Ziziphi Iindlela Ezintsha Zokuvelisa Amandla?
UMOYA:
◼ Umntu kudala esebenzisa amandla omoya ukuze ahambe ngenqanawa, ajikelezise iphiko lelitye lokuguba nelokutsala amanzi. Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje ihlabathi lonke lithe phithi kukusebenzisa amandla omoya. Ehlabathini lonke kukho amaphiko omoya obugcisa obungayiwayo aphehla umbane owaneleyo ongangcolisiyo, ukuze kunyanyekelwe abantu abangama-35 ezigidi. Kumbane waseDenmark sele kuphehlwa ama-20 ekhulwini kusetyenziswa amandla omoya. IJamani, iSpeyin neIndiya zityhalela phambili zisebenzisa amandla omoya, yaye elaseIndiya kuthiwa lisebenzisa isinye kwisihlanu sawo onke amandla omoya asetyenziswa ehlabathini. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku iUnited States inamaphiko omoya aphehla umbane ali-13 000. Abanye abahlalutyi bathi ukuba bekulungiswe zonke iindawo ezifanelekileyo eUnited States, elo lizwe beliya kuphehla umbane walo ongama-20 ekhulwini lisebenzisa umoya.
ILANGA:
◼ Abantu baye benza isixhobo esijika ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngumbane. Ehlabathini lonke, phantse ulingane neewatts ezingama-500 ezigidi umbane oveliswa ngale ndlela yaye yanda ngama-30 ekhulwini ngonyaka imfuneko yombane oveliswa ngelanga. Noko ke, okwangoku ezi zixhobo zokuphehla umbane ngelanga zisanqongophele yaye iindleko zazo zixhomile xa zithelekiswa nezo zombane oveliswa ngamandla ezimbiwa. Ukongezelela koko, kusetyenziswa imichiza enetyhefu, njengecadmium sulfide negallium arsenide xa kuphehlwa lo mbane. Ekubeni le michiza ihlala ikho kangangeenkulungwane emoyeni, iBioscience ithi “ukutshatyalaliswa nokuphinda kwenziwe ezinye izinto ngezixhobo ezinale michiza kunokubangela ingxaki enkulu.”
UBUSHUSHU OBUVELA EMATHUNJINI OMHLABA:
◼ Ukuba umntu ebenokumba de aye kufika kwilitye elisemathunjini omhlaba, ekuqikelelwa ukuba linobushushu obungama-4 000° ngokukaCelsius, ngokomlinganiselo, ubushushu bomoya wethu bebuya kunyuka bube malunga nama-30 ngokukaCelsius kuyo yonke ikhilomitha eyombiweyo. Kaloku abantu abahlala kufuphi nemithombo yamanzi ashushu okanye iimfanta zentaba-mlilo, bayaxhamla kubushushu bomhlaba. Amanzi ashushu okanye umphunga ovela kwimithombo yamanzi ashushu avela emathunjini omhlaba asetyenziswa kumazwe angama-58 ukuze kufudunyezwe amakhaya abo okanye kuphehlwe umbane wabo. Malunga nesiqingatha sombane osetyenziswa eIceland ufumaneka kumandla obushushu obuvela emathunjini omhlaba. Amanye amazwe, njengeOstreliya acinga ngokusebenzisa amandla avaleleke kwiindawo ezishushu, amatye akwiikhilomitha ezimbalwa nje ngaphantsi komhlaba. IAustralian Geographic ithi: “Abanye abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba xa benokuthumela amanzi ezantsi ngemibhobho kobo bushushu baze basebenzise umphunga waloo manzi atshayo ukujija ivili lokuphehla umbane, sinokuvelisa umbane kangangamashumi eminyaka—mhlawumbi kangangeenkulungwane.”
AMANZI:
◼ Kumbane osetyenziswa ehlabathini, ongaphezu kwesi-6 ekhulwini uveliswa ngamanzi. Ngokutsho kwengxelo yeInternational Energy Outlook 2003, kule minyaka ingama-20 izayo, “amazwe asakhulayo aza kusebenzisa umbane ongakumbi ophehlwa ngamanzi, ngakumbi amazwe akhulayo aseAsia.” Noko ke, iBioscience ilumkisa ithi: “Oovimba bamanzi badla ngokuba kumhlaba ochumileyo. Ukongezelela koko, la madama achaphazela izityalo, izilwanyana nezinto eziphilayo ezikhoyo.”
