Ukuhamba Ngenqanawa Kwiindawo Ezikumntla Womhlaba
ABAQHUBI beenqanawa bamandulo babenethemba lokuba ngenye imini, babeya kuze bafumane indlela esuka kwiAtlantiki isiya kwiPasifiki, kodwa kwakukho lo mqobo: ulwandle lweArctic lwaluzele ngumkhenkce.
Sekunjalo, kwakunyanzelekile ukuba bayifumane indlela. Ngenkulungwane ye-16, imimandla yokurhweba engaseMpuma—ngakumazantsi eAfrika naseMzantsi Merika—yayisetyenziswa yiPortugal neSpeyin kuphela. Abarhwebi basemzini banyanzeleka ukuba bakhangele indlela ehamba ngasemantla ukuze bakwazi ukurhweba eMpuma. Abanye abazamayo ngaba balandelayo.
AmaNgesi: Ngowe-1553, uMhlekazi uHugh Willoughby noRichard Chancellor ngabo abalungiselela uhambo lokuqala lwamaNgesi. Emva kokuba iinqanawa zabo zilahlekene ngenxa yesaqhwithi, uWilloughby wanyanzeleka ukuba anyamezele ubusika baselunxwemeni lukaSingasiqithi weKola ekumntla Rashiya. Ngenxa yokuba wayengayilindelanga imozulu elolu hlobo, wasweleka yena nabantu awayehamba nabo. Kwelinye icala, lo kaChancellor wakwazi ukuya kufika kwizibuko eliseArkhangel’sk. Wasuka apho waya eMoscow emenywe nguCzar Ivan IV Vasilyevich, the Terrible. UChancellor akazange akwazi ukufumana indlela eya eAsia, kodwa wakwazi ukurhweba namaRashiya.
AmaDatshi: Ngowe-1594, uWillem Barents waqala wahamba ngenqanawa esiya eNovaya Zemlya. Noko ke, wathi ngowe-1596 kuhambo lwakhe lwesithathu sele eza kulugqiba uhambo lwakhe kwezi ziqithi zaseRashiya, inqanawa yaxinga emkhenkceni yaza yonakala. Emva kokuba benyamezele ubusika ekhusini elakhiwe ngamaplanga amadala acholwe ngaselunxwemeni yaye besitya inyama yebhere emhlophe, abo babehamba noBarents bagoduka ngamaphenyane amabini. UBarents wasweleka.
AmaRashiya: Abakhenkethi baseRashiya bathabatha uhambo oluya eSiberia nakwiMpuma yaseRashiya. Ngeminyaka nje engama-60, ukususela ngowe-1581 ukusa kowe-1641, baya kufika kwiPasifiki besuka kwiiNtaba zeUral. Ngelo xesha, amaCossack ahamba ngenqanawa esiya kuLwandle lweArctic ngakwimilambo yaseSiberia. Babangela ukuba iSiberia ibe yinxalenye yeRashiya baza baba ngabokuqala ukurhweba elunxwemeni olukumntla-mpuma weSiberia. Ngowe-1648, iinqanawa zaseRashiya zahamba kwindawo ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yiBering Strait, ethiywe emva komatiloshe waseDenmark, uVitus Bering.
Ukhenketho Olungakumbi
Ukususela ngowe-1733 ukusa kowe-1743, amadoda aphantse abe liwaka, eyalelwe nguBering azahlula aba ngamaqela asixhenxe aza aya kuhlola unxweme lweArctic nePasifiki eRashiya. Iinqanawa zawo zavalelwa ngumkhenkce yaye amaninzi kuwo asweleka. Sekunjalo, olu khenketho lwawanceda akwazi ukwenza iimaphu zalo phantse lonke unxweme lweArctic. Inkcazelo ayifumanayo—izicangca, ubunzulu bamanzi nenkcazelo ephathelele umkhenkce—yayiza kubanceda oomatiloshe baseArctic kwikamva.
