilo nakumajelo karhulumente e-Internet. Ngaphambi kokuba bathabathe uhambo, bafanele bagonywe ngamayeza afanelekileyo ukuze bangahlaselwa zizifo ezikwindawo abaya kuyo.
Ukuba Akuziva Mnandi
◼ Fumana unyango ngokukhawuleza
Ezinye izifo zinokunyangwa lula ukuba zibonwe kwangethuba.
◼ Lumka kungathiwa unesifo ongenaso
Yiya kugqirha oqheleneyo nezifo ezisasazwa zizinambuzane, yaye ukuba ukhe waba kwimimandla yeetropiki, yiya kugqirha oqheleneyo nezifo ezifumaneka kuloo mimandla. Mxelele ngezinto ogula zizo nangeendawo okhe waya kuzo. Sebenzisa amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kuphela xa kuyimfuneko, yaye wasebenzise de aphele amayeza owanikwe ngugqirha.
[Umfanekiso]
Izifo ezisasazwa zizinambuzane zinokuba ngathi zezinye izifo. Mchazele yonke into ugqirha
[Inkcazelo]
Globe: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.
[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 26]
Ngaba Izinambuzane Zinako Ukusasaza I-HIV?
Emva kokuphanda iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, iingcali kwizifundo ngezinambuzane neenzululwazi azikhange zifumane bungqina bubonisa ukuba iingcongconi okanye ezinye izinambuzane zinako ukusasaza iHIV—intsholongwane ebangela uGawulayo.
Ngokomzekelo, umlomo wengcongconi awufani nesyringe enomngxuma omnye wokufunxa igazi lize liphinde liphume kwangawo. Kunoko, xa ingcongconi ifunxa igazi isebenzisa umngxuma owahlukileyo kulowo iwusebenzisayo xa ikhupha amathe. UThomas Damasso onolwazi nge-HIV nosebenza kwiDistrict Health Management Team yaseMongu, eZambia uthi xa ingcongconi icola igazi iyayibulala le intsholongwane. I-HIV ayifumaneki kwilindle lesi sinambuzane. Yaye ngokungafaniyo neentsholongwane ezibangela imalariya, iHIV ayifumaneki kumathe engcongconi.
Umntu unokwasulelwa yi-HIV xa ehlaselwe ziintsholongwane ezininzi. Ukuba ingcongconi ithe ifunxa igazi yaza yaphazanyiswa, ayinako ukwasulela umntu ngesifo ngenxa yokuba igazi elisemlonyeni wayo lisenokuba lincinane kakhulu. Iingcali zithi ukucumza ingcongconi ezele ligazi lomntu one-HIV phezu kwenxeba akunakwenza ukuba loo mntu asulelwe yi-HIV.
[Inkcazelo]
CDC/James D. Gathany
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 23]
Ikhalane elifumaneka kumaxhama (elenziwe lalikhulu ngasekunene) linkqenkqeza phambili ekusasazeni i-“Lyme disease” ebantwini
Ukusuka ngasekhohlo ukuya ngasekunene: Ubukhulu bemazi yekhalane, inkunzi yekhalane nekhalane elincinane
[Inkcazelo]
All ticks: CDC
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 26, 27]
Izikhukula, ukungcola nokufuduka kwabantu kunegalelo ekusasazeni izifo ezisasazwa zizinambuzane
[Inkcazelo]
FOTO UNACIONES (from U.S. Army)