UMoses—Ngaba Wayengumntu Wokwenene Okanye Wasentsomini?
UMOSES wazalwa ngexesha lokubulawa kwabantwana abangamakhwenkwe. Ngenxa yendlala, abantu bakowabo babengoonothwal’ impahlana yaye baya kuhlala eYiputa noyise uYakobi okanye uSirayeli. Kangangamashumi eminyaka babehlelisene ngoxolo nabamelwane babo abangamaYiputa. Kwavela utshintsho oluhlasimlis’ umzimba. Enye ingxelo yamandulo enokuthenjwa ithi: “Kwavela ukumkani omtsha eYiputa . . . Yaye wathi kubantu bakhe: ‘Khangelani! Aba bantu aba, oonyana bakaSirayeli, baninzi kwaye banamandla kunathi. Yizani ke! Masiqhubane ngobuqili nabo, kuba hleze bande.’” Liliphi icebo ababeza kulisebenzisa? Babeza kuwalawula amaSirayeli ngokuthi ‘bawakhobokise ngobuzwilakhe’ nangokuyalela abazalisikazi abangamaHebhere ukuba babulale bonke abantwana abangamakhwenkwe abazalwayo. (Eksodus 1:8-10, 13, 14) Sekunjalo, ngenxa yenkalipho yabazalisikazi bawo abangazange bavume ukuthobela lo myalelo, amaSirayeli aqhubeka esiba maninzi. Ngenxa yoko ukumkani waseYiputa wakhupha lo myalelo: “Bonke oonyana abasandul’ ukuzalwa baphoseni kuMlambo umNayile.”—Eksodus 1:22.
Esinye isibini esingamaSirayeli, uAmram noYokebhede, ‘asizange siwoyike umyalelo kakumkani.’ (Hebhere 11:23) UYokebhede wazala unyana, kamva owachazwa ngokuthi “wayemhle ngokobuthixo.”a (IZenzo 7:20) Mhlawumbi ngandlel’ ithile babeqonda ukuba lo mntwana wayethandwa nguThixo. Kakade ke, abazange bavume ukunikisa ngomntwana ukuze abulawe. Bebeka ubomi babo esichengeni, bagqiba kwelokuba bamfihle.
Emva kweenyanga ezintathu, abazali bakaMoses babengasenako ukumfihla. Bakuba bephelelwe ngamacebo, baxoza mphini wumbi. UYokebhede wafaka usana olo kwisitya semikhanzi waza waluyeka lwadada kuMlambo umNayile. Engakuqondi yena oko, lo mntwana wayeza kuba ngumntu odumileyo embalini!—Eksodus 2:3, 4.
Ngaba Ezi Ziganeko Zinokuthenjwa?
Abaphengululi abaninzi namhlanje bathi ezi ziziganeko nje zasentsomini. I-Christianity Today ithi: “Inyaniso kukuba, kwizinto ezisele zifunyenwe ngabembi bezinto zakudala akukho nesuntswana lobungqina obuthe ngqo ngokuphathelele [iminyaka] yokuhlala kwamaSirayeli eYiputa.” Ngoxa kungekho bungqina buthe ngqo, kukho ubungqina obuninzi obungangqalanga bokuba ingxelo yeBhayibhile inokuthenjwa. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi Israel in Egypt, uJames K. Hoffmeier osisazi ngemicimbi yaseYiputa uthi: “Inkcazelo yabembi bezinto zakudala ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba eYiputa kwakusoloko kusiya abantu abavela kummandla weLevant [amazwe agudle impuma yeMeditera], ingakumbi ngenxa yeengxaki zemozulu ezabangela ukuba kubekho imbalela . . . Ngenxa yoko, malunga nowe-1800 ukusa kowe-1540 B.C., abantu abathetha isiSemite ababevela kwimpuma Asiya babekuthanda ukufudukela eYiputa.”
Ngapha koko, kudala isaziwa into yokuba inkcazelo yeBhayibhile ephathelele ubukhoboka baseYiputa ichanile. Incwadi ethi Moses—A Life ithi: “Ingxelo yeBhayibhile ngokucinezelwa kwamaSirayeli ibonakala ixhaswa yimizobo eyenziwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, yeYiputa yamandulo apho kuboniswa ngokweenkcukacha amakhoboka esenza izitena zodaka.”