Ukuza kuthi ga kweli xesha, iinqanawa ezazisetyenziswa xa kusiyiwa kwiArctic zazenziwe ngamaplanga. Kodwa ukhenketho lukaBering lwakwenza kwacaca mhlophe ukuba zazingenakukwazi ukuwela iNorthern Sea Route.a Ngowe-1778, uJames Cook owayengumkhenkethi waseBritani wafikelela kwisigqibo esifanayo xa wayewelela ngaseNtshona ewela kwiBering Strait waza wavalelwa ngumkhenkce. Kwadlula inkulungwane ngaphambi kokuba kuphinde kubekho umntu ophumelelayo kolu hambo ngenqanawa yaye loo mntu yayinguNils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld owazalelwa eFinland.
Ubuchule BamaRashiya
Emva kweeNguqu zaseRashiya ngowe-1917, urhwebo lweenqanawa kwicala leArctic eliseRashiya lwavalwa kwiinqanawa zonke ngaphandle kwezaseRashiya. Ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1930, iSoviet Union yayiphucula iNorthern Sea Route yaza yakha amazibuko amatsha. Ngenxa yoko iRashiya yaba ziincutshe ekuhambeni ngeenqanawa kwiArctic.
Ebudeni beMfazwe Yomlomo, iinqanawa zasemzini zavalelwa ukuba zingangeni kwiNorthern Sea Route. Kodwa ngenxa yokuhlaziywa kwezobupolitika nokusebenzisa inkqubo yokuthengisa esekelwe kukhuphiswano, ngoku amagunya aseRashiya akhuthaza namanye amazwe ukuba ayisebenzise le ndlela xa erhweba. Iingenelo zesi sigqibo ziboniswa kakuhle kulo mzekelo ulandelayo.
Ngehlobo lowama-2009, iinqanawa ezimbini zamaJamani ezithwele iimpahla zagqitha ngakwiBering Strait zaza zaya entshona ngakunxweme lwaseAsia naseYurophu olungenamkhenkce zisingise eNetherlands. Le yaba yinkampani yokuqala engeyiyo eyaseRashiya eyahamba kuyo yonke iNortheast Passage. Ukuhamba ngale ndlela kwazinceda ezi nqanawa zonga ixesha elingangeentsuku ezilishumi neekhilomitha ezimalunga nezingama-5 560. Inkampani eyathabatha olu hambo iqikelela ukuba yonga iiyuro ezimalunga nama-300 000 (ngelo xesha yayilingana nee-R3 000 000) kwinqanawa nganye ngenxa yokusebenzisa le ndlela imfutshane ingakwiArctic.
Namhlanje umkhenkce okulwandle lweArctic uyakhawuleza ukunyibilika. Ngenxa yoko, ehlotyeni kubakho iinxalenye ezinkulu ezivulekileyo elwandle.b Nangona oku kunokonakalisa umhlaba, ukuba lo mkhenkce uqhubeka unyibilika, iinqanawa zinokukwazi ukuyiyeka indlela angekho nzulu engakunxweme lweRashiya zize zihambe ngendlela engqalileyo ephakathi kweAtlantiki nePasifiki—kumntla womhlaba.
[Imibhalo esemazantsi]
a “INorthern Sea Route” ligama lesiRashiya lendawo eyaziwa kwezinye iindawo ngokuba yiNortheast Passage.
b Ngenxa yoku nezinye izizathu, ixesha abaqhubi beenqanawa abalichitha elwandle liye laphindaphindeka kathathu kwimpuma yeArctic laza laphindaphindeka kabini kwintshona yeArctic.
[Imaphu ekwiphepha 15]
(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)
IINDLELA EZASETYENZISWA
NguMhlekazi uHugh Willoughby noRichard Chancellor
NguWillem Barents
NguVitus Bering
NguNils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld
Umlinganiselo womkhenkce
[Imaphu]
ARCTIC OCEAN
North Pole
Umlinganiselo womkhenkce
Umlinganiselo womkhenkce ehlotyeni
Umlinganiselo womkhenkce ebusika
ARCTIC CIRCLE
SWEDEN
GREENLAND
CANADA
ALASKA
Bering Strait
RUSSIA
SIBERIA
URAL MOUNTAINS
Novaya Zemlya
Kola Peninsula
Arkhangel’sk
MOSCOW
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 16]
Umkhenkce okulwandle lweArctic uyakhawuleza ukunyibilika
[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 14]
Library and Archives Canada/Samuel Gurney Cresswell collection/C-016105