Imbali Enezantyalantyala Zegazi

KWIMINYAKA nje engephi edluleyo, ubugrogrisi bebungathi bukwiindawo ezimbalwa ezinjengoMntla Ireland, iBasque Country ekumntla weSpeyin kunye namanye amazwe akuMbindi Ntshona. Kodwa ngoku—ngakumbi ukususela ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, xa kwantlithwa iiTwin Towers eNew York—buye banda okomlilo wedobo, bufikelela nakwimiyezo yeBali, eMadrid, eSpeyin; eLondon, eNgilani; eSri Lanka; eThailand kunye naseNepal. Kodwa ubugrogrisi asinto intsha. Lithetha ukuthini igama elithi “ubugrogrisi”?

Ubugrogrisi buchazwa ngokuthi “kukoyikisa abantu ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ukusongela ngogonyamelo, ngumntu okanye liqela labantu nxamnye nabantu okanye indawo ngenjongo yokubangel’ idyudyu okanye ukunyanzela abantu okanye urhulumente, ngamanye amaxesha ngenxa yembono ethile okanye ngezizathu zobupolitika. (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language) Noko ke, umbhali uJessica Stern uthi: “Umfundi ofunda ngobugrogrisi ujongene neendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokubuchaza . . . Kodwa zimbini kuphela ezona ndlela zibalulekileyo zokwahlula ubugrogrisi kwezinye iindlela zobundlobongela.” Ziziphi ezo ndlela? Uthi: “Okokuqala, ubugrogrisi bujoliswa kubantu abangengawo amajoni . . . Okwesibini, abagrogrisi basebenzisa ubundlobongela ukuze abantu ekujoliswe kubo bankwantye yaye oku kusoloko kuphumelela kunokuhlasela abantu ngokoqobo. Ukugubhisa abantu ngoloyiko kuko okwahlula ubugrogrisi kunokubulala nje okanye ezinye indlela zohlaselo.”

Iingcambu Zogonyamelo Embalini

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala kwaYuda, kwakukho iqela labantu elibizwa ngokuba ziiZealots, eli qela lalikufuna ngamehl’ abomvu ukuzimela-geqe kwiRoma. Abona balandeli baphambili kweli qela babebizwa ngokuba ziiSicarii okanye amadoda ezinkempe, igama elavela ngenxa yamakrele ababewaqhusheka ngaphantsi kwengubo zabo zokwaleka. IiSicarii zazisiya kwiingxikela zamatheko aseYerusalem, zifike apho zinqumle abantu ababeziintshaba zabo imiqala okanye zibahlabe emqolo.a

Ngowama-66 C.E., iqela leeZealots langqonga inqaba yaseMasada kufutshane noLwandle Olufileyo. Zanqunqel’ egoqweni umkhosi wamaRoma owawumiswe kuloo dolophu zaza zasebenzisa le nqaba njengeziko lazo eliyintloko. Kangangeminyaka zazigqogqa zize zihlasele amajoni aseRoma. Ngowama-73 C.E., uMkhosi Weshumi wamaRoma owawukhokelwa yiRhuluneli uFlavius, wabuyela eMasada kodwa awuzange ukwazi ukuzoyisa iiZealots. Umbhali-mbali welo xesha uthi kunokuba zinikezele kwiRoma, abangama-960 beqela leeZealots—ngaphandle kwabafazi ababini nabantwana abahlanu—bazibulala.

Abanye bakujonga ukuvukela kweeZealots njengokuqala kobugrogrisi esibubona namhlanje. Enoba oku kuyinyaniso okanye akunjalo, ubugrogrisi buye banempembelelo kwimbali yoluntu.

