“Elona Shishini Liqesha Abantu Abaninzi Ehlabathini”

Bangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-600 abantu abakhenkethela kwamanye amazwe nyaka ngamnye. Abanye abangamakhulukhulu ezigidi bakhenketha kumazwe abahlala kuwo, abanye bakwenza oko njengenxalenye yomsebenzi wabo, abanye ke ngenjongo yokuzihlaziya. Ngenxa yoko ishishini lezokhenketho—eliquka iihotele, iindawo zokuchitha iiholide, amashishini eenqwelo-moya, amaziko alungiselela abakhenkethi namanye amashishini ajongene neemfuno zabakhenkethi—lichazwa “njengelona shishini liqeshe abantu abaninzi ehlabathini.”

EHLABATHINI LONKE, eli shishini lingenisa imali engangee-R24 zamawaka ezigidi nyaka ngamnye. Abakhenkethi basenokungaliqondi igalelo abanalo kwiphulo lokuzisa uxolo ehlabathini lonke, kodwa itsho njalo iWorld Tourism Organization yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo xa ithetha ngeli shishini. Ngowama-2004, uFrancesco Frangialli, ongusosiba jikelele walo mbutho, wathi kwingqungquthela awayenayo kunye nomongameli welizwe elikuMbindi Mpuma: “Ukhenketho luhambisana noxolo. Ifuthe lezokhenketho linamandla anokutshintsha izinto ebezibonakala zingenakutshintshwa lize libangele abantu abebebonakala bengevani baxolelane.”

Lavela phi eli shishini linefuthe elingaka? Ngaba ngokwenene ukhenketho lunganempembelelo entle? Ngaba ngokwenene “ifuthe lezokhenketho” linokuzisa uxolo?

Isiqalo Esihle Seshishini Lokhenketho

Iziseko zeshishini lokhenketho zaqala kumazwe aseNtshona ingakumbi ngenkulungwane ye-19. Kwathi kwakucaca ukuba izinto ziyatshintsha kwezorhwebo yaye nezinhanha ziya zisanda eYurophu naseUnited States, imali yaninzi babe nabantu benexesha elininzi.

Kanti, zaya ziphucuka nezithuthi zikawonke wonke. Oololiwe abanamandla babesenza amatshe bethutha abantu phakathi kwezixeko ezikhulu naphakathi kwamazwekazi. Ngenxa yokwanda kwabakhenkethi, kwakhiwa oobhazabhaza beehotele kufutshane nezitishi zikaloliwe namazibuko.

Ngowe-1841, usomashishini oliNgesi uThomas Cook wabona indlela anokuzuza ngayo ngokuwadibanisa la mashishini. Nguye owaqala ukuthengisela abantu itikiti elinye elalihlanganisa into yokuhamba, indawo yokuhlala neendlela zokuzihlaziya. Enye inkokeli yaseBritani, uWilliam Gladstone wathi ngeminyaka yee-1860: “Le nkqubo isekwe nguMnu. Cook ibangele ukuba okokuqala ezimbalini abantu balapha bakwazi ukuya kumazwe asemzini, baqhelane nabantu balapho, nto leyo eyakha umoya wobuhlobo nemvisiswano.”

Ukuchuma Kwalo Ngenkulungwane Yama-20

Ngelishwa, ukuqhelana nabantu basemzini okubangelwa lukhenketho akuzange kuzithintele iimfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi ezaqhambuka kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yama-20. Kodwa ke, kunokuba lonakale ukhenketho ngenxa yokutshintsha kwezinto ekuhlaleni nakwezobugcisa okwabangelwa zezo mfazwe, eli shishini lachuma ngakumbi.

Iinqwelo-moya zaba nesantya esingakumbi yaye yehla nemali eyayifuneka ukuze uhambe ngazo. Baya besiba baninzi oohola bendlela kumazwekazi yaye babenyakazela iimoto. Phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20, iiholide nokukhenketha kwakusele kwamkelekile kumazwe aseNtshona yaye abantu abaninzi babesele bekwazi ukwenjenjalo. Ukongezelela, izigidi ngezigdi zeentsapho zaba noomabonwakude yaye zazitsalwa yimifanekiso yeendawo ezintle eziboniswa apho, nto leyo eyayizenza zibe nomdla wokukhenketha.

Ebutsheni beminyaka yee-1960, inani labakhenkethi bamazwe ngamazwe lalifikelela kwizigidi ezingama-70 nyaka ngamnye. Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1990, elo nani lenyuka ngokukhawuleza laya kutsho ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-500! Kwakhiwa iindawo zokuhlalisa abakhenkethi abavela kwamanye amazwe nabasekuhlaleni. Namanye amashishini angenanto yakwenza nezokhenketho axhamla, ekubeni abakhenkethi besebenzisa ukutya neziselo ezininzi baze bathenge nezinye izinto.