IHYDROGEN:
◼ Ihydrogen yigesi etshayo engenabala nengenavumba yaye ininzi gqitha kummandla wendalo. Apha emhlabeni, ihydrogen ifumaneka kakhulu kwizityalo nakwizilwanyana, yaye yinxalenye yezimbiwa ekufunyanwa kuzo amandla ize iphinde ibe yenye yeegesi ezimbini ezibumba amanzi. Ukongezelela, ihydrogen ayingcolisi yaye isebenza kakuhle kunezinye izimbiwa ekufunyanwa kuzo amandla.
Ulindixesha iScience News Online uthi amanzi “anokwahlukaniswa abe yihydrogen neoksijini xa kudlula umbane kuwo.” Ngoxa le ndlela inokuvelisa ihydrogen eninzi, lo lindixesha uthi “kwayona le ndlela ibonakala ilula ayongi kangako.” Ehlabathini lonke imizi-mveliso sele ivelisa iitoni ezimalunga nama-45 ezigidi zehydrogen ngokuyintloko ukuze isetyenziswe ekwenzeni izichumiso nezinto zokucoca. Noko ke, xa kusenziwa le hydrogen kusetyenziswa inkqubo ekhupha igesi eyingozi ikharbhon monokside negesi eyenza umhlaba ube shushu, ikharbhon diokside.
Sekunjalo, abantu abaninzi bajonga ihydrogen njengelona themba lomthombo wamandla yaye bavakalelwa kukuba inokukwazi ukwanelisa le mfuno yokuswela kwabantu umthombo wamandla. Eli themba lisekelwe kwimpumelelo yakutshanje ekwenziweni kwesixhobo ekuthiwa yifuel cell.
AMANDLA EFUEL-CELL:
◼ Ifuel cell sisixhobo esivelisa umbane ngehydrogen—kungekhona ngokuyitshisa kodwa ngokuyidibanisa neoksijini sisebenzisa ubuchule obuthile bokuxuba imichiza. Xa kusetyenziswa ihydrogen ecocekileyo kunaleyo iphuma kwizimbiwa, ekuphela kwento ephumayo apho bubushushu namanzi.
Ngowe-1839, uMhlekazi uWilliam Grove, ijaji nengcali yemichiza yaseBritani yavelisa ifuel cell yokuqala. Noko ke, ezi zixhobo zaziveliswa ngentywenka yemali, yaye kwakunzima ukufumana izinto zokwenza esi sixhobo. Ngenxa yoko obu bugcisa bakha bayekwa de kwaba phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20, xa kwaveliswa ezi fuel cells ukuze zincede iziphekepheke zaseMerika ngamandla. Iziphekepheke zanamhlanje zisazisebenzisa ezi zixhobo, kodwa ngoku obu bugcisa bulungiselelwa ukusetyenziswa nakoomatshini neezithuthi.
Namhlanje ezi zixhobo ziveliswa ngenjongo yokuba zithabathel’ indawo iinjini zemoto ezisetyenziswa namhlanje ezitshisa amafutha, zivelise umbane oza kusetyenziswa ekhaya noza kusetyenziswa kwizixhobo ezincinane, ezifana necell phone neekhompyutha. Sekunjalo, xa bekubhalwa eli nqaku, umbane oveliswa ngezixhobo iifuel cell ubiza imali eninzi ngokuphindwe kane kuleyo yombane owenziwe ngezimbiwa ezivelisa amandla. Ukanti kuchithwa amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi kuphuhliswa obu bugcisa butsha.
Izicacele into yokuba imekobume iya kungenelwa xa kunokufunyanwa imithombo engangcolisiyo yamandla. Noko ke, iindleko zokwenza oko ziqikelelwa ngaphaya kwengqondo. Ingxelo yeIEO2003 ithi: “Owona mthombo wamandla uza kufunwa ngamehlw’ abomvu kwixa elizayo . . . kulindeleke ukuba ibe ngamandla afumaneka kwizimbiwa (ioli, igesi namalahle), ngenxa yokuba la mandla aya kuhlala efumaneka ngexabiso eliphantsi, ngoxa ixabiso lamandla anokufumaneka kweminye imithombo lixhomile.”
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 9]
Imoto esebenzisa i-“fuel-cell”, ngowama-2004
[Inkcazelo]
Mercedes-Benz USA
[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 8]
DOE Photo