Izidalwa Ezahlukahlukeneyo Ezikummandla Ongentla WeAmazon — IWatchtower LAYBRARI EKWI-INTANETHI

Izidalwa Ezahlukahlukeneyo Ezikummandla Ongentla WeAmazon

UKUSUSELA emazantsi ePeruvian Andes kunaba amasebe namagqabi anqumla kwizwekazi uMzantsi Merika kangangeekhilomitha ezingama-3 700. Ekugqibeleni la masebe afika kuLwandle lweAtlantiki.

Inxalenye yeli hlathi lixineneyo lisePeru—ummandla walo oseAmazon—igubungela ama-60 ekhulwini elo lizwe. Nangona beligcuntswana abantu abahlala ePeru, uninzi lwezityalo nezilwanyana zizifumanela ikhusi kwelo hlathi liziimitha ezingama-35 ubude. Eneneni kuthiwa ummandla weAmazon ngowona uneendidi ngeendidi zezilwanyana nezityalo ezininzi ehlabathini lonke. Kukho iindidi zamabhabhathane ezingaphezu kwama-3 000. Kuba mbejembeje ziindidi ezingama-4 000 zeeorchid. Iintlobo ezingama-90 zeenyoka zizifihla kumasebe naphantsi kwelo hlathi. Zona iintlanzi eziziindidi ezingama-2 500—kuquka ielectric eels nepiranha—zinyuka zisehla kumsinga wamanzi nakwimilambo yalapho.

Owona mlambo uyodlula yonke eminye nguMlambo iAmazon. Kwezinye iindawo iimvula eziziimitha ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu zina nyaka ngamnye nto leyo ebangela ukuba imilanjana eli-1 100 iphuphume lize lihlale lifumile elo hlathi. Ubushushu nokufuma kubangela umphunga othandwa kakhulu zizityalo. Okumangalisayo kukuba, ezi zityalo ziluhlaza yaka zichuma kumhlaba oludongwe ekuthiwa akukhuli nto kuwo.

Imvelaphi Yabantu Ababehlala Apho Mandulo

Ngubani onokukhetha ukuhlala kwindawo enjalo? Abembi bezinto zakudala bacinga ukuba kwiinkulungwane ezidluleyo kwakuhlala izigidi ngezigidi zabantu kuMlambo iAmazon. Sithethanje, abantu abamalunga nama-300 000—iintlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo ezingaphezu kwama-40—bahlala kummandla wePeruvian Amazon. Kwakhona kucingwa ukuba amaqela ahlukahlukeneyo ali-14 aba bantu akahlali nabantu. Emva kokuba ebone nje kancinane oko kubizwa ngokuba “yimpucuko”—aye abuyela emahlathini ngaloo ndlela eyiphepha nantoni na enento yokwenza nempucuko.

Bafika nini yaye befikela phi aba bantu bahlala emahlathini, phofu bevela phi? Iingcali zithi kangangeenkulungwane ngaphambi kweXesha lethu Eliqhelekileyo aba bantu babevela emntla. Abantu abathetha isiJivaro (abadume ngokutshisa iintloko zeentshaba zabo eziswelekileyo) babesuka eCaribbean; bona abathetha isiArawak, basuka eVenezuela. Kucingelwa ukuba ezinye iintlanga zisuka ngakwimpuma yeBrazil nakumzantsi weParaguay.

Uninzi lwezi ntlanga kuye kwabonakala ukuba belubhadula kwiindawo ezithile luzingela yaye luqokelela izinto. Kwakhona bezilima izinto ezimbalwa ezilungayo kumhlaba oneasidi, njengecassava, iipepile ezibabayo, iibhanana nombona. Ababhali-mbali baseSpeyin baye bafumanisa ukuba abanye kwaba bantu babelungelelene, besenza izinto zokugcina ukutya, bezama neendlela zokukhulisa izilwanyana zasendle.

Ukungqubana Kwezithethe

Ebudeni benkulungwane ye-16 neye-17, abemi baseSpeyin boyisa iintlanga zaseAmazon baza bayithimba le ndawo. Emva koko, amaKatolika nabalandeli bakaFrancis abangabathunywa bevangeli bafuna ukuguqula ezi ntlanga ukuba zibe ngamaRoma Katolika. Aba bavangeli benza iimaphu zeAmazon nto leyo eyabangel’ umdla kubantu baseYurophu. Kodwa aba bavangeli bazisa izifo nomonakalo.

Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1638 kwaye kwasekwa imishini kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba liPhondo laseMaynas. Aba bavangeli bangqonga ezi ntlanga baza bazidibanisa zonke kuquka nezingavaniyo bezinyanzelisa ukuba ziphile ngendlela bona abaphila ngayo. Babekwenza ngayiphi injongo? Ngenxa yokuba ezi ntlanga zazijongwa njengezingazi nto nezaziphantsi, zanyanzelwa ukuba zisebenzele aba bavangeli. Ngenxa yokuba ayesebenza ngokusondeleleneyo nabantu baseYurophu, amawaka ezi ntlanga abulawa yimasisi, yingqakaqha, isifo somqala neqhenqa. Amawaka angakumbi abulawa yindlala.

AmaIndiya amaninzi ashiya iimishini ezazisekwe yimibutho eyahlukahlukeneyo yonqulo yaye nabavangeli abaninzi babulawa kwimilo yokuvukela urhulumente. Kumashumi okuqala enkulungwane ye-19, wayemnye umfundisi kummandla weAmazon.

