Xa Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Yawohloka Ngendlela Ephawulekayo
UNOKUTHI yawohloka nini imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngendlela ephawulekayo? Mhlawumbi ngexesha obuphila ngalo okanye ngexesha lezalamane zakho ezindala okanye abahlobo? Abanye bathi IMfazwe Yehlabathi I eyabakho ngokwe-1914 yaba sisiqalo sokuwohloka kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi The Generation of 1914 unjingalwazi wembali uRobert Wohl wathi: “Abo babephila ngexesha lemfazwe bakholelwa ngokupheleleyo ukuba kwaphela elinye ihlabathi kwaza kwaqalisa elinye ngoAgasti 1914.”
Umbhali-mbali uNorman Cantor uthi: “Naphi na imilinganiselo yokuziphatha iwohlokile. Ngenxa yokuba abezopolitiko neenjengele ziye zaphatha abantu njengezilwanyana ebudeni bemfazwe, imilinganiselo yabantu neyecawa ayibathinteli ukuba baphathane njengezilwanyana. . . . Ukubulawa ngenkohlakalo kwabantu abaninzi kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala [1914-18] kuye kwabangela abantu ababuxabisa ubomi.”
Kwincwadi yakhe eyayithetha ngendaleko neyayisithi The Outline of History, umbhali-mbali uH. G. Wells waphawula ukuba emva kokwamkelwa kwengcamango yendaleko, “atsh’ amadam’ anamanzi, konakal’ ukuhlala.” Kwakwenzeke ntoni? Abanye babecinga ukuba umntu sisilwanyana nje esingafaniyo nezinye. UWells okholelwa kwindaleko, wabhala wathi ngowe-1920: “Babesithi, umntu sisilwanyana nje sasekhaya esifana nezinja zaseIndiya zokuzingela ezingoomakhonya . . . , bona babeyijonga ilungile into yokuba abantu abazizinja ezingoomakhonya bafanele bavuyelele amatyutyusi.”
Ngokwenene, njengokuba uCantor waphawulayo, imfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala yayitshintsha ngokupheleleyo imilinganiselo yabantu yokuziphatha. Ucacisa athi: “Akukho nto sasiyenza kakuhle isizukulwana esidala—kwezopolitiko, indlela esasinxiba ngayo nendlela esasiziphethe ngayo.” Iicawa, ezonakalisa iimfundiso zobuKristu ngokwamkela iingcamango zendaleko nezakhuthaza imfazwe, ziye zanegalelo kakhulu ekuwohlokeni kwemilinganiselo. Umphathi-mikhosi waseBritani uNjengele Frank Crozier wathi: “IiCawa zobuKristu ngabona badali bophalazo-gazi babalaseleyo yaye sibasebenzisa ngokukhululekileyo.”
Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Eye Yatyeshelwa
Kangangeminyaka eIishumi emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I eyayibizwa ngokuba yiMinyaka Yolonwabo yee-1920—imilinganiselo emidala yayijongwa njengokudla ngendeb’ endala yaye nayiphi na imilinganiselo yayisamkelwa. Umbhali-mbali uFrederick Lewis Allen wathi: “Iminyaka elishumi eyalandela imfazwe ngokufanelekileyo isenokwaziwa njengeshumi leminyaka leZimilo Ezibi. . . . Imilinganiselo emidala bayilahla kwesinomhlwa ukuze bakwazi ukuzifica ngolonwabo. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo loo mithetho mitsha yokuziphatha yeza neenguqulelo kwisimilo.”
UkuDodobala kweZoqoqosho ehlabathini lonke ngeminyaka yee-1930 kwashiya abantu abaninzi behlwempuzekile. Noko ke, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1930 ihlabathi lathwaxwa yimfazwe—IMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kungekudala emva koko amazwe enza izixhobo zokutshabalalisa, nto leyo eyabangela abantu bafumana imisebenzi. Kodwa oko kwazisa ukubandezeleka okungaphaya koko kunokuthelekelelwa ngabantu. Ekupheleni kwemfazwe, izixeko ezininzi zaziyingqushu; ezibini eJapan ngasinye kuzo satshatyalaliswa yibhombu yeathom enye! Izigidi zafela kwiinkampu zoxinaniso. Le mfazwe yabulala amadoda, amabhinqa, nabantwana abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-50.
Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II emanyumnyezi, kunokuba kubanjelelwe kwimilinganiselo eyamkelekileyo, abantu bamisa eyabo imilinganiselo. Incwadi ethi Love, Sex and War—Changing Values, 1939-45, ithi: “Kubonakala ukuba abantu babeziphethe kakubi ebudeni bemfazwe kuba babengaziphethanga ngendlela ababephila ngayo ngaphambili. . . . Kungekudala ungxamiseko nokunyathelela phezulu kwabantu ngenxa yemfazwe kuye kwayiwohloza imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ubomi babonakala buphelelwe lixabiso yaye bubufutshane ngokungathi kusemfazweni.”