Ingxelo yeBhayibhile ngokuphathelele umkhombe omncinane owasetyenziswa nguYokebhede ivakala iyinyaniso. IBhayibhile ithi wawenziwe ngemikhanzi, leyo, ngokutsho kwe-Cook’s Commentary, “yayidla ngokusetyenziswa ngamaYiputa ekwenzeni izikhephe ezincinane nezikhawulezayo.”
Noko ke, ngaba iyakholeleka into yokuba inkokeli yelizwe ingamisela umthetho wokuba kubulawe iintsana ngenkohlakalo? Umphengululi uGeorge Rawlinson usikhumbuza oku: “Into yokubulawa kweentsana . . . iye yaxhaphaka kakhulu, amaxesha ngamaxesha nakwiindawo ngeendawo, yaye iye yagqalwa njengento engenamsebenzi.” Eneneni, nanamhlanje ikho imizekelo enjalo yokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi ngenkohlakalo. Le ngxelo yeBhayibhile isenokuphazamisa, kodwa inokuthenjwa.
Ukhuliswa Kwindlu KaFaro
UYokebhede akazange alulahle nje usana lwakhe. “Wawubeka [umkhombe] phakathi kweengcongolo eludongeni loMlambo umNayile.” Kusenokwenzeka ukuba wayenethemba lokuba lo mkhombe wawuya kufunyanwa kule ndawo. Kulapho intombi kaFaro yayihlamba khona umzimba, mhlawumbi yayisiza rhoqo.b—Eksodus 2:2-4.
Lo mkhombe mncinane wabonwa ngokukhawuleza. “Yathi [intombi kaFaro] yakuwuvula yabona nanko umntwana oyinkwenkwe, elila. Yasikwa yimfesane nguye, nangona yathi: ‘Ngomnye wabantwana bamaHebhere lo.’” Ngoko inkosazana engumYiputa yagqiba kwelokuba imthabathe imkhulise. Igama ekusenokwenzeka ukuba wayethiywe lona ngabazali bakhe ekuqaleni lalityalwa kudala. Namhlanje, ehlabathini lonke waziwa ngokuba nguMoses—igama awathiywa lona ngunina owamkhulisayo.c—Eksodus 2:5-10.
Noko ke, ngaba kukubaxa izinto ukukholelwa ukuba inkosazana yaseYiputa yaluchola olo sana? Akunjalo, kuba unqulo lwamaYiputa lwalufundisa ukuba ukuze umntu akwazi ukungena ezulwini wayefanele enzele abanye ububele. Ngokuphathelele ukuthabatha umntwana womnye umntu ukuze umkhulise, umembi wezinto zakudala uJoyce Tyldesley uthi: “Amabhinqa aseYiputa ayelingana namadoda aseYiputa. Ayenamalungelo afanayo emthethweni nakwezoqoqosho, yaye . . . amabhinqa ayevumelekile ukukhulisa abantwana babanye abantu.” I-Adoption Papyrus yamandulo inengxelo yelinye ibhinqa laseYiputa elathabatha amakhoboka alo lawenza abantwana balo. Ngokuphathelele ukuqeshwa kukanina kaMoses ukuba amanyise, i-The Anchor Bible Dictionary ithi: “Ukuhlawulwa kukanina kaMoses ukuba amanyise . . . kuyafana noko kwakuchazwe kwisivumelwano esasisenziwa ngabantu abakhulisa abantwana babanye abantu eMesopotami.”
Ekubeni uMoses wayekhuliswa kwelinye ikhaya, ngaba wayengayi kuyazi into yokuba wayengumHebhere ngokwemvelo? Ezinye iifilim zaseHollywood zenza kubonakale njalo. IZibhalo zibonisa okwahlukileyo koko. Udadewabo uMiriyam, wasebenzisa ubulumko waza wenza amalungiselelo okuba uMoses anyiswe ngunina, uYokebhede. Ngokuqinisekileyo, lo mfazi woyik’ uThixo wayengenakumfihlela unyana wakhe inyaniso! Yaye ekubeni abantwana babesanyiswa iminyaka eliqela, uYokebhede wayenethuba elaneleyo lokufundisa uMoses ‘ngoThixo ka-Abraham, kaIsake noYakobi.’ (Eksodus 3:6) Isiseko sokomoya esinjalo samnceda kakhulu uMoses kuba emva kokuba enikezelwe kwintombi kaFaro, “uMoses wafundiswa bonke ubulumko bamaYiputa.” Abukho ubungqina ngokuphathelele ibango elenziwa ngumbhali-mbali uJosephus lokuba uMoses waba yinjengele yomkhosi xa kwakusiliwa neTiyopiya. Noko ke, iBhayibhile ithi uMoses “wayenamandla ngamazwi nezenzo zakhe.”d—IZenzo 7:22.