Sithethanje ezokhenketho ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoqoqosho lwamazwe angaphezu kwe-125. Ebalaselisa iingenelo zokhenketho, ulindixesha weWorld Tourism Organization yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo wama-2004 wathi ukhenketho lunokunciphisa ubuhlwempu xa kusekwa amashishini amancinane nangemakhulu kangako anxulumene nalo. Njengoko ludala amathuba amatsha emisebenzi, lunokubangela ukuba “abantu bazi ngemekobume, inkcubeko nezentlalo.”

Kodwa usenokubuza: ‘Ukhenketho lunokuzenza njani ezo zinto? Yaye lunokuba yingenelo njani kwimekobume?’

Ukuhlawula Ukuze Ubuke Indalo Ngeenjongo Zokuyikhusela

Ebutsheni beminyaka yee-1980, ezinye izazinzulu nabenzi beefilimu babenomdla gqitha ekukhuseleni amahlathi ashinyeneyo neengqaqa zekorale kwakunye nezidalwa ezixhomekeke kuzo. Iingxelo neenkqubo zikamabonwakude ezaziboniswa zabangela abantu ngokubanzi banomdla ongakumbi wokutyelela ezi zihombo zendalo. Amashishini amancinane awavulwayo ukuze axhase ezi zazinzulu nabenzi beefilimu anceda nentaphane yabakhenkethi abathanda indalo.

Ukukhenketha ngenjongo yokubuka indalo kuthandwa gqitha, yaye le yeyona nxalenye yeli shishini ikhula ngokukhawuleza. Eneneni, ukukhuthaza ukuthandwa kwendalo kuye kwaneengenelo gqitha. Umchola-choli weendaba uMartha S. Honey wathi: “Kumazwe amaninzi, ukukhenketha ngenjongo yokubuka indalo kuye kwangenisa imali eninzi evela kwamanye amazwe, ngendlela eyodlula ingeniso eyenziwa ngeebhanana eCosta Rica, ikofu eTanzania naseKenya, kwakunye namalaphu nezacholo eIndiya.”

Ngenxa yoko, ukhenketho luye lwabangela kwakho imali yokukhusela izityalo nezilwanyana. UHoney wathi: “EKenya, kuqikelelwa ukuba ingonyama nje enye yenza ingeniso yee-R42 000 evela kukhenketho ngonyaka, yaye umhlambi weendlovu wenza ii-R3,7 zezigidi nyaka ngamnye.” Zona iingqaqa zekorale zaseHawaii kuqikelelwa ukuba zenza ii-$360 zezigidi [ii-R2,2 zamawaka ezigidi] nyaka ngamnye!

Indlela Onokuluqonda Ngayo Ukhenketho Lokwenene Lokubuka Indalo

Ingxelo yeUnited Nations Environment Programme ebizwa ngokuba yiEcotourism: Principles, Practices and Policies for Sustainability ithi: “Amashishini amaninzi ezokhenketho akubone kuyinzuzo ukuthi ukhenketho lwawo lolokubuka indalo kwiincwadi zawo yaye noorhulumente baye balisebenzisa kakhulu eli binzana ngenjongo yokubhengeza amazwe abo, nakuba bengabhekiseli kolu hlobo lokhenketho ngokuthe ngqo.” Unokuqiniseka njani ukuba ukhenketho olucebayo lwenzelwe ukubuka indalo?

UMegan Epler Wood, ongumbhali wale ngxelo ingasentla uchaza ukhenketho lokubuka indalo njengolunezi zinto zilandelayo: Ngaphambi kokuba uhambe, ufumana inkcazelo ngenkcubeko nemekobume yendawo oya kuyo kwakunye nenkcazelo ephathelele indlela omawunxibe uze uziphathe ngayo; ufumana inkcazelo engakumbi ngokuma komhlaba, abantu balapho nemeko yezobupolitika yendawo oya kuyo nendlela yokuncokola nabantu balapho ngaphandle nje kokurhwebelana nabo; kufuneka uyihlawule yonke imali yokungena kwindawo yezilwanyana; yaye unikwa indawo yokuhlala engazi kuphazamisana nezinto eziphila apho.