Ukusoloko besongelwa kukufa kuye kwabangela abantu bathandana baze bahlalisana. Enye inkosikazi engaphangeliyo yaseNgilani ithethelela oko kuziphatha kakubi, ithi: “Sasingaziphethanga kakubi, ihlabathi lalisemfazweni.” Elinye ijoni laseMerika lithi: “Ngokwemilinganiselo yabantu abaninzi sasiziphethe kakubi, kodwa sasisebatsha yaye sasiza kufa ngomso.”
Abantu abaninzi abasindayo kulo mfazwe babandezeleka ngenxa yezinto abazibonayo. Nanamhl’ oku abanye abantu, kuquka nabo babengabantwana, basenemibono yoko kwenzekayo. Uninzi lwabo alusenalukholo yaye alusakwazi ukuziphatha kakuhle. Abantu abasahloneli negunya elinokumisela imilinganiselo ngoko kulungileyo nokubi.
Imilinganiselo Emitsha Yokuziphatha
Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwapapashwa iincwadi ezithetha ngendlela abantu abaziphatha ngayo. Enye ingxelo yaseUnited States yeminyaka yee-1940, iKinsey Report, yayinamaphepha angaphezu kwangama-800. Oko kuye kwaphumela ekubeni abantu abaninzi baqalise ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ngesini, nto leyo eyayikade ingenzeki ngaphambili. Nangona kamva kwaphawulwa ukuba kuloo ngxelo abaxiwe amanani amafanasini, le ngxelo yadiza ukuba imilinganiselo yokuziphatha iye yawohloka emva kwemfazwe.
Kangangexesha elithile abantu bazama ukugcina amasiko nezithethe. Ngokomzekelo, zazihlolisiswa izinto eziphathelele ukuziphatha okubi ngaphambi kokuba zibhengezwe kunomathotholo, kwimifanekiso eshukumayo nakumabonwakude. Kodwa oko akukhange kwenziwe ixesha elide. Owayesakuba ngunobhala wemfundo eUnited States uWilliam Bennett uthi: “Noko ke, ngeminyaka yee-1960 ngokukhawuleza iMerika yaqalisa ukuwohloka ngokwezinto eziphathekayo.” Oku kuye kwachaphazela namanye amazwe amaninzi. Kutheni oku kuye kwakhawuleza kangaka ngeminyaka yee-1960?
Ngaloo minyaka, phantse ngaxeshanye, kwabakho umbutho wokulwela amalungelo abafazi neenguqu kwindlela yokuziphatha ngokwesini oko bekubiza ngokuba yindlela entsha yokuziphatha. Kwakhona kwenziwa iipilisi zoqingqo-nzala. Yaba yinto eqhelekileyo “ukubandakanyeka kwiintlobano zesini ngaphandle kokuzibophelela.”
Kwangaxeshanye, yanyenyiswa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kumajelo eendaba, kwimifanekiso eshukumayo nakumabonwakude. Kamva owayesakuba ngumalathisi weU.S. National Security Council eUnited States uZbigniew Brzezinski wathi ngemilinganiselo kamabonwakude: “Ikhuthaza ukuzanelisa, luyinto eqhelekileyo ugonyamelo nenkohlakalo yaye ikhuthaza ukuziphatha kakubi ngokwesini.”
Ngeminyaka yee-1970, yayingumnk’ anja ongenawo umatshini wevidiyo. Ezindlwini zabo bengabonwa, abantu babebukela amanyala. Izinto ababezibukela babengenakuzibukela esidlangalaleni, njengakwiholo yemiboniso. Kutshanje, ehlabathini lonke nabani na onekhompyutha kulula ukuba abukele amanyala kwi-Internet.
Imiphumo yoku iyoyikisa. Umlindi okwintolongo eseUnited States uthi: “Kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo xa abantwana befika entolongweni, ndandidla ngokuthetha nabo ngomahluko ophakathi kwento elungileyo nembi. Kodwa ngoku abantwana abafikayo abazi ukuba ndithetha ngantoni.”
Sinokulufumana Phi Ukhokelo?
Asinakuyifumana ecaweni imilinganiselo efanelekileyo yokuziphatha. Kunokuba zikhuthaze imilinganiselo efanelekileyo njengokuba uYesu wenjenjalo nabalandeli bakhe, iicawa ziye zayinxalenye yehlabathi nobubi balo. Omnye umbhali wathi: “Kwimfazwe nganye abantu baye bathi uThixo ebengakwicala labo.” Ethetha ngokubambelela kwimilinganiselo kaThixo yokuziphatha, omnye umfundisi wesiXeko saseNew York wathi: “Imilinganiselo yokuba lilungu lecawa ehlabathini lonke iphantsi nakuleyo yokukhwela ebhasini.”
Licacile elokuba ngenxa yokuba imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yeli hlabathi iwohlokile kufanele kubekho okuthile okwenziwayo. Kodwa yintoni enokwenziwa? Luluphi utshintsho olufanele lwenziwe? Ngubani onokulwenza yaye lunokwenziwa njani?
[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 5]
“Ukubulawa ngenkohlakalo kwabantu abaninzi kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala [1914-18] kuye kwabangela abantu ababuxabisa ubomi”
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 6, 7]
Kulula ukufumana indlela yokuzonwabisa enemilinganiselo ewohlokileyo