Xa wayeneminyaka engama-40 ubudala, kusenokwenzeka ukuba uMoses wayekulungele ukuba yinkokeli edumileyo yaseYiputa. Ukuba wayeye waqhubeka ehlala kwaFaro wayenokufumana igunya nobutyebi. Kwenzeka into eyaguqula ubomi bakhe.
Ukusabela KwaMidiyan
Ngenye imini uMoses “wabona mYiputa uthile ebetha umHebhere othile wakubantakwabo.” Kangangeminyaka, uMoses wayexhamla ilungelo lokuba ngumHebhere kwangaxeshanye exhamla nelungelo lokuhlala eYiputa. Kodwa ukubona omnye umSirayeli ebethwa—mhlawumbi ebethelw’ ukufa—kwashukumisela uMoses ekubeni enze ukhetho oluphawulekayo. (Eksodus 2:11) “Wala ukubizwa ngokuba ungunyana wentombi kaFaro, enyula ukuphathwa kabuhlungu kunye nabantu bakaThixo.”—Hebhere 11:24, 25.
UMoses wathabatha inyathelo elikhawulezileyo nelalingenakujikwa: “Wamxabela umYiputa lowo waza wamfihla entlabathini.” (Eksodus 2:12) Esi yayingesosenzo nje somntu “owayeqhutywa ngumsindo,” njengokutsho komnye umhlalutyi. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba yayiyimbonakaliso yokholo—nangona yenziwa ngendlela engachananga—kwisithembiso sikaThixo sokuba uSirayeli wayeza kukhululwa eYiputa. (Genesis 15:13, 14) Mhlawumbi uMoses ngenxa yokuswela amava wayecinga ukuba isenzo sakhe sasiza kushukumisela abantu bakowabo ukuba bavukele. (IZenzo 7:25) Noko ke, waphoxeka kuba abantu bakowabo, amaSirayeli, abazange bafune ukumgqala njengenkokeli. Wathi uFaro akuva ukuba uMoses ubulele umntu, kwanyanzeleka ukuba asabe. Waya kuhlala kwaMidiyan, watshata ibhinqa elibizwa ngokuba nguTsipora, intombi kaYitro inkosana eyayingunothwal’ impahlana.
Kangangeminyaka engama-40 emide, uMoses wayengumalusi nje oqhelekileyo yaye amathemba okukhulula abantu bakowabo athi shwaka. Noko ke, ngenye imini waqhuba imihlambi kaYitro wayisa kwindawo ekufuphi neNtaba iHorebhe. Ngoxa wayelapho kwabonakala ingelosi kaYehova kuMoses ikwityholo elitshayo. Khawube nalo mbono: UThixo umnika lo myalelo: ‘Bakhuphe eYiputa abantu bam, oonyana bakaSirayeli.’ Kodwa uMoses xa ephendula umathidala, uyathandabuza yaye akaqinisekanga ngesiqu sakhe. Ubongoza esithi: “Ndingubani na mna ukuba ndingade ndiye kuFaro, ukuba ndibakhuphe oonyana bakaSirayeli eYiputa?” Ude achaze nesiphene anaso eso abanye abenzi beemovie bangasichaniyo: Akakwazi ukuthetha ngokutyibilikayo. Hayi indlela ahluke ngayo uMoses kumaqhawe eentsomi zamandulo! Emva kokuba ngumalusi iminyaka engama-40, le ndoda iye yafunda ukuthobeka nokuthozama. Nangona uMoses engaqinisekanga ngesiqu sakhe, uThixo uqinisekile ukuba ukufanelekele ukuba yinkokeli!—Eksodus 3:1–4:20.
Ukukhululwa EYiputa
UMoses uyemka kwaMidiyan aye kuFaro, aze amxelele ukuba makakhulule abantu bakaThixo. Akuba lo mlawuli uneenkani engavumi ukubakhulula, kukhutshwa izibetho ezilishumi. Isibetho seshumi sibangela ukuba kufe amazibulo aseYiputa, uFaro owoyisiweyo uyanikezela yaye ekugqibeleni uyawakhulula amaSirayeli.—IEksodus, isahluko 5-13.
