AmaIndiya AseBrazil—Ngaba Asecicini Lokuphela?

NGUMBHALI KAVUKANI! EBRAZIL

IXINGU, yiPaki yeLizwe ekwiphondo laseMato Grosso, eBrazil. Igubungela malunga nezikwekhilomitha ezingama-27 000—ubukhulu obuphantse bulingane neLesotho. Le paki ihlala amaIndiya amalunga nama-3 600 asuka kwizizwe ezili-14, embindini wayo kukho isiqithi esinohlaza esikhangeleka ngathi yitafile yomdlalo webhiliyadi” kwiifoto zoosomajukujuku. Amanye kumahlathi angqonge le paki aye atshiswa ukuze kufumaneke iinkuni eziza kuthengiswa okanye enziwa amadlelo eenkomo.

Ngowe-1960, urhulumente waseBrazil wasungula inkqubo eyayiza kukhusela amaIndiya ukuze angabhangi. Uninzi lwawo ahlala kummandla weAmazon, kodwa ngoku le ndawo yokubagcina imalunga ne-12 ekhulwini yomhlaba waseBrazil. Ukwakhiwa kwale ndawo kuye kwadlala indima ephambili ekwandeni kwamaIndiya eBrazil—ayaqala ukwanda ngolu hlobo emva kweminyaka engama-500 edluleyo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba amalunga namawaka angamakhulu amathathu. Kodwa eli nani limalunga nesinye kwisithathu samaIndiya awayephila ngeminyaka yee-1500, ekuqikelelwa ukuba ayephakathi kwezigidi ezibini nezintandathu.

Omnye umbhali uthi, kwiminyaka engama-500 edluleyo “baye bancipha kanobom abemi bomthonyana.” Yintoni eye yawanciphisa kangaka? Ngaba ukwanda kwawo kubonisa ukuba awasekho ecicini lokubhanga?

Aqala Njani Amazwe Angamathanga

Ebudeni beminyaka engama-30 emva kokuba iPortugal yathimba iBrazil kwiminyaka yee-1500 ukuze ibe lithanga layo, eyona nto yayitsala abaninzi ngumthi obizwa ngokuba yibrazilwood—evelisa idayi ebomvu. IBrazil yathiywa ngalo mthi. Lo mthi wawubalulekile eYurophu yaye abemi baseYurophu babenanisa ngezinto zabo ezingenamsebenzi ukuze bafumane lo mthi.

Noko ke, kamva kwafunyaniswa ukuba ummoba ukhula kakuhle kwimozulu yaseBrazil. Kodwa kwakungazukubalula. Ukulima iswekile kwakufuna abasebenzi abaninzi. Loo nto yaphumela ekubeni kufuneke amakhoboka angakumbi. Yaye aba baphambukeli abazange baye kude! Basebenzisa abemi bomthonyama.

Baqala Njani Ubukhoboka?

AmaIndiya ayelimela ukuba akwazi ukudla. Amadoda ayeloba okanye azingele. Ayegawula amahlathi ukuze kuvuleke umhlaba wokulima. Abafazi babetyala, bevuna baze bapheke. Kubantu baseYurophu, amaIndiya ayejongwa njengabantu abanganyolukanga abangabawiyo yaye babesoloko benconywa ngenxa yoko. Kwelinye icala, abanye abantu baseYurophu, babewajonga njengamavila.

La maIndiya anobuhlobo akhuthazwa ukuba ahlale kufutshane namaPhuthukezi ukuze akwazi ukusebenza aze akhusele abaphambukeli. AmaJesuits nezinye iinkokeli zonqulo zaziphambili kweli gumgedle. Babengenawo amanakani ngengozi eyayiza kuzalwa ngulo mdibaniselwano. Nangona ngokusemthethweni amaIndiya ayenomhlaba nenkululeko, inyaniso kukuba ayengamakhoboka awayenyanzelwa ukuba asebenzele abaphambukeli. Babengahlawulwa ngomsebenzi abawenzileyo okanye bavunyelwe ukuba balime awabo amasimi.

Iinzame zorhulumente wobukhosi bamaPhuthukezi zokucima negama ubukhoboka zafa namthanyana. Abaphambukeli babesoloko befumana iindledlana ezingacacanga zokuphepha imithetho eyayisilwa nobukhoboka. Yayiyinto eyamkelekileyo ukubamba amaIndiya athinjwe “emfazweni” enziwa amakhoboka okanye athengiswe. AmaIndiya athinjwe zezinye izizwe ayenokuthengiswa okanye “ahlawulelwe,” aze enziwe amakhoboka.

Ekugqibeleni, lishishini leswekile elenza eli thanga laba lilizwe lamasi nobusi. Ngaloo mihla eli shishini lalixhomekeke kumakhoboka. Ekubeni ishishini leswekile lalisenza intywenka yemali, ubukhosi bamaPhuthukezi, kwanyanzeleka bucinezele isazela.