Ubugrogrisi Bendele KwiNgqobhoko

Ukususela ngowe-1095 nokutyhubela iinkulungwane ezimbini kamva, imikhosi yonqulo yayisehla isenyuka eYurophu nakuMbindi Mpuma. Imikhosi yamaSilamsi aseAsia nakuMntla weAfrika ayengayifuni nalapho inyathele khona le mikhosi. Imbambano yayikukulawulwa kweYerusalem, ibe qela ngalinye lalifun’ undikho. Kwimilo yabo, abo bafane babizwe ngokuba “ngamajoni angcwele” babexhelana. Babesebenzisa amakrele kunye namazembe emfazwe kubantu nje abangenakuzenzela nto. UWilliam waseTire, umfundisi wenkulungwane ye-12, uyichaza ngolu hlobo indlela eyangena ngayo le mikhosi eYerusalem ngowe-1099:

“Yayihamba hamba ezitratweni iphethe amakrele nemikhonto. Wonke umntu eyayidibana naye le mikhosi yayimbetha ize imbulale, amadoda, abafazi nabantwana, ngokungenalusini ibulala yonk’ into ephambi kwayo. . . . Yabulala kangangokuba zazithe dundululu izidumbu kuyo yonke indawo, ekuphela kwendlela yokuhamba yayikukunyathela phezu kwezo zidumbu. . . . Kwakuligazi yonk’ indawo kangangokuba imibhobho yamanzi kunye neefolo zazihamba igazi, kuzo zonke izitrato zedolophu kwakuqungquluze izidumbu.”b

Kwiinkulungwane kamva, abagrogrisi basebenzisa iziqhushumbisi kunye nemipu bebulala abantu ngendlela ehlasimlis’ umzimba.

Izigidi Zifile

UJuni 28, 1914, ugqalwa ngababhali-mbali njengophawu lokuguquka kwembali yaseYurophu. Ityendyana lomfana, elijongwa ngabanye njengeqhawe, ladubula kwahlanz’ iselwa kwitshawe laseOstriya, uFrancis Ferdinand. Esi sihelegu saba ngunozala weMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala. Emva kokuba itshoba lilel’ umbethe kubantu abazizigidi ezingamashumi amabini, iMfazwe Enkulu yaphela.

IMfazwe Yehlabathi I yakhokelela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, yaye le mfazwe yayisaziwa ngeenkampu zoxinaniso, ukubulawa kwabantu ngokungenalusini ngeebhombu kunye nezinye izenzo zobundlobongela zokubulala abantu abangenatyala. Emva kwemfazwe, abantu baqhubeka bebulawa. Abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi bafa kumabala aseCambodia ngeminyaka yee-1970. Abantu baseRwanda basazikhoth’ amanxeba ngenxa yendyikityha yokubulawa kwabantu abangaphezu kwama-800 000 kwiminyaka yee-1990.

Ukususela kwisenzo sowe-1914 ukusa kumhla wethu, uluntu luye lwathwaxwa bubugrogrisi kumazwe amaninzi. Kodwa kwabanye abantu namhlanje, le mbali iba ngathi yintsom’ emini, kuba abazange bafunde koko kwenzekayo. Ngokuthe gqolo, ubugrogrisi bubulala amakhulu abantu, bushiya amawaka eziingxwelerha yaye buhlutha uxolo lwengqondo yaye kwenza izigidi zabantu zizive zingakhuselekanga. Kuqhushumba iibhombu kwiindawo zentengiso, kutsha iilali zibe yingqushu, kudlwengulwa abafazi, abantwana bayathinjwa yaye abantu bayafa. Nakuba kukho imithetho yoluntu ethintela oku, obu bulwanyana buqhubeka busenzeka. Ngaba likho ithemba lokuba ubugrogrisi buya kuphela?

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

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NgoJuni 28, 1914, ihlabathi lagaxeleka emfazweni

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EISTANBUL—NGONOVEMBA 15, 2003

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EMADRID—NGOMATSHI 11, 2004

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ELONDON—JULAYI 7, 2005

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ENEW YORK NGOSEPTEMBA 11, 2001

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Ukususela ekhohlo ukusa ekunene: AP Photo/Murad Sezer; AP Photo/Paul White; Photo by Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Images

[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 6]

Culver Pictures