Inkoliso yabafundi izazi kakuhle ezi ziganeko. Ngaba kwezi ziganeko sikho esenzeka ngokwenene? Bambi bathi ekubeni uFaro engabizwa ngegama, le ngxelo imele ukuba yintsomi.e Noko ke, uHoffmeier, okhankanywe ngaphambilana, uthi ababhali baseYiputa babedla ngokuwashiya ngabom amagama eentshaba zooFaro. Uthi: “Ngokuqinisekileyo, ababhali-mbali abanakuthi uThutmose III akazange oyise eMegido ngenxa yokuba ookumkani baseKadeshe naseMegido bengachazwanga ngamagama.” UHoffmeier uthi uFaro akazange abizwe ngegama “ngezizathu ezivakalayo kwezakwalizwi.” Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngokungalichazi igama likaFaro, le ngxelo itsalela ingqalelo kuThixo kungekhona kuFaro.
Sekunjalo, abahlalutyi abafuni nokuva ukuba kwakha kwakho imfuduko enkulu yamaYuda awayesuka eYiputa. Umphengululi uHomer W. Smith uthi imfuduko enjalo “ngokuqinisekileyo yayinokwaziwa nanguthathatha eYiputa naseSiriya . . . Kusenokwenzeka ukuba le ntsomi yemfuduko kukugqwethwa kwezinto nentelekelelo yoko kwenzeka kwiqaqobana elabaleka eYiputa laya ePalestina.”
Liyinyaniso elokuba ayikafunyanwa ingxelo yaseYiputa ephathelele esi siganeko. Kodwa amaYiputa awakho msulwa ekuguquleni iingxelo zembali xa kubonakala ukuba loo nyani ibhaliweyo ibangela iintloni okanye ayivisisani nezopolitiko. Xa uThutmose III wangena esihlalweni solawulo wazama ukumsingela phantsi umlawuli owayengaphambi kwakhe, uHatshepsut. Ingcali ngemicimbi yaseYiputa uJohn Ray uthi: “Imibhalo yakhe yacinywa, amatye akhe ezikhumbuzo arhangqwa ngeendonga, nezakhiwo zexesha lakhe zalityalwa. Igama lakhe aliveli kwiincwadi zeengxelo zamva nje.” Nanamhlanje, asenziwa amalinge afana nalawo okuguqula okanye okufihla iziganeko ezibangel’ iintloni.
Ngokuphathelele ukungabikho kobungqina obuvela kubembi bezinto zakudala ngohambo lwasentlango, simele sikhumbule ukuba amaYuda ayengoonothwal’ impahlana. Akazange akhe zixeko; engazange alime zityalo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba, ashiya nje umkhondo weenyawo zawo kuphela. Sekunjalo, ubungqina obeyisayo bolo hambo buyafumaneka eBhayibhileni. Kuyo yonke loo ncwadi ingcwele kuyathethwa ngolo hambo. (1 Samuweli 4:8; INdumiso 78; INdumiso 95; INdumiso 106; 1 Korinte 10:1-5) Okuphawulekayo kukuba, noYesu Kristu wanikela ubungqina ngokuphathelele iziganeko ezenzeka entlango.—Yohane 3:14.
Ngoko ke, ngokungathandabuzekiyo ingxelo yeBhayibhile ephathelele uMoses inokuthenjwa yaye iyinyaniso. Sekunjalo, wayephila kwixa eladlulayo. UMoses unokubuchaphazela njani ubomi bakho namhlanje?