Imfazwe Yamathanga—IPortugal Nxamnye NeFransi NeHolani

AmaIndiya aba ngamaxhoba eengxwaba-ngxwaba zamathanga. AmaFrentshi namaDatshi ayefuna ukuhlutha iBrazil kumaPhuthukezi. Agaya inkxaso yamaIndiya ukuze kuliwe namaPhuthukezi. AmaIndiya ayengazi ukuba eyona nto yayifunwa ngamehlo abomvu yayililizwe lawo. Kunoko, ayecinga ukuba lixesha lokulwa neentshaba zawo—ezinye izizwe zamaIndiya—ngaloo ndlela zangena zwabha kumbhodamo wokufuna ukulawula.

Ngokomzekelo, ngoNovemba 10, 1555, uNicholas de Villegaignon, isihandiba esingumFrentshi, sagaleleka eGuanabara Bay (ngoku eyiRio de Janeiro) saza sakha inqaba. Sazenzela ubudlelane namaIndiya angamaTamoio. AmaPhuthukezi agaya amaIndiya angamaTupinamba asuka eBahia aza ngoMatshi 1560, ahlasela inqaba eyayibonakala ingenakuze ithinjwe. AmaFrentshi abelek’ abasicatyana kodwa akazange ayeke ukurhweba namaTamoio nokuwantyontyela ukuba ahlasele amaPhuthukezi. Emva kwamadabi aliqela, ekugqibeleni amaTamoio ade oyiswa. Kuthiwa kwidabi nje elinye abangama-10 000 amnabela uqaqa yaye angama-20 000 athinjwa aze enziwa amakhoboka.

Isifo Esonyanyekayo Esasivela EYurophu

Abemi bomthonyama bokuqala ukudibana namaPhuthukezi babebonakala beyimiqabaqaba. Abahloli bamazwe abaninzi bacinga ukuba amaIndiya amadala ayephila malunga neminyaka elikhulu. Kodwa la maIndiya ayengaqhelananga nezifo zaseYurophu nezaseAfrika. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ezi zifo zezona zaphantse zawatshayela phezu komhlaba.

Iingxelo zamaPhuthukezi zithe mome ngoobhubhane bezifo ezaphantse zawabhangisa amaIndiya. Ngowe-1561, ubhubhane wengqakaqha wahlasela iPortugal waza wanwenwela ngaphaya kweAtlantiki. Umphumo wawumbi kakhulu. ULeornardo do Vale owayengumJesuit , wabhala ileta ngoMeyi 12, 1563, eyayichaza imiphumo yalo bhubhane eBrazil: “Olu hlobo lwerhashalala lwalunevumba elinganyamezelekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, uninzi lwabantu lwalusifa lungakhathalelwanga, betyiwa ziimpethu ezikhula kwizilonda zerhashalala yaye zazivela emzimbeni zinkulu zisoyikeka.”

Ukwendiselana Kwawashiya Ebamb’ ongezantsi AmaJesuits

Oku kwendiselana kwaphumela ekubhangeni kwezizwe ezininzi. Incwadi ethi Red Gold—The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians ithi: “AmaPhuthukezi nabemi baseBrazil babengakuchasanga ukwendiselana nezinye iintlanga.” AmaIndiya ayecinga ukuba kukubuk’ iindwendwe ukwendisela iintombi zawo kubantu basemzini. IiJesuits zokuqala ezafika eBrazil ngowe-1549 zabamb’ ongezantsi yinto ezayibonayo. UJesuit Manoel da Nóbrega wakhalaza ngelithi: “[Abefundisi] babaxelela ezinkonkqeni abantu ukuba kusemthethweni ngabo ukuhlala nabafazi abangamaIndiya,” walek’ umsundulu ngokuthi: “La maPhuthukezi ayewenze [amakhoboka] la shweshwe.” UKumkani wasePortugal waxelelwa ukuba enye indoda yeli lizwe ‘yayisele inabantwana abaninzi, abazukulwana nesizukulwana, [esi sithethi songezelela ngokuthi] abantwana bale ndoda baninzi kangangokuba Wena Kumkani andinako ukukuxelela inani labo.’

Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-17, amaIndiya awayemaninzi awayehlala ngakunxweme lwaseBrazil ayebulewe, engamakhoboka okanye etshate nezinye iintlanga. Kwenzeka into efanayo nakwizizwe ezihlala kwingingqi yeAmazon.

Ukufika kwamaPhuthukezi eAmazon kwaphumela ekubeni kuzingelwe, kubulawe izilwanyana neentlanzi uhalala. Ngokutsho kwesekela lentloko yamaRoma Katolika yaseMaranhão uManoel Teixeira, uthi kwisithuba nje seminyaka engamashumi ambalwa, amaPhuthukezi ayesele ebulele amaIndiya azizigidi ezibini eMaranhão nasePará! Kusenokwenzeka ukuba eli nani libaxiwe, kodwa ukubulawa oku babulawa. Ummandla ongasentla weAmazon nawo watshatyalaliswa ngendlela efanayo. Phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-18, ummandla weAmazon, ngaphandle kweendawo ezisemagqagaleni, kwakusele iqaqobana lamaIndiya.