Indlela Abaphila Ngayo Namhlanje

Namhlanje, abantu abaninzi bomthonyama basalandela izithethe. Ngokomzekelo, izindlu zabo bazenza ziphucuke—zenziwe ngeepali ezikhiwe ehlathini, zize zifulelwe ngamagqabi esundu okanye amanye amagqabi angangeni manzi. Ngenxa yokuba ezi zindlu zakhelwe phezulu, izikhukula ezibakho minyaka le aziyongxaki yaye nezilwanyana eziyingozi azifane zingene.

Amaqela eentlanga anxiba aze azilungise ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Amadoda namabhinqa ahlala phakathi ehlathini anxiba iinkciyo okanye imibhinqo ethungiweyo baze bona abantwana bahambe ze. Abo baqhelene kakhulu nendlela yaseNtshona banxiba njengabantu balapho. Ezinye iintlanga zigqobhoza iimpumlo okanye iindlebe zize zifake iiringi, izinti, amathambo okanye iintsiba. Ezinye ezinjengamaMayoruna zigqobhoza izidlele. AmaTucuna namaJivaro ade atshintshe nendlela ami ngayo amazinyo. Ezinye iintlanga zisusa uboya emizimbeni yazo zize zenze iitattoo.

Abantu baseAmazon bazi iintlobo ezingamawaka zezityalo yaye amayeza bawafumana ehlathini. Kweli hlathi bafumana amayeza anceda kwizinto ezininzi, ngokomzekelo awokuzinyanga xa ulunywe yinyoka, unesisu segazi nawokunyanga ulusu. Kwakude kudala ngaphambi kokuba abantu baseNtshona bazi ngerabha, abantu baseAmazon babedla ngokukhupha amanzi kule mithi yerabha bewasebenzisela ukutywina iibhaskithi zabo ukuze zingangeni manzi nokwenza iibhola zerabha ukuze kudlalwe ngazo. Kwakhona eli hlathi linezinto eziyimfuneko zezithuthi nezinto zokunxibelelana nabantu abakude. Ngokomzekelo, amadoda ayexonxa imithi ukuze enze amaphenyane okuwela imilambo yaye ayegrumba phakathi iziqobo zemithi ukuze enze amagubu awayewabetha ukuze adlulisele imiyalezo kwiindawo ezikude.

Impembelelo YamaShaman Neenkolelo Zawo

Abantu abahlala kwiAmazon bakholelwa ukuba eli hlathi lizele yimimoya ezulazula ebusuku, ebangela izigulo nezithixo ezizifihle emilanjeni ezifuna ukwenzakalisa abantu. Makhe sihlole ama-Aguaruna, elinye lawona maqela makhulu ePeru. Anqula izithixo ezihlanu ezahlukahlukeneyo: “UBawo Ongumlwi,” “UBawo Wamanzi,” “UNina Womhlaba,” “UBawo Welanga” “noBawo wamashaman.” Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba xa abantu besifa bayatshintsha babe zizityalo nezilwanyana. Zisoyika ukucaphukisa imimoya, aba bemi bomthonyama akazibulali ezinye izilwanyana yaye bazingela kuphela xa kuyimfuneko.

Abona bongamela izithethe nendlela abantu abafanele baphile ngayo ngamashaman okanye abantu bamayeza, abasebenzisa izityalo ezikwenza ubone izinto ezingekhoyo nezikwenza ungabikho zingqondweni. Abanye abantu bezi lali baxhomekeke kwaba bantu ukuze banyange izigulo, babone kwangaphambili ukuba baza kuzingela ziphi izilwanyana nokuba baza kutyala ntoni nokuze bachaze iziganeko eziseza kwenzeka.

Ngaba Iza Kuphela IAmazon?

IAmazon iya incipha ngokukhawuleza. Iindlela ezintsha zinqumla kweli hlathi. Kummandla omkhulu weli hlathi kukho iifama nezityalo zecoca. Ukugawulwa kwemithi ngokungekho mthethweni kushiya ummandla omkhulu wehlathi ungenanto, suku ngalunye kutshabalalisa ummandla olingana namabala ebhola ali-1 200. Amanzi ayaphela emilanjeni ngenxa yemigodi esemthethweni nokwenziwa kwecocaine ngokungekho mthethweni okungcolisa imijelo yamanzi eya kuMlambo iAmazon.

Eneneni, abantu abahlala kwiAmazon bayayifumana imiphumo yokuphila ebudeni bexesha iBhayibhile eyaprofeta ngalo yathi ‘ngamaxesha amanqam ekunzima ukujamelana nawo.’ (2 Timoti 3:1-5) Ngaba iAmazon iza kutshabalala ngokupheleleyo? IBhayibhile iyasiqinisekisa ukuba ayinakuze yenzeke loo nto. Phantsi kolawulo loBukumkani bukaThixo umhlaba wonke uya kutshintsha ube yiparadesi njengoko yayiyinjongo yoMdali wethu leyo.—Isaya 35:1, 2; 2 Petros 3:13.

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 16]

Umlambo IAmazon

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 17]

Ama-Aguaruna anqula izithixo ezihlanu ezahlukahlukeneyo

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 17]

Amabhinqa aseLamas

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 18, 19]

Ummi waseAmazon uvuthela i-“dart”

[Inkcazelo]

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 18]

Indlu eqhelekileyo yasezilalini

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 19]

Ummandla olingana namabala ebhola ali-1 200, kuhlalwa kuwo ngokungekho semthethweni suku ngalunye

[Inkcazelo]

[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 16]

[Inkcazelo Ngemifanekiso ekwiphepha 17]