Oko Kuye Kwaphunyezwa Lolu Hlobo Lokhenketho

Ukhenketho ngenjongo yokubuka indalo luyinto engaphaya kokulungiselela ukuya kubona indawo ethile enezinto zendalo. Luye lwachazwa “njengohambo ngenjongo yokuya kwiindawo ezinezinto zendalo ukuze wazi abantu abalapho nembali yezinto eziphila apho, kodwa uqiniseka ukuba akuphazamisani nazo, kwangaxeshanye uxhase ngemali ukulondolozwa kwendalo kwakunye neenkonzo eziluncedo kubantu balapho.”

Ngaba ke olu khenketho luye lwaziphumeza ezo zinto? UMartin Wikelski, weYunivesithi yasePrinceton, uthi: “Ukhenketho lokuya kubona indalo luyenye yezinto eziye zakhusela [iZiqithi] zaseGalapagos.” Kwilizwe laseAfrika elibizwa ngokuba yiRwanda, ikwalolu khenketho olukhusele iigorila ezihlala ezintabeni lwaza lwanceda abantu balapho bafumana enye indlela yokwenza ingeniso kunokuba bazingele ngokungekho mthethweni. Kwamanye amazwe aseAfrika, iindawo zokulondoloza izilwanyana zixhaswa ngemali yokhenketho.

Ehlabathini lonke, ukhenketho ngenjongo yokubuka indalo luye lwanegalelo ekuphuculweni kwemekobume nentlalo yabantu yaye asinakuyithandabuza into yokuba ishishini lokhenketho liye langenisa imali eninzi. Kodwa ngaba eli shishini lisoloko linefuthe elihle? Yintoni eza kwenzeka kukhenketho lwehlabathi kwixesha elizayo?

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 22]

Amacebiso Kwabo Bakhenkethela Kwamanye Amazwea

Ngaphambi kokuba uhambe

1. Zenzele uludwe lwezinto ezibalulekileyo—inkcazelo ekwincwadi yokundwendwela, iinombolo zamakhadi okuthenga ngetyala, iinombolo zamatikiti enqwelo-moya, iinkcukacha eziphathelele iitraveler’s cheques. Shiya omnye umbhalo ekhaya, omnye uhambe nawo.

2. Qiniseka ukuba incwadi yakho yokundwendwela kwakunye nevisa aziphelelwanga; qiniseka ukuba uyagonywa xa kuyimfuneko.

3. Qiniseka ukuba uneinshorensi eyaneleyo yezonyango, ekubeni unyango olukhawulezileyo okanye ukususwa phesheya kweelwandle ngenjongo yonyango kunokubiza inkuntyula yemali. Ukuba unengxaki yempilo, cela ugqirha wakho akubhalele ileta oza kuhamba nayo nechaza amayeza owasebenzisayo. (Phawula: Kusenokuba akukho semthethweni ukungena namayeza athile kwamanye amazwe. Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezingakumbi yiya kwindlu yozakuzo ekufutshane yelizwe oceba ukulityelela.)

Ngoxa ukhenketha

1. Musa ukuhamba nayo nantoni na exabiseke kangangokuba kunganzima gqitha ukuyifumana xa unokuphulukana nayo.

2. Incwadi yakho yokundwendwela nezinye izinto ezixabisekileyo mazibe kuwe, kungekhona ebhegini okanye kwipokotho ezinokuwa lula kuyo. Amaxwebhu abalulekileyo makangahlali onke kwilungu elinye lentsapho.

3. Ukuba isipaji sakho sisepokothweni, ukusiqhinela kwenye into kunokwenza ukuba kungabi lula ukuba sibiwe ngamasela.

4. Musa ukudlula kumlinganiselo obekiweyo wokuthenga ngecredit card. Ukuba uyadlula, usenokubanjwa kwamanye amazwe.

5. Kulumkele ukufota amajoni, indawo ahlala kuyo okanye imizi-mveliso, enjengezibuko, isitishi sikaloliwe okanye isikhululo seenqwelo-moya. Oko kusenokugqalwa kwamanye amazwe njengokwenziwa ngenjongo yokuhlasela.

6. Musa ukuvuma ukunikelwa iipasile zomntu ongamazi kakuhle.

Xa uthenga izinto zelo lizwe ukulo

1. Khumbula ukuba, kumazwe amaninzi akukho semthethweni ukungena neempondo zendlovu, amaqokobhe oonokrwece, izityalo, uboya nezinye izinto, enoba zincinane kangakanani.

2. Kulumkele ukuthenga izinto ezenziwe ngodongwe ekubeni ezo zinto zisenokuba zinetyhefu yelothe xa zingenziwanga kakuhle.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 21]

Ukukhenketha ngenjongo yokubuka indalo kuya kuthandwa