Ukuphucuka kwemimandla esemaphandleni yeAmazon ukutyhubela inkulungwane ye-19 neyama-20 kwadibanisa abemi balapha nabelungu negcuntswana lezizwe zamaIndiya. Kwincwadi ebhalwe nguye yobomi bakhe, uCharles Goodyear owafumanisa indlela yokwenza irabha yamavili ngowe-1839 yaye oku kwenza abantu bathi phithi thwanga “yirabha.” Abarhwebi baba ngumsinga ukuya kummandla weAmazon ekwakufumaneka irabha kuwo. Eli yayilixesha lokuxhatshazwa kwamaIndiya omthonyama, nto leyo eyaphumela ekubeni linciphe ngakumbi inani lawo.

Achatshazelwe Njani Yinkulungwane Yama-20 AmaIndiya?

Ngowe-1970 urhulumente waseBrazil waqalisa ukwenza umsebenzi wokwakha oohola beendlela ababe dibanisa iindawo ezisemaphandleni zaseAmazon. Uninzi lwezi ndlela lwalunqumla kwimihlaba yamaIndiya yaye ubeka engozini amaIndiya ukuba ahlaselwe ngabantu abafuna izimbiwa zomhlaba aza achanabeka nakwizifo.

Ngokomzekelo, khawucinge ngokwenzeka kubantu basePanarás. Esi sizwe siye savuthululwa ziimfazwe nabubukhoboka ebudeni benkulungwane ye-18 neye-19. Imbinana yayo eyasindayo yafudukela kumntla-ntshona wala mahlathi ashinyeneyo eMato Grosso. Kodwa uhola wendlela obizwa ngokuba yi-Cuiabá-Santarém wayenqumla kanye kumhlaba waso.

Ukudibana nabelungu kwababulala kwathi abaninzi. Ngowe-1975, ngama-80 kuphela abantu ababephila besi sizwe esasifudula sinabantu abaninzi. IiPanarás zafuduselwa kwiXingu, iPaki yeSizwe. Bazama konke okusemandleni abo ukufumana indawo eyayifana namahlathi ababefudula behlala kuwo kodwa batsho phantsi. Ngoko ke, iiPanarás zagqiba ekubeni zibuyele kumhlaba wookhokho bazo. NgoNovemba 1, 1996, umphathiswa wezobulungisa wamisela indawo eneehektare ezingama-495 000 “njengomhlaba wabemi bomthonyama.” Ngaloo ndlela zaba ke ziyahlangulwa iiPanarás.

Ngaba Ikamva Lawo Limfiliba?

Ngaba ukuguqula izinto kunokuwahlangula ngokupheleleyo amaIndiya? Okwangoku, kubonakala kuyinto engenakwenzeka. Noko ke, umhlaba wawo udla ngokuba nezimbiwa ezininzi. Kuqikelelwa ukuba izimbiwa ezifana negolide, iplatinum, idayimani, isinyithi nelothe, zifanele ukuba zimalunga namawaka ezigidi zeerandi yaye zingaphantsi komhlaba wendawo eyaziwa ngokuba yiLegal Amazonia, equka amaphondo alithoba kumntla nombindi ntshona wommandla waseBrazil. Malunga nama-98 ekhulwini omhlaba wamaIndiya ulapha kulo mmandla. Akukho mthethweni ukufudukela kule ndawo ngenjongo yezi zimbiwa yaye amaIndiya amaninzi sele ekunandipha oku.

Imbali ibonisa ukuba amaIndiya aye axhatshazwa kanobom ngabelungu. Ayenanisa ngegolide ukuze afumane izipili okanye imithi yokwenza iirabha ngamajikazi aze abhacele kwimimandla esemagqagaleni yehlathi ukuze angenziwa amakhoboka. Ngaba yonke le nto iya kuphinda yenzeke?

AmaIndiya amaninzi aye afunda ukusebenzisa izinto zale mihla zobugcisa—ezinjengeenqwelo-moya, amaphenyane aneenjini, nonomyayi. Kukuhamba kwexesha kuphela okuya kubonisa enoba aya kukwazi ukumelana nezanzwili zenkulungwane yama-21.

[Imaphu ekwiphepha 15]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

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[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 15]

Abarhwebi baxhaphaza amaIndiya aze abenza amakhoboka kumasimi okulima irabha

[Inkcazelo]

© Jacques Jangoux/Peter Arnold, Inc.

[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 12]

Imizobo isuka kwincwadi ethi, Brazil and the Brazilians yowe—1857