[Imibhalo esemazantsi]
a Ngokoqobo, lithetha ukuthi “mhle kuThixo.” I-The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, ithi eli binzana lalinokubhekisela kungekuphela nje kwiimpawu zalo mntwana zangaphandle ezazibalasele kodwa lalinokubhekisela “nakwiimpawu zentliziyo.”
b Ukuhlamba umzimba kumNayile “kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo kwiYiputa yamandulo,” itsho njalo i-Cook’s Commentary. “UmNayile wawunqulwa njengendawo ekwavela kuyo . . . uOsiris, yaye kwakusithiwa kumanzi awo kuphuma amandla angaqhelekanga adlulisela ubomi nokuchuma.”
c Impikiswano iseshushu phakathi kwabaphengululi ngokuphathelele imvelaphi yeli gama. NgesiHebhere, igama elithi Moses lithetha “Ukukhutshwa; Ukuhlangulwa Emanzini.” Umbhali-mbali uFlavius Josephus uthi igama elithi Moses lithatyathwe kumagama amabini esiYiputa elithetha “amanzi” nelithetha “ukuhlangulwa.” Namhlanje, nabanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba igama elithi Moses lelesiYiputa yaye kucingwa ukuba lithetha “uNyana.” Noko ke, le mpikiswano isekelwe ekuthini igama elithi “Moses” livakala njengamanye amagama esiYiputa. Ekubeni kungekho mntu uyazi kakuhle indlela elalibizwa ngayo ngesiHebhere okanye ngesiYiputa santlandlolo, zonke ezo ngcamango yintelekelelo nje.
d Incwadi ethi Israel in Egypt ithi: “Ingcamango yokukhulela kukaMoses kwibhotwe laseYiputa ivakala njengentsomi. Kodwa ukuhlolisisa ibhotwe lasebukhosini ngexesha loBukumkani Obutsha kubonisa okwahlukileyo. UThutmose III . . . waqalisa uqheliselo lokuza neenkosana zookumkani aboyisiweyo basentshona Asiya eYiputa ukuze baqeqeshwe ngeendlela zaseYiputa . . . Ngaloo ndlela, kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo ukubona iinkosana namakhosazana asemzini kwibhotwe laseYiputa.”
e Abanye ababhali-mbali bathi uFaro wexesha leMfuduko yayinguThutmose III. Abanye bathi nguAmenhotep II, uRamses II njalo njalo. Ngenxa yokudida kwamaxesha eziganeko ezenzeka eYiputa, akukho lula ukuqonda ngokuthe ngqo ukuba yayinguwuphi na lo Faro.
[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 21]
Ukuhlangulwa KukaMoses—Ngaba Yintsomi Yabahedeni?
Abahlalutyi bathi ukuhlangulwa kukaMoses kuMlambo umNayile kuvakala kufana nentsomi yamandulo kaKumkani uSargon waseAkkad—ibali abanye abathi labakho ngaphambi kwebali likaMoses. Likwathetha nangosana olwalusebhaskithini lwaza lwahlangulwa emlanjeni.
Noko ke, zininzi iziganeko ezifanayo ezenzeka kwixa elidluleyo. Yaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukufaka usana emlanjeni kwakungeyonto ingaqhelekanga njengoko kubonakala njalo. I-Biblical Archaeology Review ithi: “Simele siqonde ukuba abantu baseBhabhiloni nabaseYiputa bahlala kufuphi nemilambo yaye ukufaka usana kwibhaskithi engangeni manzi kunokubonakala kuyindlela esengqiqweni yokulahla usana kunokululahla enkunkumeni, ndlela leyo yayiyeyona iqhelekileyo. . . . Amabali okucholwa kweentsana ezilahliweyo axhaphakile kwiintsomi, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo oko kubangelwa kukuba iziganeko ezinjalo zixhaphakile kubomi bokwenene.”
Kwincwadi yakhe ethi Exploring Exodus, uNahum M. Sarna uthi ngoxa kukho ukufana okuthile, ibali lokuzalwa kukaMoses lahluke “ngezinto ezininzi” “kwiNtsomi kaSargon.” Ngaloo ndlela, ukuthi ingxelo yeBhayibhile yathatyathwa kwintsomi yobuhedeni akuyonyaniso kwaphela.
[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 24, 25]
Ngubani Owabhala “Iincwadi ZikaMoses”?
Imbali ibonisa ukuba nguMoses owabhala iincwadi ezintlanu zokuqala zeBhayibhile, ezibizwa ngokuba yiPentatiki. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba uMoses wafumana enye inkcazelo kwimithombo yembali yamandulo. Noko ke, abahlalutyi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba, iPentatiki ayizange ibhalwe nguMoses. USpinoza, owayengumbhali-mbali wenkulungwane ye-17 wathi: “Ngaloo ndlela, kucace okwekati emhloph’ ehlungwini ukuba iPentatiki ayizange ibhalwe nguMoses.” Ngasekupheleni kwesiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19, uJulius Wellhausen wasasaza “ingcamango”—yokuba iincwadi zikaMoses zabhalwa ngababhali abahlukahlukeneyo okanye amaqela ahlukahlukeneyo ababhali.
Lo kaWellhausen uthi omnye umbhali usebenzisa igama likaThixo elithi Yehova ngokungaguqukiyo. Omnye umbhali ubiza uThixo ngokuthi “Elohim.” Omnye kucingwa ukuba wabhala ngemithetho ephathelele inkonzo yababingeleli ekwiLevitikus, yaye omnye wabhala iDuteronomi. Nangona abanye abaphengululi beye bayamkela le ngcamango kangangamashumi eminyaka, incwadi ethi The Pentateuch, ebhalwe nguJoseph Blenkinsopp, ibiza le ngcamango kaWellhausen ngokuthi yingcamango “eyinkohla.”
Incwadi ethi Introduction to the Bible, ebhalwe nguJohn Laux, ithi: “IDocumentary Theory yingcamango nje yentelekelelo okanye yobuxoki. . . . Ukuba iDocumentary Theory ibiyinyaniso, amaSirayeli ebeya kuba ngamaxhoba enkohliso ngokuvuma ukuthwaliswa uxanduva lokuphila ngokuvisisana noMthetho. Ibiya kuba bobona buqhophololo bakha benziwa kwimbali yehlabathi.”
Ukutshintshatshintsha kwesimbo sokubhala kuzisa enye imbambano yokuba iPentatiki yabhalwa ngababhali abahlukahlukeneyo. Noko ke, kwincwadi yakhe ethi Ancient Orient and Old Testament uK. A. Kitchen uthi: “Into yokutshintshatshintsha kwesimbo sokubhala ayithethi nto, ibonisa nje umahluko kuloo nto kuthethwa ngayo.” Ukutshintshatshintsha kwesimbo kukho nakweminye “imibhalo yamandulo mibhalo leyo ezicaceleyo ukuba ayizange ibhalwe ngababhali abahlukahlukeneyo.”
Ibango lokuba ukusetyenziswa kwamagama ahlukahlukeneyo xa kubhekiselwa kuThixo bubungqina bokuba ezi ncwadi zabhalwa ngababhali abahlukahlukeneyo, alinasihlahla. Kwinxalenye nje encinane yencwadi yeGenesis, uThixo ubizwa ngokuba ‘ngOyena Thixo Uphakamileyo,’ “UMvelisi wezulu nomhlaba,” ‘iNkosi enguMongami uYehova,’ ‘uThixo obonayo,’ ‘uThixo uSomandla,’ “uThixo,” ‘uThixo oyinyaniso,’ “UMgwebi womhlaba wonke.” (Genesis 14:18, 19; 15:2; 16:13; 17:1, 3, 18; 18:25) Ngaba nganye yezi ndinyana zeBhayibhile yabhalwa ngumbhali owahlukileyo? Kuthekani ke ngeGenesis 28:13, apho kusetyenziswe “uElohim” (Thixo) nelithi “Yehova” ngaxeshanye? Ngaba kwadibana ababhali ababini baza babhala loo ndinyana inye?
Ukungabi nasihlahla kweli bango kubonakala kakhulu xa lisetyenziswa kwenye incwadi yale mihla. Kwenye incwadi yakutshanje ethetha ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kumaphepha nje ambalwa, umongameli waseJamani ubizwa ngokuba “yiFührer,” “uAdolf Hitler,” nangokuthi “Hitler.” Ngaba ukho umntu onokuthi oku kuthetha ukuba le ncwadi yabhalwa ngabantu abathathu abahlukeneyo?
Sekunjalo, le ngcamango kaWellhausen iye yangunozala wezinye iingcamango. Enye yezo ngcamango yavezwa ngababhali-mbali ababini ngokuphathelele umbhali osebenzisa igama likaThixo elithi Yehova ngokuqhubekayo. Abaneli nje kukukhanyela ukuba lo mbhali nguMoses kodwa bakwathi “lo mbhali yayilibhinqa.”
[Umfanekiso]
Ngokuzithoba uMoses wabhala ngempazamo awayenzayo yokusilela ukuzukisa uThixo
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 23]
Umzobo waseYiputa obonisa amakhoboka esenza izitena
[Inkcazelo]
Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY